JP7406783B2 - パルボウイルスベクターの高められた送達のための改変キャプシドタンパク質 - Google Patents
パルボウイルスベクターの高められた送達のための改変キャプシドタンパク質 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2015年12月14日に出願された米国仮出願番号62/266,941の利益を主張し、その内容全体は参照により本明細書中に援用される。
本発明は、国立保健研究機構によって授けられた助成金番号AI080726、DK084033、HL112761、AI072176、AR064369、およびGM007050の下での政府支援でなされた。政府は本発明における特定の権限を有する。
本発明は、高められた形質導入効率を有する改変パルボウイルスキャプシドタンパク質、それを含むウイルスベクター、および、細胞または対象への核酸の送達のためにそれを使用する方法に関する。
以下の用語は、本明細書における説明および添付の特許請求の範囲において用いられる。
本発明は、高められた組織形質導入能および/または改変された組織特異性を提供して、細胞への核酸の効率的な送達のためのパルボウイルスベクターを調製するために用いられ得る、改変パルボウイルスキャプシドタンパク質を提供する。本発明者らは、アミノ酸残基間の水素結合の破壊によるキャプシドタンパク質の可変領域1(VR1)ループの不安定化は、高められた細胞形質導入および/または改変された組織特異性をもたらすことを見いだした。
1.)アムドパルボウイルス(アリューシアンミンク病ウイルス、ハイイロギツネアムドウイルスを含む種)
2.)アベパルボウイルス(アベパルボウイルスを含む種)
3.)ボカパルボウイルス(食肉類ボカパルボウイルス1~3;ひれ足類ボカパルボウイルス1および2;霊長目ボカパルボウイルス1および2;有蹄類ボカパルボウイルス1-5を含む種)
4.)コピパルボウイルス(コピパルボウイルスを含む種)
5.)ディペンドパルボウイルス(アデノ付随ディペンドパルボウイルスA;アデノ付随ディペンドパルボウイルスB;カモ目ディペンドパルボウイルス1;鳥類ディペンドパルボウイルス1;翼手目ディペンドパルボウイルス1;ひれ足類ディペンドパルボウイルス1;鱗片ディペンドパルボウイルス1を含む種)
6.)エリスロパルボウイルス(霊長類エリスロパルボウイルス1~4;齧歯類エリスロパルボウイルス1;有蹄類エリスロパルボウイルス1を含む種)
7.)プロトパルボウイルス(食肉類プロトパルボウイルス1;齧歯類プロトパルボウイルス1および2;有蹄類パルボウイルス1を含む種)
8.)テトラパルボウイルス(翼手目テトラパルボウイルス1;霊長類テトラパルボウイルス1;有蹄類テトラパルボウイルス1~4を含む種)
本発明は、ウイルスベクターを生産する方法をさらに提供する。1つの特定の実施態様では、本発明は、組み換えパルボウイルス粒子を生産する方法を提供し、パルボウイルス複製を許容する細胞に:(a)(i)異種ヌクレオチド配列および(ii)パルボウイルスITRを含む組み換えパルボウイルステンプレート;(b)本発明のRepコード配列およびCapコード配列を含むポリヌクレオチドを;組み換えパルボウイルステンプレートの複製およびパッケージングに十分な条件下で、提供するステップを含み;それにより、細胞において組み換えパルボウイルス粒子が生産される。組み換えパルボウイルステンプレートの複製およびパッケージングに十分な条件は、例えば、パルボウイルステンプレートの複製およびパルボウイルスキャプシド中へのキャプシド形成に十分なAAV配列(例えば、パルボウイルスrep配列およびパルボウイルスcap配列)およびアデノウイルスおよび/またはヘルペスウイルス由来のヘルパー配列の存在であり得る。特定の実施態様では、パルボウイルステンプレートは、2つのパルボウイルスITR配列を含み、それは、異種核酸配列に対して5’および3’に位置するが、それに直接的に隣接する必要はない。
本発明のウイルスベクターは、インビトロ、エクスビボ、およびインビボでの、細胞への核酸の送達に有用である。特に、ウイルスベクターは、哺乳類を含む動物の細胞に、核酸を送達または移行するために有利に用いられ得る。
本発明に係るウイルスベクターおよびキャプシドは、獣医および医療用途の両方において使用を見いだす。適切な対象は、鳥類および哺乳類の両方を含む。本明細書において用いられる用語「鳥類」は、制限されないが、ニワトリ、アヒル、ガチョウ、ウズラ、ターキー、キジ、オウム、インコなどを含む。本明細書において用いられる用語「哺乳類」は、制限されないが、ヒト、非ヒト霊長類、ウシ、ヒツジ、ヤギ、ウマ、ネコ、イヌ、ウサギなどを含む。ヒト対象は、新生児、幼児、未成年および成人を含む。
材料および方法
