CN112218880A - 逃避中和的肝趋向性重组aav6载体 - Google Patents
逃避中和的肝趋向性重组aav6载体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112218880A CN112218880A CN201980035877.5A CN201980035877A CN112218880A CN 112218880 A CN112218880 A CN 112218880A CN 201980035877 A CN201980035877 A CN 201980035877A CN 112218880 A CN112218880 A CN 112218880A
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Abstract
如本文所证明,提供了修饰的重组AAV6载体,该修饰的重组AAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。因此,本发明的实施方式涉及逃避中和的肝趋向性rAAV6载体。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
根据35 U.S.C.§119(e),本国际申请要求2018年3月29日提交的美国临时申请号62/649,691的优先权,以引用的方式将其内容整体并入本文。
序列表
本申请含有序列表,所述序列表已以ASCII格式电子提交并且以引用的方式将其整体并入本文。所述ASCII副本创建于2019年3月25日,命名为046192-091920WOPT_SL.txt,并且大小为8,294字节。
技术领域
本发明的实施方式涉及逃避中和的肝趋向性(liver tropic)rAAV6载体。
背景技术
腺相关病毒(AAV)是非致病性依赖细小病毒,被用作基因治疗的载体。已鉴定出多种血清型和变体,其中数种已用于临床试验。尽管在临床试验中已经获得了AAV载体的治疗效果,但AAV载体的主要挑战之一在于需要治疗先前未暴露于该病毒的那些初始受试者以及由于免疫应答而无法重新给予该载体。因此,本领域中存在开发可以逃避免疫应答并且可以在特定组织中有效递送和表达基因的基因治疗载体的需求。
发明内容
在本发明的一个方面,提供了一种修饰的重组AAV6载体,所述修饰的重组AAV6载体在选自于由以下氨基酸残基所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸残基处包含置换:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589,其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。在一个实施方式中,修饰的AAV6载体还在氨基酸531(AAV6 VP1编号)处包含赖氨酸(K)。在一个实施方式中,修饰的AAV6载体在对应于AAV6 VP1编号的氨基酸531处包含精氨酸(R)。在某些在氨基酸531处存在K或R的实施方式中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少两个、至少三个、至少四个、至少五个、至少六个或至少七个被置换。在上述的某些实施方式中,所述一个或多个置换包括保守氨基酸置换。在某些实施方式中,所述一个或多个置换包括非保守置换。
在本文描述的一个实施方式中,修饰的rAAV6载体进一步包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595,其中,所述一个或多个修饰区域中的至少一个或多个氨基酸被置换。SEQ ID NO:1示出了AAV6VP1。因此,对应于AAV6 VP1的S264、G266、N269、I-1272、Q457、S588、T589和K531或R531分别为SEQ ID NO:1的S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588、T489、K531和R531。
在另一方面,提供了一种修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域:262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595(对应于AAV6 VP1编号),其中,所述一个或多个修饰区域中的至少一个或多个氨基酸被置换,并且其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。
在另一方面,提供了一种修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域:269-272、445-450、469-471、493、501-515、584-587(对应于AAV6VP1编号),其中,所述一个或多个修饰区域中的至少一个或多个氨基酸被置换,并且其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。
在一些实施方式中,在本文所述的任何方面,修饰的rAAV6载体包含K531或R531。
在本文描述的各个方面的一些实施方式中,修饰的rAAV6载体进一步包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的结合唾液酸的一个或多个氨基酸的置换:N447、S472、V473、N500、T502和W503。
在一些实施方式中,在本文所述的各个方面,修饰的rAAV6载体在选自于由以下氨基酸区域所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸区域处包含氨基酸置换:456-459、492-499和588-597。
在一些实施方式中,在本文所述的各个方面,修饰的rAAV6载体包含选自于由以下氨基酸序列所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸序列:456-499处的SEER(SEQ ID NO:2)、492-499处的TPGGNATR(SEQ ID NO:3)、588-597处的DLDPKATEVE(SEQ ID NO:4)。
在一些实施方式中,在本文所述的各个方面,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,修饰的rAAV6载体具有降低的针对未修饰的rAAV6的人抗血清对肝转导的中和。
在一些实施方式中,在本文所述的各个方面,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,修饰的rAAV6载体具有降低的针对未修饰的rAAV6的小鼠抗血清对肝转导的中和。
在一些实施方式中,在本文所述的各个方面,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,修饰的rAAV6载体具有降低的针对未修饰的rAAV6的恒河猴(rhesus macaques)抗血清对肝转导的中和。
在另一方面,提供了一种用于分离AAV6病毒粒子的方法,所述病毒粒子保留了肝趋向性(tropism)并且具有降低的ADK6抗体引起的中和。该方法包括:产生饱和诱变AAV6文库,其中,选自于由S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589所组成的组中的各个氨基酸被20种不同的天然或非天然氨基酸中的每一种在全部位置或少于全部位置的任意组合处置换;通过用rAAV6文库感染肝的细胞(例如肝细胞)或组织来进行多轮进化(rounds ofevolution);以及筛选ADK6或野生型rAAV6抗血清引起的中和的降低。在上述的一个实施方式中,文库的rAAV6包含K531或R531。在一个实施方式中,该方法进一步包括筛选唾液酸结合的丧失(例如通过柱色谱法)。在一个实施方式中,该方法进一步包括筛选唾液酸结合的存在(例如通过柱色谱法)。
在另一方面,提供了一种用于鉴别AAV6病毒粒子的方法,所述病毒粒子保留了肝趋向性并且表现出降低的AAV6中和抗体(诸如ADK6抗体)引起的中和。该方法包括:产生选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域的饱和诱变文库:262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595,其中,一个或多个区域被20种不同的天然或非天然氨基酸中的每一种在全部位置或少于全部位置的任意组合处置换;通过用rAAV6文库感染肝的细胞(例如肝细胞)或组织来进行多轮进化;以及筛选ADK6或针对野生型rAAV6的抗血清引起的中和的降低。在一个实施方式中,文库的rAAV6包含K531或R531。修饰的rAAV6载体表现出降低的ADK6抗体引起的中和并且显著转导肝。在某些实施方式中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,修饰的rAAV6载体具有降低的针对未修饰的rAAV6(例如野生型病毒)的人抗血清对肝转导的中和。在某些实施方式中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,修饰的rAAV6载体具有降低的针对未修饰的rAAV6(例如野生型病毒)的其它物种(小鼠、恒河猴、狗等)的抗血清对肝转导的中和。
还提供了一种用于将转基因递送至受试者的方法,所述方法包括给予本文所述的修饰的rAAV6载体。
附图说明
图1A-图1E。AAV6-ADK6 FAb复合物的冷冻EM和图像重建。图1A,AAV6-ADK6衣壳-FAb复合物的示例冷冻电子显微照片。来自衣壳表面的突起部分(projections)表明FAb装饰(decoration)。图1B,关于AAV6-ADK6结构相对于分辨率绘制的傅立叶壳层相关性(Fourier Shell Correlation)(FSC图)。FSC 0.5和0.143处的估计分辨率分别为和图1C,沿二十面体2重轴(2-fold axis)观察的冷冻重建AAV6-ADK6Fab复合物结构的表面密度表示。描绘了衣壳密度及FAb。右图:衣壳(灰色)和FAb(粉色)的对接赝原子模型(docked pseudo-atomic model)及复合物密度图的放大图像。残基K531显示为蓝色并标记。图1D,AAV6衣壳表面图像(灰色),分别地,FAb预测接触残基为亮粉色,闭合(occluded)残基(如文中所定义)为浅粉色,闭合区域内的K531和L584为蓝色(碱性)和黄色(疏水性)。利用黑色大三角形描绘了病毒不对称单元,该单元由被2重轴截取(intercepted)的两个3重轴和5重轴所界定。2重、3重和5重轴分别由椭圆、三角形和五边形表示。图1E,病毒不对称单元内的残基的2D“路线图(roadmap)”投影。子图1C-子图1E的图像分别由Chimera(Pettersen等,2004)、PyMol(2017)和RIVEM程序(Xiao和Rossmann,2007)生成。