プラスミドおよびウイルス。全てのプラスミドは、ノースカロライナ大学Gene Therapy Center Vector Core facilityから得た。HEK293細胞の三重トランスフェクションを介してウイルスを生産して、塩化セシウム密度超遠心分離によって精製した。ルシフェラーゼ導入遺伝子を認識するように設計された以下のプライマーセット:(フォワード)5’-AAA AGC ACT CTG ATT GAC AAA TAC-3’(配列番号9)および(リバース)5’-CCT TCG CTT CAA AAA ATG GAA C-3’(配列番号10);またはヒトα1抗トリプシン遺伝子を認識するように設計された以下のプライマーセット:(フォワード)5’-GAA GTC AAG GAC ACC GAG GA-3’(配列番号11)および(リバース)5’-CCC AGC TGG ACA GTC TCT TA-3’(配列番号12)によるリアルタイム定量PCR(qPCR)分析を用いてウイルス力価を得た。全ての実験群に関して、関連のあるウイルス構築物は、用いられる前に同一のqPCRプレート上で一緒に滴定した。部位特異的突然変異誘発(Stratagene QuikChange)をヌクレオチド欠失または置換に用いた。表8は、本研究で試験された全てのVR1突然変異体に用いられたプライマー配列を列挙する。rAAV1->rAAV6の点突然変異体(例えば、rAAV6.1など)は、既に、一般的なラボストックの一部であった。この作業で用いられたそれぞれのプラスミドについてDNAシーケンシングを行なって、ウイルスを作製する前に配列同一性を確認した。
rAAV1キャプシド上の265位の突然変異は、骨格筋の形質導入を高める。
rAAV2キャプシド内の264位の後ろのアスパラギン酸、グルタミン酸またはフェニルアラニンの挿入(新規の265位を作る)は、骨格筋形質導入を1桁高めたので、我々は、rAAV1内の265位に天然に存在するトレオニンをD、E、またはFで置換することは、この血清型における骨格筋形質導入を高めると仮定した(rAAV1は、このキャプシドループがrAAV2よりも1アミノ酸長い)。コントロールとして、未改変のrAAV2に似るようにrAAV1からT265を欠失させた。ニワトリβアクチンプロモーター駆動のホタルルシフェラーゼ(CBA-luc)導入遺伝子をパッケージングしているrAAV1、rAAV1/T265D、rAAV1/T265E、rAAV1/T265FおよびrAAV1/T265delキャプシドを、1e10ウイルスゲノム(vg)の投与量でミューリン腓腹筋(GC)筋肉中に注入した。放射光線の測定を介して導入遺伝子発現を定量化するために、注入の7日後に、生きた動物の生物発光イメージングを行なった(dpi)(図1A)。rAAV1/T265D、rAAV1/T265EおよびrAAV1/T265Fは、rAAV1と比較して、導入遺伝子発現をそれぞれ28倍、34倍、および36倍高めて、rAAV2キャプシド主鎖における我々の以前の分析をサポートした。驚くべきことに、rAAV1/T265delは、形質導入をrAAV1のおよそ200倍高めた。この現象をよりよく理解する試みにおいて、265欠失突然変異体を本研究での残っている分析の大部分で用いた。
形質導入効率を調整するために265とともに作用する遠位残基
rAAV6は、筋骨格遺伝子療法の適用のための別の上位候補と考えられて、rAAV1に対して最も高いキャプシド配列相同性(99.2%)を有する血清型である。rAAV1キャプシドにおける265位の欠失により得られる高い形質導入表現型がrAAV6の関連において保存されるかどうか決定するために、CBA-lucをパッケージングしているrAAV6およびrAAV6/T265delキャプシドを作製した。1e10 vgの投与量でのミューリンGCへのそれぞれの注入の7日後に、導入遺伝子発現を定量化した。興味深いことに、rAAV6/T265delの注入後の導入遺伝子発現は、rAAV6を用いた場合に測定されるもののたった82%であった(図2A)。rAAV1内に生じた265位の欠失の形質導入に対する劇的な効果、および、rAAV1およびrAAV6で異なるたった6アミノ酸のうち直接的な相互作用を形成するように265位に十分に空間的に近接して位置するものが1つもないことを考慮すると、これは驚くべきことであった。さらに、rAAV1およびrAAV6間で異なる任意の残基は、265位から少なくとも22A離れて位置する。水素結合のような直接的な相互作用を形成するためには、残基は互いに約3A以内になければならない。これにもかかわらず、それぞれに関する利用可能な結晶学的データの整列によって可視化されるように、265位付近のrAAV1およびrAAV6の構造に立体構造の違いが存在する(図2B)。
キャプシドヘパリン結合能力は、265表現型に影響を及ぼし、逆も同様である。
rAAV1およびrAAV6の両方とも、一次受容体としてN結合シアル酸に係合するが、rAAV6もヘパリン硫酸部分に結合する。以前に、我々の結果は、K531が、rAAV6がヘパリン硫酸と相互作用するのに必要とされる唯一の残基であることを示した。また、K531は、rAAV1において観察される265欠失表現型をレスキューするのに必要とされる唯一の残基でもある。キャプシドヘパリン結合および265位の突然変異によって生じる高い形質導入の間の機能的な関係をさらに調べるために、我々は、感染のための一次受容体としてヘパリン硫酸プロテオグリカンを利用することが知られるプロトタイプの血清型であるrAAV2を試験した。rAAV2は、前述した新規の265位を作るためのアスパラギン酸の挿入とともに、585位で突然変異された(rAAV2ヘパリン結合を弱めることが知られる突然変異)。rAAV2、rAAV2/265D、rAAV2/K585EおよびrAAV2/265D、K585Eを、1e10 vgの投与量でミューリンGC内に注入した。