图2A-图2C。WT和变体AAV1和AAV6载体的生产和纯化。图2A,在AAV1和AAV6之间有所不同的内部残基642以及表面氨基酸的残基位置和类型。图2B,WT和变体AAV1和AAV6载体的负染色EM。比例尺在第一张EM图像上以白色示出。图2C,通过qPCR针对WT和变体AAV1和AAV6载体所确定的纯化载体基因组滴度的定量。
图3A-图3C。ADK6结合以及中和测定。图3A,通过B1(其识别VP1/2/3共同区域的C端的线性表位)(顶部)和通过ADK6(其识别天然衣壳)检测到的变性WT和变体AAV1和AAV6载体的免疫印迹。ADK6与AAV6特异性相互作用,这种相互作用在突变体AAV6-K531E中丧失,并在AAV1-E531K中恢复。图3B和图3C,在ADK6存在下分别对WT以及AAV1和AAV6变体进行的中和测定。将转导针对零抗体浓度下的WT病毒的萤光素酶信号进行归一化。
图4A-图4B。AAV6的功能表面。图4A和图4B,分别为AAV6的衣壳表面和2D“路线图”投影。分别关于碱性残基、极性残基和疏水性残基示出了SIA和HS受体结合残基。如图1中那样描绘病毒不对称单元。子图4A和子图4B的图像分别在PyMol(2017)和RIVEM程序(Xiao和Rossmann,2007)中生成。
具体实施方式
现在将参考附图对本发明的实施方式进行描述,在附图中示出了本发明的代表性实施方式。然而,本发明可以通过不同的形式实施,并且不应被解释为限于本文示出的实施方式。而是,提供这些实施方式以使得本公开内容将是彻底和完整的,并且将向本领域技术人员充分传达本发明的范围。
除非另有定义,否则本文中使用的所有技术术语和科学术语具有与本发明所属领域的普通技术人员通常所理解的含义相同的含义。本文在本发明的描述中使用的术语仅出于描述具体实施方式的目的,而不意在限制本发明。以引用的方式将本文提及的所有出版物、专利申请、专利和其它参考文献整体并入本文。
除非上下文另外明确指出,如在本发明的说明书和所附权利要求书中所使用的,单数形式“一个/一种(a或an)”和“该/所述(the)”也旨在包括复数形式。
同样如本文所使用的,“和/或(and/or)”是指并涵盖所列出的相关项目中的一个或多个的任何和所有可能的组合以及当以替代方式(“或”)解释时组合的缺乏。
此外,当提及可测量值(例如剂量、时间、温度、本发明的化合物或试剂的量等)时,如本文所使用的术语“约(about)”意在涵盖指定量的±20%、±10%、±5%、±1%、±0.5%或甚至±0.1%的变化。
如本文所使用的术语“趋向性”是指病毒优先进入某些细胞或组织,随后任选地在细胞中表达(例如转录和任选地翻译)病毒基因组所携带的序列,例如,对于重组病毒,表达感兴趣的异源核酸。
如本文所使用的,“系统性趋向性”和“生物分布”表明本发明的病毒衣壳或病毒载体对整个身体的组织(例如脑、肺、骨骼肌、心脏、肝、肾和/或胰)表现出趋向性并可以进行转导。在本发明的某些实施方式中,观察到对中枢神经系统(例如脑、神经元细胞等)的系统性转导。在其它实施方式中,实现了对心肌组织的系统性转导。在本文的某些实施方式中,与未经修饰的亲本病毒相比,修饰的载体可以表现出不同的系统性趋向性或不同的生物分布谱,以及在特定组织中表现出选择性趋向性以及增强的转导。在某些实施方式中,生物分布谱实质上相同,但是在接受该载体的某些组织中转导有所增强。
如本文所使用的,“选择性趋向性”或“特异性趋向性”是指将病毒载体递送至某些靶细胞和/或某些组织,和/或对某些靶细胞和/或某些组织的特异性转导。在一个实施方式中,修饰的载体表现出与亲本病毒不同的选择性趋向性。
除非另有说明,否则可以通过参考合适的对照来确定“有效趋向性”或类似术语(例如分别为对照(未修饰的病毒载体)的转导或趋向性的至少约50%、60%、70%、80%、85%、90%、95%、100%、125%、150%、175%、200%、250%、300%、350%、400%、500%或更多)。
在某些实施方式中,通过参考合适的对照(例如未修饰的亲本载体),修饰的载体对靶组织“不有效地转导”或“没有有效趋向性”或类似术语。在具体实施方式中,病毒载体对肝、肾、性腺和/或生殖细胞不有效地转导(即,没有有效趋向性)。在具体实施方式中,不期望的组织(例如生殖细胞、肝等)的转导为期望的靶组织(例如骨骼肌、膈肌、心肌和/或中枢神经系统的细胞等)的转导水平的90%以下、或80%以下、或60%以下、或50%以下、20%以下、10%以下、5%以下。
如本文所使用的,重组细小病毒进行的细胞“转导”是指通过将核酸并入细小病毒颗粒中以及随后转移到可以转录DNA的细胞中而将遗传物质转移到细胞中。
除非另有说明,否则“增强的转导”是指与修饰所指明的载体之前的亲本rAAV载体相比,转导增加了统计学上显著的量。
类似地,除非另有说明,否则“降低的转导”是指与修饰所指明的载体之前的亲本rAAV载体相比,转导降低了统计学上显著的量。“降低的转导中和”是指中和抗体(例如ADK6或ADK1等)所表现出的转导抑制的降低。与在存在中和抗体或例如抗血清的情况下利用未修饰的rAAV6所观察到的转导抑制相比,该降低为降低统计学上显著的量。因此,在存在中和抗体或特定抗血清的情况下,与亲本载体(未修饰的)相比,在存在中和抗体的情况下的降低的转导抑制是增强的转导。中和可通过本文所述的体外测定进行评价。
术语“治疗(treat/treating/treatment of)”(及其语法变体)是指受试者病症的严重程度降低、至少部分改善或稳定;和/或实现了至少一种临床症状的一些缓解、减轻、减少或稳定;和/或疾病或紊乱的进展延迟。
术语“预防(prevent/preventing/prevention)”(及其语法变体)是指相对于在没有治疗时将会发生的情况,预防和/或延迟受试者中疾病、紊乱和/或临床症状的发作;和/或降低疾病、紊乱和/或临床症状发作的严重程度。在某些实施方式中,预防可以是完全的,例如,完全不存在疾病、紊乱和/或临床症状。预防也可以是部分的,使得受试者中疾病、紊乱和/或临床症状的发生和/或发作的严重程度实质上少于/小于在没有本发明时将会发生的情况。
如本文所使用的“治疗有效”量是足以向受试者提供一些改善或益处的量。或者说,“治疗有效”量是将在受试者中的至少一种临床症状中提供一些缓解、减轻、减少或稳定的量。本领域技术人员将理解,只要向受试者提供了一些益处,治疗效果不必是完全的或治愈性的。在某些实施方式中,治疗不是治愈性的。
如本文所使用的“预防有效”量是相对于在没有本发明的方法时将会发生的情况,足以预防和/或延迟受试者中疾病、紊乱和/或临床症状的发作;和/或足以降低和/或延迟受试者中疾病、紊乱和/或临床症状的发作的严重程度的量。本领域技术人员将理解,只要向受试者提供了一些预防益处,预防水平不必是完全的。
“异源核苷酸序列”或“异源核酸”是在病毒中不天然存在的序列。在一个实施方式中,异源核酸包含编码治疗性多肽的开放阅读框。在一个实施方式中,异源核酸序列是非编码DNA或RNA。在一个实施方式中,异源核酸编码感兴趣的非翻译治疗性RNA(例如RNAi、miRNA、siRNA、反义RNA、短发夹或小发夹RNA(shRNA))或核酶、或其片段、或例如用于CRISPR编辑的sgRNA或其它基因编辑分子(例如ZFN和TALEN)。在一些实施方式中,本文所述的方法和组合物可包含CRISPRi(CRISPR干扰)和/或CRISPRa(CRISPR激活)系统;和/或用于将CRISPRi(CRISPR干扰)和/或CRISPRa(CRISPR激活)系统递送至宿主细胞。CRISPRi和CRISPRa系统包含无法产生双链断裂(DSB)的失活的RNA引导的核酸内切酶(例如Cas9)。
CRISPRa可以进一步包含募集另外的转录激活结构域的gRNA。用于CRISPRi和CRISPRa的sgRNA设计在本领域中是已知的(参见例如Horlbeck等,eLife.5,e19760(2016);Gilbert等,Cell.159,647-661(2014);以及Zalatan等,Cell.160,339-350(2015);以引用的方式将它们各自整体并入本文)。对于给定靶标,也可以商购获得与CRISPRi和CRISPRa兼容的sgRNA(参见例如Dharmacon;Lafayette,CO)。CRISPRi和CRISPRa的进一步描述可以在例如Qi等,Cell.152,1173-1183(2013);Gilbert等,Cell.154,442-451(2013);Cheng等,Cell Res.23,1163-1171(2013);Tanenbaum等,Cell.159,635-646(2014);Konermann等,Nature.517,583-588(2015);Chavez等,Nat.Methods.12,326-328(2015);Liu等,Science.355(2017);以及Goyal等,Nucleic Acids Res.(2016)中找到;以引用的方式将它们各自整体并入本文。
如本文所使用的,术语“重组AAV(rAAV)载体”或“基因递送载体”是指作为核酸递送媒介物起作用的病毒颗粒,其包含包装在AAV衣壳内的载体基因组(例如病毒DNA[vDNA])。或者,在一些情况下,术语“载体”可用于指代单独的载体基因组/vDNA。
“rAAV载体基因组”或“rAAV基因组”是包含一个或多个异源核苷酸序列的AAV基因组(即vDNA)。rAAV载体通常仅需要145个碱基的末端重复序列(TR)处于顺式以产生病毒。所有其它病毒序列都是非必需的,并且可以以反式提供(Muzyczka,(1992)Curr.TopicsMicrobiol.Immunol.158:97)。通常,rAAV载体基因组将仅保留最小TR序列,以使能够被载体有效包装的转基因的大小最大化。结构蛋白和非结构蛋白编码序列可以以反式提供(例如来自载体(例如质粒);或通过将序列稳定整合到包装细胞中)。rAAV载体基因组包含至少一个TR序列(例如AAV TR序列、合成的TR序列或其它细小病毒TR序列),任选地为两个TR(例如两个AAV TR),其通常将位于异源核苷酸序列的5'和3'端,但不必与其邻接。TR可以彼此相同或不同。