以前の報告と一致して、ヘパリン結合のアブレーションは、骨格筋のrAAV2形質導入を高めた。しかしながら、付随する265位の突然変異およびヘパリン結合能力の除去は、形質導入効率の最強の上昇を生じて(図4A)、形質導入をrAAV2の96倍、および、rAAV2/265Dの7倍増大させて、rAAV6に関して観察された上記の結果と一致した(図2C)。残基531が突然変異されてrAAV6におけるヘパリン結合がアブレーションされて、残基585が突然変異されてrAAV2におけるヘパリン結合がアブレーションされたことは、注目に値する。残基531および585は、直線配列では互いに近くないが、それらは両方とも、ヘパリン結合に関するフットプリントであるキャプシド表面上の重複する基礎パッチ内に入る(図4B)。
VR1構造に対する多数の破壊は、骨格筋の形質導入を高める
これまでに提供されたデータは、VR1の構造的コンフォメーション単独の変化は、265位の突然変異後の高い形質導入の背後の原動力であることを示唆する。したがって、我々は、VR1構造に対するさらなる破壊が、同様の高い形質導入表現型を生じることができるかどうか決定するために探し求めた。したがって、図6Aに示されるようにS261del、S262del、A263del、S264del、G266del、A267del、S268delおよびN269delを生産するようにrAAV1を突然変異させた。これらの構築物を、rAAV1およびrAAV1/T265delとともに、1e10 vgでミューリンGCに注入した。導入遺伝子発現を7dpiに定量した(図6B)。それぞれの突然変異体は、rAAV1と比較して異なる程度に形質導入効率を高めた。形質導入は、S261、S262およびN269欠失構築物において≦3倍高められた。G266およびS268欠失構築物は、形質導入を、rAAV1と比較して、約5倍高めて、A263delおよびA267delは、約10倍高めた。S264およびT265欠失構築物は、rAAV1よりも最もロバストに形質導入を高めて、導入遺伝子発現をそれぞれ25倍および100倍増大させた。これらのデータは、アミノ酸の欠失を介してVR1ループに対してなされる任意の破壊が、rAAV1における形質導入を高めて、そのような上昇は、265位の欠失を介してピークになり、突然変異が265位からさらに離れるにつれて少なくなることを示す(図6b)。
265欠失突然変異体は、治療的導入遺伝子の発現を改善する
265欠失パネルの相対的有効性を比較するために、6個のキャプシドを、現在臨床試験で使用中のhAAT発現カセットでパッケージングした。rAAV1、rAAV1/T265del、rAAV6、rAAV6/T265del、rAAV6.3およびrAAV6.3/T265delキャプシドを、1e10 vgでミューリンGC中に注入した。hAATの血清濃度を、注入の5週間後にELISAを介して測定した(図7)。上記と一致して、導入遺伝子発現は、265位の欠失によって高められたが、上昇の程度は、ルシフェラーゼアッセイによって測定されたレベルに届かなかった(例えば、ELISAによって、rAAV1よりもrAAV1/T265del発現の9倍の増大が存在し、一方で、ルシフェラーゼアッセイによって測定された平均は、>100倍であった)。それにもかかわらず、全ての265突然変異体は、親の血清型よりも優れていて、rAAV6.3/T265delは、hAATの最大の血清濃度を産生した。
眼における形質導入効率の上昇
AAV構築物を、ケタミン/キシラジンカクテルによって麻酔をかけられたマウス内に、網膜下(SRI)または硝子体内(IV)のいずれかで注入した。全てのAAVキャプシドは、ニワトリβアクチンプロモーター(CBh)の下にレポーター遺伝子ルシフェラーゼをパッケージングした。試験された構築物は、AAV1(1-CBh)、AAV1/T265del(1.1-CBh)、AAV6/T265del(6.1-CBh)、AAV6/K531E(6.3-CBh)、AAV6/T265del_K531E(6.3.1-CBh)、および、我々の研究室において以前に特徴付けられたAAV2変異であるAAV2.5(2.5-CBh)を含んだ(Bowles et al.,Mol.Ther.20(2):443(2012))。導入遺伝子発現は、IVISルーメンの生きた動物のイメージングシステムを用いて、注入後の示された時点において、ルシフェラーゼ活性として測定した。120mg/kg体重でのD-ルシフェリン基質(Nanolight)の腹腔内注入後にマウスを画像化して、IVISの製造元の説明書に従って所定の関心領域内の光子を測定することによって、画像を定量化した。結果を図9および図10に示す。
材料および方法