术语“末端重复序列”或“TR”包括任何病毒末端重复序列和形成发夹结构并起反向末端重复序列作用的合成序列,例如Samulski等的美国专利号5,478,745中所述的“双D序列”。自主型细小病毒和AAV的衣壳结构更详细地描述于BERNARD N.FIELDS等,VIROLOGY,第2卷,第69&70章(第4版,Lippincott-Raven Publishers)中。还参见AAV2(Xie等,(2002)Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.99:10405-10)、AAV4(Padron等,(2005)J.Virol.79:5047-58)、AAV5(Walters等,(2004)J.Virol.78:3361-71)和CPV(Xie等,(1996)J.Mol.Biol.6:497-520以及Tsao等,(1991)Science 251:1456-64)的晶体结构的描述。
“AAV末端重复序列”或“AAV TR”可以来自任何AAV,包括但不限于血清型1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10或11或任何其它现在已知或以后被发现的AAV。只要至少一个末端重复序列介导功能性TR的期望的功能(例如复制、病毒包装、整合和/或前病毒挽救等),AAV末端重复序列不必具有野生型末端重复序列(例如,野生型序列可以通过插入、缺失、截短或错义突变而改变)。本领域技术人员理解选择对复制功能性TR而言具有功能的Rep蛋白。
在本发明方法中使用的修饰的rAAV6载体也可以是例如如国际专利公开WO 00/28004、WO 03/089612和Chao等,(2000)Molecular Therapy 2:619(以引用的方式将它们的公开内容整体并入本文)中所述的“杂交(hybrid)”细小病毒(例如,其中rAAV基因组来自与本文所述的AAV衣壳蛋白不同的细小病毒或血清型)。
在本发明方法中使用的修饰的病毒载体可以进一步为如国际专利公开WO 01/92551(以引用的方式将其公开内容整体并入本文)中所述的双链体(duplexed)细小病毒颗粒。因此,在一些实施方式中,可以将携带异源核酸的双链(双链体)基因组包装到本发明的病毒衣壳中。
如本文所使用的术语“包含/包括/含有(comprising或comprises)”用于指对本发明必要的组合物、方法及它们各自的组成部分,并且无论是否必要都仍然对纳入未指定的要素保持开放。
如本文所使用的术语“基本上由…组成”是指给定实施方式所需的那些要素。该术语允许存在实质上不影响本发明的该实施方式的基础和新颖性或功能性特征的要素。
术语“由…组成”涉及本文所述的组合物、方法及它们各自的组成部分,排除没有在该实施方式的描述中详述的任何要素。
如本文所使用的术语“可操作地连接”意指将表达编码序列所必需的调节序列在相对于编码序列的适当位置处置于DNA分子中以实现编码序列的表达。有时将该相同定义应用于表达载体中编码序列和转录控制元件(例如启动子、增强子和终止元件)的排列。
本文提供了例如在选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域中包含氨基酸置换的修饰的rAAV6载体:262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595(VP1 AAV6的氨基酸)。这些区域的每一个中的氨基酸置换可以以任何组合包括所述区域中存在的全部位置的置换,或可以以任何组合包括少于全部位置的置换,例如分别得到氨基酸序列X1-X2-X3-X4-X5...等(取决于区域中的氨基酸数量),其中X是与通常存在于SEQ ID NO:1(野生型AAV6的VP1)的位置处的氨基酸不同的20种氨基酸中的任意氨基酸。
本文还提供了包含氨基酸置换的rAAV6载体,例如选自于由以下氨基酸残基所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸残基处的置换:S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589(AAV6 VP1编号),其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。修饰的rAAV6载体可以以任何组合包含这些位置中的每一个的置换,或可以以任何组合包含少于全部位置的置换,例如得到氨基酸序列X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-X7…或更小,例如X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6;X1-X2-X3-X4-X5;X1-X2-X3-X4;X1-X2-X3;X1-X2;或X1;其中X是与通常存在于SEQ ID NO:1(野生型AAV6的VP1)的位置处的氨基酸不同的任意氨基酸。
因此,氨基酸置换可以是保守的或可以是非保守的。在某些实施方式中,氨基酸置换可以是非天然氨基酸的置换。
根据本发明实施方式的病毒衣壳和rAAV6病毒载体可以使用本领域已知的任何方法来产生,例如通过由杆状病毒(Brown等,(1994)Virology198:477-488)或哺乳动物细胞的表达来产生。
根据本发明实施方式的对rAAV6衣壳蛋白的修饰是“选择性”修饰。该方法与先前在AAV血清型之间进行全亚基或大结构域交换的工作(参见例如国际专利公开WO 00/28004和Hauck等,(2003)J.Virology 77:2768-2774)截然不同。在具体实施方式中,“选择性”修饰在指定区域(例如262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595(VP1 AAV6的氨基酸))中产生少于约10个、9个、8个、7个、6个、5个、4个、3个、2个或3个连续氨基酸的置换。在某些实施方式中,指定区域中的至少3个、至少4个、至少5个、至少6个、至少7个、至少8个、至少9个、至少10个或所有氨基酸被置换。在一个实施方式中,氨基酸区域选自于由以下区域所组成的组:269-272;445-450;469-471;493;501-515;584-587(VP1 AAV6编号)。选定修饰可以包括一个或多个指定的氨基酸区域,以及可以包括S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589(AAV6 VP1编号)处的一个或多个单氨基酸置换。如本文所述,本发明实施方式的选定修饰降低了ADK6抗体的中和并保留了对肝的显著转导;它是肝趋向性的。
在本发明的一个方面,提供了一种修饰的重组AAV6载体,所述修饰的重组AAV6载体在选自于由以下氨基酸残基所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸残基处包含置换:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589,其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。在一个实施方式中,修饰的AAV6载体还在氨基酸531(AAV6 VP1编号)处包含赖氨酸(K)。在一个实施方式中,修饰的AAV6载体在对应于AAV6 VP1编号的氨基酸531处包含精氨酸(R)。在某些在氨基酸531处存在K或R的实施方式中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少两个、至少三个、至少四个、至少五个、至少六个或至少七个被置换。在上述的某些实施方式中,所述一个或多个置换包括保守氨基酸置换。在某些实施方式中,所述一个或多个置换包括非保守置换。
在本文描述的一个实施方式中,修饰的rAAV6载体进一步包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595,其中,所述一个或多个修饰区域中的至少一个或多个氨基酸被置换。SEQ ID NO:1示出了AAV6VP1。因此,对应于AAV6 VP1的S264、G266、N269、I-1272、Q457、S588、T589和K531或R531分别为SEQ ID NO:1的S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588、T489、K531和R531。
在另一方面,提供了一种修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域:262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595(对应于AAV6 VP1编号),其中,所述一个或多个修饰区域中的至少一个或多个氨基酸被置换,并且其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。
在另一方面,提供了一种修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域:269-272、445-450、469-471、493、501-515、584-587(对应于AAV6VP1编号),其中,所述一个或多个修饰区域中的至少一个或多个氨基酸被置换,并且其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。
在一些实施方式中,在本文所述的任何方面,修饰的rAAV6载体包含K531或R531。
在本文描述的各个方面的一些实施方式中,修饰的rAAV6载体进一步包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的结合唾液酸的一个或多个氨基酸的置换:N447、S472、V473、N500、T502和W503。