プラスミドおよびウイルス:全てのプラスミドは、ノースカロライナ大学のGene Therapy Center Vector Core facilityから得られた。HEK293細胞の三重トランスフェクションを介してウイルスを作製して、前述のとおり塩化セシウム密度超遠心分離によって精製した(Grieger et al.,Nat.Protoc.1(3):1412(2006))。ルシフェラーゼ導入遺伝子を認識するように設計された以下のプライマーセットによるリアルタイム定量PCR(qPCR)分析を用いてウイルス力価を測定した:(フォワード)5’-AAA AGC ACT CTG ATT GAC AAA TAC-3’(配列番号10)および(リバース)5’-CCT TCG CTT CAA AAA ATG GAA C-3’(配列番号11)。それぞれの実験群について、関連のあるウイルス構築物を、使用される前に同一のqPCRプレート上で一緒に滴定した。部位特異的突然変異誘発(Stratagene QuikChange)を用いて、ヌクレオチド欠失または置換を作製した。表9は、この研究で作製された全てのVR1突然変異体に用いたプライマー配列を列挙する。ウイルスを作製する前に、この作業で用いられる各プラスミドの配列同一性が正しいことを確認するためにDNAシーケンスを行なった。
VR1における水素結合ネットワークを同定するためのrAAVキャプシドの構造解析
我々は、rAAV1キャプシドのVR1内の選択アミノ酸の欠失が、マウスへの筋肉内注入後の形質導入効率においてlogオーダーの増大をもたらすことを以前に示した(Warischalk et al.,Mol.Ther.2015)。rAAV1結晶構造の解析は、最も効率的なVR1欠失突然変異が、ループ内水素結合ネットワークに関与しているアミノ酸に対応することを明らかにして、VR1構造エレメントの不安定化が、高い形質導入表現型をもたらすことを示唆した。本研究のゴールは:1)rAAV1 VR1突然変異体キャプシドが、静脈内注入後に筋組織を効率的に標的化することができるかどうか(高い形質導入の表現型を単純に有するのに対して)、および2)標的化されたVR1構造エレメントの不安定化が、さらなるrAAV血清型における形質導入を改善する保存された方法であるかどうか、決定することであった。これらの疑問に対処するために、rAAV1、rAAV2、rAAV3、rAAV4、rAAV5、rAAV6、rAAV7、rAAV8、およびrAAV9を含むrAAVキャプシドのコレクションを、オープンソースの構造検証ソフトウェアMolProbity(Davis et al.,Nucleic Acids Res.35(ウェブサーバー版):W375(2007))およびKiNG(Chen et al.,Protein Sci.18(11):2403(2009))において可視化されたVR1水素結合パターンを用いて解析した(図11A~11H)。これらの血清型は、キャプシド結晶構造データ(Govindasamy et al.,J.Virol.80(23):11556(2006);Miller et al.,Acta Crystallogr.Sect.F Struct.Biol.Cryst.Commun.62(Pt 12):1271(2006);Xie et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,99(16):10405(2002);Lerch et al.,Virology403(1):26(2010);Govindasamy et al.,J.Virol.87(20):11187(2013);Xie et al.,Acta Crystallogr.Sect.F Struct.Biol.Cryst.Commun.64(Pt 11):1074(2008);Nam et al.,J.Virol.81(22):12260(2007);Mitchell et al.,Acta Crystallogr.Sect.F Struct.Biol.Cryst.Commun.65(Pt 7):715(2009))および、それらのインビボ形質導入表現型の既存の知識(Zincarelli et al.,Mol.Ther.16(6):1073(2008))の両方の利用性に基づいて解析に選択された。rAAV7に関する公に利用可能な構造的情報は存在しないが、この血清型は、完全性のために含まれた。見やすさのために、同定された水素結合パターンを、それから、PyMol画像に変換した(図12A~12H)。
VR1内の水素結合ネットワークを不安定化するように突然変異されたrAAVキャプシドの生体内分布
上記に詳述された野生型およびVR1突然変異体キャプシドの組織分布および形質導入効率を可視化するために、コレクションの各メンバーを、ニワトリβアクチンプロモーター駆動のホタルルシフェラーゼ(CBA-luc)レポーター導入遺伝子とともにパッケージして、注入あたり1e11ウイルスゲノム(vg)の投与量で尾静脈を介してマウスに注入した。生きた動物の生物発光イメージングを、注入の9日後に行なった(dpi)。10dpiにマウスを屠殺して、選択臓器を取り出して、ホモジナイズおよび溶解した。それから、導入遺伝子発現を測定するために組織溶解物をエクスビボでのルシフェラーゼ分析に、および、細胞あたりのウイルスゲノムコピー数を定量化するためにqPCR分析に供することによって、ベクター生体内分布を定量化した。VR1アミノ酸の欠失は、4つの表現型:1)rAAV1およびrAAV6に関して観察されるような、心筋および/または骨格筋の選択的およびロバストな標的化(図13);2)rAAV7、rAAV8、およびrAAV9に観察されるような、肝臓の形質導入における実質的な低減と組み合わせた先天性の心筋および/または骨格筋形質導入効率の維持(図14);3)rAAV2およびrAAV3のような、形質導入の広範な不存在(図15A~15B);および、4)rAAV4およびrAAV5の場合のような、無傷のウイルス粒子を生産する不可能性をもたらす。