本发明的修饰的衣壳蛋白和衣壳可以进一步包含现在已知或以后被鉴别的任何其它修饰,例如靶向肽。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,相对于本发明的衣壳蛋白、病毒衣壳或载体所源自的AAV6的转导效率,本发明的衣壳蛋白、病毒衣壳或载体可以具有相当的或增强的转导效率。在本发明的一些实施方式中,相对于本发明的衣壳蛋白、病毒衣壳或载体所源自的AAV6的转导效率,本发明的衣壳蛋白、病毒衣壳或载体可以具有降低的转导效率。在本发明的一些实施方式中,相对于本发明的衣壳蛋白、病毒衣壳或载体所源自的AAV血清型的趋向性,本发明的衣壳蛋白、病毒衣壳或载体可以具有相当的或增强的趋向性。在本发明的一些实施方式中,相对于本发明的衣壳蛋白、病毒衣壳或载体所源自的AAV6的趋向性,本发明的衣壳蛋白、病毒衣壳或载体可以具有改变的或不同的趋向性。
在本发明方法中使用的修饰的rAAV载体还可以包含异源核酸(例如转基因或基因编辑核酸),当将所述异源核酸递送至受试者时,该异源核酸对疾病具有治疗效果。可以将治疗性核酸可操作地连接至启动子(组成型、细胞特异型或诱导型)。以这种方式,可以在受试者中体内产生治疗性核酸。可以选择需要治疗性核酸的受试者,因为该受试者在核酸产物方面具有缺陷,或者因为受试者中治疗性核酸的产生赋予某些治疗效果。
本领域技术人员可以使用本文所述的方法和本领域技术人员公知的方法(参见例如Sambrook等,Molecular Cloning,A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press,New York 1989)容易地构建携带任何感兴趣的治疗性异源核酸的rAAV载体。针对各种基因的核苷酸和蛋白质、多肽和肽序列先前已经公开,并且可以在本领域普通技术人员已知的计算机数据库中找到。一个这样的数据库是美国国家生物技术信息中心的Genbank和GenPept数据库。可以将这些已知基因的编码区扩增、克隆到本文公开的rAAV核酸模板中。在一个实施方式中,异源核酸编码治疗性多肽。本发明的实施方式还涉及通过给予修饰的载体来治疗或预防疾病的方法。
修饰的细小病毒载体还可包含与宿主染色体上的基因座享有同源性并与其重组的异源核苷酸序列。例如,可以利用该方法来纠正宿主细胞中的遗传缺陷。本领域技术人员将理解,感兴趣的异源核苷酸序列可以可操作地连接至适当的控制序列。例如,异源核酸可以可操作地连接至表达控制元件,例如转录/翻译控制信号、复制起点、聚腺苷酸化信号、内部核糖体进入位点(IRES)、启动子、增强子等。在期望提供对异源核酸序列表达的调节的那些应用中,诱导型表达控制元件是优选的。用于基因递送的诱导型启动子/增强子元件可以是组织特异性启动子/增强子元件,并包括平滑肌特异性(例如血管平滑肌细胞)和内皮细胞特异性(例如血管内皮细胞)元件。其它诱导型启动子/增强子元件包括激素诱导型元件和金属诱导型元件。示例性的诱导型启动子/增强子元件包括但不限于Tet开/关元件、RU486诱导型启动子、蜕皮激素诱导型启动子、雷帕霉素诱导型启动子和金属硫蛋白启动子、FK506或FK1012。
载体产生
用于产生重组载体的方法是本领域技术人员公知的。除非另有说明,否则可以使用本领域技术人员已知的标准方法来构建rAAV构建体、修饰的衣壳蛋白DNA序列(cap)、表达AAV rep和/或cap序列的包装载体以及瞬时和稳定转染包装细胞。参见例如SAMBROOK等,MOLECULAR CLONING:A LABORATORY MANUAL第2版(Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.,1989);F.M.AUSUBEL等,CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY(Green PublishingAssociates,Inc.和John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,New York)。作为另外的替代方式,例如如Urabe等,(2002)Human Gene Therapy 13:1935-43所述的,可以使用杆状病毒载体递送rep/cap基因和rAAV模板以在昆虫细胞中产生本发明的修饰的rAAV-2病毒载体。
例如,对于rAAV,可以通过向细胞提供以下物质来产生rAAV载体:i)包含异源核酸序列和至少一个TR序列(例如AAV TR序列)的核酸模板;以及ii)足以复制核酸模板并衣壳化至AAV衣壳的AAV序列(例如编码本文所述修饰的AAV衣壳的AAV rep序列和AAV cap序列)。核酸模板可以包含至少一个功能性AAV ITR序列,并复制到位于异源核酸序列的5'和3'的两个ITR,尽管它们不必直接与其邻接。
在一定条件下(例如在辅助功能(例如Ad或HSV)存在下)提供核酸模板以及AAVrep和cap序列,使得包含包装在修饰的细小病毒(例如AAV或其它细小病毒)衣壳中的核酸模板的重组病毒载体在细胞内产生。病毒载体可以从培养基中收集和/或通过裂解细胞来收集。
本领域已知的任何合适的细胞都可以用于生产,例如哺乳动物细胞或昆虫细胞等。
可以修饰TR(例如截短;通过置换、缺失、添加进行突变等),以赋予本发明的重组核酸和/或病毒载体不同的特性。例如,可以在本发明的载体中使用为载体传播、包装和转导提供类似功能的非AAV末端重复序列,例如其它细小病毒(例如犬细小病毒(CPV)、小鼠细小病毒(MVM)、人细小病毒B-19)的非AAV末端重复序列。在本发明的一些实施方式中,可以用非AAV末端重复序列的部分来修饰TR。在本发明的其它实施方式中,可以用非细小病毒末端重复序列(例如用作SV40复制起点的SV40发夹序列)来置换TR。这些仅代表修饰的TR的有限实例,并且其它此类修饰对于本领域普通技术人员而言是已知的。