非常に効率的な肝臓の形質導入を可能にするキャプシドモチーフの同定
以前の研究は、キャプシドタンパク質において264位の後にアミノ酸挿入突然変異を保有する(新規の265位を作る)rAAV2キャプシドは、筋肉内注入後の骨格筋において著しく高い形質導入効率を示すことを示した(Bowles et al.,Mol.Ther.20(2):443(2012);Li et al.,J.Virol.2012.86(15):7752(2012))。特に、アスパラギン酸の挿入は(rAAV2/265D)、形質導入を何桁も高めることが見いだされた(Li et al.,J.Virol.2012.86(15):7752(2012))。VR1アミノ酸の欠失は、形質導入が不可能なrAAV2キャプシドを与えたので、我々は次に、代替-VR1へのアミノ酸の挿入-が、rAAV2の生体内分布表現型を高めることができるかどうか試験した。CBA-lucをパッケージングしているrAAV2およびrAAV2/265Dキャプシドを、マウスの尾静脈中に注入して、生きた動物の生物発光イメージングを9dpiに行なった(図18A)。10dpiに臓器を採取して、上述のとおりに導入遺伝子発現について定量化した。興味深いことに、他の血清型におけるVR1アミノ酸欠失は、肝臓の形質導入の急な低減をもたらしたが、VR1へのさらなるアミノ酸の挿入は、反対の表現型をもたらした。肝臓の形質導入は、rAAV2と比較してrAAV2/265Dにおいて10倍増大されて(図14B)、一方で、2つのキャプシド間の形質導入の違いは、全ての他の試験した組織において≦2倍異なった(図14Bおよび図15A)。宿主細胞あたりのベクターゲノムコピーは、心臓およびGC組織において、2つのキャプシド間で1倍未満異なったが、rAAV2に対して、rAAV2/265Dを投与されたマウスにおいて、肝臓細胞あたりのベクターゲノムコピーが10倍増大した(図18C)。したがって、rAAV2/265Dキャプシドは、rAAV2キャプシドよりも、肝臓細胞の標的化および侵入のいずれかが可能であり、または、これらの突然変異体キャプシドによって送達されるゲノムは、これらの細胞内でより良好に存続することが可能である(または両方)。
VR1突然変異体キャプシドの形質導入効率に対する、キャプシドヘパリン結合能力の影響
我々は、所定のキャプシドがヘパリン硫酸に結合する能力が、筋肉内注入を介して投与されたキャプシドにおけるVR1突然変異によって生産される高い形質導入表現型を妨げることを以前に示した(Warischalk et al.,Mol.Ther.2015)。ヘパリン結合は、それぞれのキャプシドにおける単一の点突然変異によって、rAAV2、rAAV3b、およびrAAV6において破壊され得ることが以前に示されている(Kern et al.,J.Virol.77(20):11072(2003);Opie et al.,J.Virol.77(12):6995(2003);Lerch et al.,Virology,423(1):6(2012);Wu et al.,J.Virol.80(22):11393(2006))。したがって、VR1突然変異体キャプシド形質導入効率がさらに高められ得るかどうかを決定するために、これらの突然変異を、rAAV2、rAAV3b、およびrAAV6内に組み込んで、rAAV2/R585E、rAAV3b/R594A、およびrAAV6/K531Eを作製した。これらの突然変異体キャプシドがヘパリンと相互作用することができないことを、ヘパリンアフィニティクロマトグラフィーを用いて確認した。上記のキャプシドをCBA-lucとともにパッケージして、rAAV2/265D_R585E、rAAV3b/265D_594A、および、rAAV6/T265D_K531E、およびそれらの単一の突然変異体および野生型対照物とタンデムでマウスに静脈内投与した。10dpiにマウスを屠殺して、導入遺伝子発現の定量化のために肝臓を取り出した。以前に示されているように(Asokan et al.,Nat.Biotechnol.28(1):79(2010);Kern et al.,J.Virol.77(20):11072(2003))、rAAV2キャプシドによるヘパリン結合の阻害は、マウスにおける肝臓の形質導入を約6.5倍低減させた(図21A)。しかしながら、ヘパリン-ヌルrAAV2キャプシドをVR1突然変異265Dと組み合わせると、生じたrAAV2/265D_R585Eは、肝臓においてrAAV2およびrAAV2/265Dの両方ともを、それぞれ132倍および11倍上回っていた(図21A)。rAAV3bおよびrAAV6におけるキャプシドヘパリン結合能力の阻害もまた、VR1 265D突然変異と組み合わせて、それぞれの親キャプシドと比較して形質導入を高めた。rAAV3b/265D_R594Aは、rAAV3bよりも53倍、および、rAAV3b.265Dよりも2.5倍、肝臓を形質導入したが、一方で、rAAV6/T265D_K531Eは、rAAV6およびrAAV6/T265Dよりも、それぞれ46倍および4倍効率的であった(図21B、21C)。最後に、rAAV6キャプシドに適用されたVR1欠失突然変異は筋組織における形質導入効率を高めたので(VR1アミノ酸欠失の後に形質導入欠損となったrAAV2およびrAAV3bにおける同様の突然変異とは異なる)、我々は、rAAV6ヘパリン結合の無効化がこのコンテキスト内で形質導入をさらに増大する役割を果たすかどうかも決定しようとした。個々のマウスに、1e11vgのrAAV6、rAAV6/T265del、rAAV6/K531EまたはrAAV6/T265del_K531Eを投与した。10dpiにマウスを屠殺して、心臓およびGCサンプルを取り出して、エクスビボでのルシフェラーゼ発現を決定した。上記のrAAV6/T265Dと同様に、rAAV6キャプシドヘパリン結合能力の廃止は、rAAV6/T265delの形質導入効率をさらに高めた。rAAV6/T265del_K531Eは、rAAV6およびrAAV6/T265delよりも、それぞれ、心臓組織を形質導入するのが170倍および13倍、効率的であり、GC組織では、それぞれよりも9027倍および2795倍、効率的であった(図21D)。合わせると、これらの研究は、VR1突然変異体キャプシドの形質導入効率を最適化するためには、キャプシドヘパリン結合能が、適用可能な血清型から除去されることを確実にする必要があることを示す。
最も効率的な野生型血清型と比較した、VR1突然変異体キャプシドの形質導入
マウスに静脈内で送達される場合、rAAV8およびrAAV9は一般に、それぞれ、肝臓および心臓組織を形質導入する最も効率的な血清型であると考えられる(Bish et al.,Hum.Gene Ther.19(12):1359(2008);Davidoff et al.,Mol.Ther.11(6):875(2005))。したがって、既存の試薬のコンテキスト内でのVR1突然変異体キャプシドの我々のコレクションのインビボ性能を適切に評価するために、VR1欠失突然変異を保有するキャプシドおよびVR1挿入突然変異を保有するものを、それぞれ、rAAV9およびrAAV8とタンデムで評価した。CBA-lucをパッケージングしているrAAV1/T265del、rAAV6/T265del、rAAV6/T265del_K531E、rAAV7/T265del、rAAV8/T265del、rAAV9/S264del_S266delおよびrAAV9キャプシドを同時に生産して、qPCRを介して同一の反応プレート内で一緒に滴定した。1e11vgのそれぞれの構築物を個々にマウスに注入して、10dpiに屠殺して、定量分析のために心臓および肝臓組織サンプルを集めた。ベクター特異性の尺度として、心臓に加えて肝臓組織を集めた。rAAV1/T265del、rAAV6/T265del、rAAV6/T265del_K531E、およびrAAV7/T265delは、それぞれ、rAAV9と同一レベルで心臓を形質導入したが、一方で、rAAV8/T265delは、rAAV9よりも、およそ5倍効率的であり、rAAV9/S263A_S265delは、およそ3倍効率が低かった(図22A)。我々は次に、我々の突然変異体が、肝臓などの他の臓器よりも優先的に心臓組織を形質導入するかどうか決定しようとした。rAAV9と同等レベルで肝臓を形質導入したrAAV8/T265delを除き、全てのVR1突然変異体キャプシドは、rAAV9よりも高い心臓向性を示した(図22B、22C)。rAAV6/T265delは、最も有望な心臓向性プロファイルを生じ、肝臓よりもたった2倍だけ効率的に心臓を形質導入したrAAV9に対して、肝臓よりもおよそ582倍効率的に心臓を形質導入した(図22C)。まとめると、これらのデータは、rAAV9よりも好ましい心臓向性を有する6つの新たな試薬を示す。
VR1突然変異体キャプシドの心臓向性は、Y->F突然変異の取り込みによって高められる。
rAAVキャプシド表面上の選択チロシン残基の突然変異は、それらが核に到達することができる前に細胞内キャプシドのリン酸化および最終的なプロテアソーム分解を避けることによって、rAAV形質導入効率を高めることが示されている(Zhong et al.,Virology381(2):194(2008))。我々は、これらの突然変異が、VR1突然変異によって与えられる体内分布の表現型を維持しながら、VR1突然変異体キャプシドと協力して形質導入効率を高めることができるかどうか決定しようとした。rAAV1は、心筋および骨格筋疾患を修正する目的でトランスレーショナル(translatinal)ヒト研究に最も使用される血清型であったので(Flotte et al.,Hum.Gene Ther.22(10):1239(2011);Greenberg et al.,JACC Heart Fail.2(1):84(2014))、Y445FおよびT265del突然変異の両方を含むようにrAAV1キャプシドを作製した。チロシンをフェニルアラニンにする突然変異は、rAAV1の関連において以前に評価されていないが、Y445Fは、筋肉内注入後のrAAV6において形質導入効率を高めることが証明されている(Qiao et al.,Hum.Gene Ther.21(10):1343(2010))。rAAV1およびrAAV6は、キャプシドタンパク質配列において>99%相同性を有し(Wu et al.,J.Virol.80(22):11393(2006))、したがって、この突然変異が、rAAV1の関連において同様に機能し得ると期待することは合理的であった。それにもかかわらず、rAAV6は、この分析にも含まれた。CBA-lucをパッケージングしている野生型rAAV1およびrAAV6キャプシドを、単一および二重のT265delおよびY445F突然変異体キャプシドと同時に生産した。それぞれ1e11vgを、尾静脈を介してマウスに注入して、心臓、肝臓、およびGC組織サンプルを、分析のために、10dpiに取りだした。両方の血清型において、二重のT265del_Y445F突然変異体キャプシドは、心臓の形質導入効率をさらに改善して:rAAV1/T265del_Y445Fは、rAAV1およびrAAV1/T265delよりも、それぞれ、66倍および9倍高く心臓を形質導入して(図23A)、一方で、rAAV6/T265del_Y445Fは、rAAV6およびrAAV6/T265delよりも30倍および3倍高く形質導入した。二重のT265del_Y445F突然変異は、GC組織において可変の効果をもたらし、ここで、形質導入は、rAAV6/T265delに対して、rAAV6/T265del_Y445Fにおいて3.5倍上昇して(図23B)、これらの突然変異体に対するrAAV1対照間で実質的に同一であった。両方の血清型において、VR1突然変異体キャプシドによって与えられる肝臓の非標的化(detargeting)は、Y445F突然変異の関連において完全に維持された。奇妙なことに、細胞培養実験では、突然変異体が野生型キャプシドよりも著しく形質導入を高めたという事実にもかかわらず、Y445F突然変異体そのものは、静脈内送達後にrAAV1またはrAAV6のいずれの形質導入効率も高めることができなかった。我々の知識では、これらの突然変異体は、マウスへの静脈内注入後に、以前に評価されたことがなく、したがって、なぜこれらが、この送達経路を介して、それらの親対照物よりも優れなかったのか推測することは難しい。おそらく、445位のチロシン残基が、血液脈管構造によって課されるバリアを横切る成功的なトラフィッキングに必要である。合わせると、これらのデータは、Y445FをVR1突然変異体キャプシドに取り込むことは、肝臓非標的化の生体内分布プロファイルを維持しながら、心臓の形質導入をさらに高めることができることを示唆する。
Claims (12)
- 可変領域1(VR1)ループ中の1つまたは複数のアミノ酸残基の欠失および/または置換を含む改変されたアデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV)キャプシドタンパク質であって、
前記欠失および/または置換は、前記残基によって編成される水素結合パターンの標的化された破壊に起因して前記ループ内に局所的不安定化を生じ、ここで、
a)前記キャプシドタンパク質は、AAV1由来のアミノ酸配列を含み、前記欠失は、S261、S262、A263、S264、G266、A267、S268、またはN269(VP1ナンバリング)の位置であり、前記改変AAVキャプシドタンパク質は、前記キャプシドタンパク質を含むAAVベクターに、前記欠失を含まないキャプシドタンパク質を含むウイルスベクターと比較して、増大した骨格筋に対しての形質導入効率を提供する;
b)前記キャプシドタンパク質は、AAV1由来のアミノ酸配列を含み、前記欠失は、T265(VP1ナンバリング)の位置であり、前記改変AAVキャプシドタンパク質は、前記キャプシドタンパク質を含むAAVベクターに、前記欠失を含まないキャプシドタンパク質を含むウイルスベクターと比較して、骨格筋、心筋、肺、横隔膜、脾臓および膵臓に対しての増大した形質導入効率、ならびに減少した肝臓に対しての形質導入効率を提供する;
c)前記キャプシドタンパク質は、AAV6由来のアミノ酸配列を含み、前記欠失は、T265(VP1ナンバリング)の位置であり、前記改変AAVキャプシドタンパク質は、前記キャプシドタンパク質を含むAAVベクターに、前記欠失を含まないキャプシドタンパク質を含むウイルスベクターと比較して、骨格筋、心筋、脾臓および膵臓に対しての増大した形質導入効率、ならびに減少した肝臓に対しての形質導入効率を提供する;
d)前記キャプシドタンパク質は、AAV7由来のアミノ酸配列を含み、前記欠失は、T265(VP1ナンバリング)の位置であり、前記改変AAVキャプシドタンパク質は、前記キャプシドタンパク質を含むAAVベクターに、前記欠失を含まないキャプシドタンパク質を含むウイルスベクターと比較して、減少した肝臓に対しての形質導入効率を提供する;
e)前記キャプシドタンパク質は、AAV6由来のアミノ酸配列を含み、アミノ酸残基531(VP1ナンバリング)はグルタミン酸で置換され、かつ、T265が欠失されており、前記改変AAVキャプシドタンパク質は、前記キャプシドタンパク質を含むAAVベクターに、前記改変を含まないキャプシドタンパク質を含むウイルスベクターと比較して、骨格筋における増大した導入遺伝子発現を提供する;
f)前記キャプシドタンパク質は、AAV8由来のアミノ酸配列を含み、前記欠失は、T265(VP1ナンバリング)の位置であり、前記改変AAVキャプシドタンパク質は、前記キャプシドタンパク質を含むAAVベクターに、前記欠失を含まないキャプシドタンパク質を含むウイルスベクターと比較して、骨格筋および横隔膜に対しての増大した形質導入効率、ならびに減少した肝臓に対しての形質導入効率を提供する;
g)前記キャプシドタンパク質は、AAV6由来のアミノ酸配列を含み、前記置換は、265位(VP1ナンバリング)のスレオニンに対するアスパラギン酸であり、前記改変AAVキャプシドタンパク質は、前記キャプシドタンパク質を含むAAVベクターに、前記置換を含まないキャプシドタンパク質を含むウイルスベクターと比較して、増大した肝臓に対しての形質導入効率を提供する;
h)前記キャプシドタンパク質は、AAV9由来のアミノ酸配列を含み、アミノ酸残基263(VP1ナンバリング)のセリンはアラニンで置換され、かつ、S265が欠失されており、前記改変AAVキャプシドタンパク質は、前記キャプシドタンパク質を含むAAVベクターに、前記置換および欠失を含まないキャプシドタンパク質を含むウイルスベクターと比較して、減少した肝臓に対しての形質導入効率を提供する;
i)前記キャプシドタンパク質は、AAV1由来のアミノ酸配列を含み、前記置換は、265位(VP1ナンバリング)のスレオニンに対するアスパラギン酸であり、前記改変AAVキャプシドタンパク質は、前記キャプシドタンパク質を含むAAVベクターに、前記置換を含まないキャプシドタンパク質を含むウイルスベクターと比較して、肝臓および骨格筋における増大した形質導入効率を提供する;
j)前記キャプシドタンパク質は、AAV1由来のアミノ酸配列を含み、前記置換は、265位(VP1ナンバリング)のスレオニンに対するグルタミン酸またはフェニルアラニンであり、前記改変AAVキャプシドタンパク質は、前記キャプシドタンパク質を含むAAVベクターに、前記置換を含まないキャプシドタンパク質を含むウイルスベクターと比較して、骨格筋における増大した形質導入効率を提供する;
改変キャプシドタンパク質。 - 請求項1の改変キャプシドタンパク質をコードする、
ポリヌクレオチド。 - 請求項1の改変キャプシドタンパク質を含む、
アデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV)キャプシド。 - アデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV)ベクターであって:
(a)請求項3のAAVキャプシド;および
(b)組み換えウイルステンプレートを含む核酸、
を含み、
前記核酸は、前記AAVキャプシドによってキャプシド形成される、
AAVウイルスベクター。 - 請求項4のAAVウイルスベクターを、薬学的に許容できる担体中に含む、
医薬組成物。 - 核酸を細胞に送達するインビトロの方法であって、
前記方法は、前記細胞を、請求項4のAAVウイルスベクターまたは請求項5の医薬組成物と、前記核酸が前記細胞に入るのに十分な条件下で接触させるステップを含む、
方法。 - 請求項5の医薬組成物であって、
対象に核酸を送達するための、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項7に記載の医薬組成物であって、
前記核酸が細胞に入るのに十分な条件下で請求項5の医薬組成物と接触された細胞が、対象に送達される、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項7または8の医薬組成物であって、
前記対象はヒト対象である、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項7から9のいずれか一項の医薬組成物であって、
前記対象は、筋ジストロフィー、デュシェンヌ型筋ジストロフィー、ベッカー型筋ジストロフィー、血友病A、血友病B、多発性硬化症、糖尿病、ゴーシェ病、ファブリ―病、ポンぺ病、癌、関節炎、筋消耗、心疾患、先天性心不全、末梢動脈疾患、内膜過形成、神経障害、てんかん、ハンチントン病、パーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、自己免疫疾患、嚢胞性繊維症、サラセミア、ハーラー症候群、Sly症候群、シャイエ症候群、ハーラー-シャイエ症候群、ハンター症候群、サンフィリポ症候群A、B、C、D、モルキオ症候群、マロトー・ラミー症候群、クラッベ病、フェニールケトン尿症、バッテン病、脳脊髄運動失調症、LDL受容体欠乏症、高アンモニア血症、貧血、関節炎、網膜変性疾患、黄斑変性症、およびアデノシンデアミナーゼ欠乏症からなる群より選択される障害を有する、またはそのリスクがある、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項7から10のいずれか一項の医薬組成物であって、
前記の医薬組成物は、骨格筋、心筋および/または横隔膜筋に投与され、または、静脈内に投与される、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項7から11のいずれか一項の医薬組成物であって、
前記対象は、筋ジストロフィー、心疾患、鬱血性心不全または末梢動脈疾患から選択される状態を有する、またはそのリスクがある、または、代謝障害を有する、またはそのリスクがある、
医薬組成物。
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