治疗性核酸
本文所述的修饰的载体可用于治疗易于(susceptible to)通过向组织给予编码感兴趣的治疗性异源核酸(例如治疗性转基因或非编码核酸,DNA或RNA)的载体而治疗或预防的任何疾病。用于基因治疗的合适的转基因是本领域技术人员公知的。例如,本文所述的改变的载体可以递送转基因和用途,包括但不限于美国专利号6,547,099、6,506,559和4,766,072;已公开的美国申请号20020006664、20030153519、20030139363;以及已公开的PCT申请WO 01/68836和WO 03/010180中描述的那些转基因和用途;以及例如WO2017/152149的miRNA和其它转基因;以引用的方式将它们各自整体并入本文。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性转基因选自于由以下所组成的组:生长因子、白介素、干扰素、抗凋亡因子、细胞因子、抗糖尿病因子、抗凋亡剂、凝血因子和抗肿瘤因子,例如BDNF、CNTF、CSF、EGF、FGF、G-SCF、GM-CSF、促性腺激素、IFN、IFG-1、M-CSF、NGF、PDGF、PEDF、TGF、VEGF、TGF-B2、TNF、催乳素、生长激素、XIAP1、IL-1、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9、IL-10、IL-10(187A)、病毒IL-10、IL-11、IL-12、IL-13、IL-14、IL-15、IL-16、IL-17和IL-18。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性异源核酸与基因的表达缺乏或功能障碍有关。例如,列出了示例性的治疗性转基因和相关疾病状态:葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶,与1A型糖原贮积缺陷有关;磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶,与Pepck缺乏症有关;半乳糖-1-磷酸尿苷酰转移酶,与半乳糖血症有关;苯丙氨酸羟化酶,与苯丙酮尿症有关;支链α-酮酸脱氢酶,与枫糖浆尿病有关;富马酰乙酰乙酸水解酶,与1型酪氨酸血症有关;甲基丙二酰-CoA突变酶,与甲基丙二酸血症有关;中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶,与中链乙酰辅酶A缺乏症有关;鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶,与鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶缺乏症有关;精氨酸琥珀酸合成酶,与瓜氨酸血症有关;低密度脂蛋白受体蛋白,与家族性高胆固醇血症有关;UDP-葡萄糖醛酸转移酶,与Crigler-Najjar病有关;腺苷脱氨酶,与严重联合免疫缺陷病有关;次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶,与Gout和Lesch-Nyan综合征有关;生物素酶,与生物素酶缺乏症有关;β-葡萄糖脑苷脂酶,与高雪氏病有关;β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶,与Sly综合征有关;过氧化物酶体膜蛋白70kDa,与Zellweger综合征有关;胆色素原脱氨酶,与急性间歇性卟啉症有关;α-1抗胰蛋白酶,用于治疗α-1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症(肺气肿);促红细胞生成素,用于治疗因地中海贫血或肾衰竭引起的贫血;血管内皮生长因子、血管生成素-1和成纤维细胞生长因子,用于治疗缺血性疾病;血栓调节蛋白和组织因子途径抑制剂,用于治疗如例如在动脉粥样硬化、血栓形成或栓塞中所见的闭塞血管;芳香族氨基酸脱羧酶(AADC)和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH),用于治疗帕金森氏病;β肾上腺素能受体、针对受磷蛋白(phospholamban)的反义物(anti-sense)或其突变形式、肌浆网(内质网)腺苷三磷酸酶-2(SERCA2)和心脏腺苷酸环化酶,用于治疗充血性心力衰竭;肿瘤阻抑基因(例如p53),用于治疗各种癌症;细胞因子(例如各种白介素之一),用于治疗炎性紊乱和免疫紊乱以及癌症;肌营养不良蛋白(dystrophin)或微小肌营养不良蛋白和utrophin或miniutrophin,用于治疗肌肉营养不良;以及胰岛素,用于治疗糖尿病。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性异源核酸是与CNS相关性疾病或紊乱有关的基因,例如与阿尔茨海默氏病相关的DRD2、GRIAl、GRIA2、GRIN1、SLClAl、SYP、SYTl、CHRNA7、3Rtau/4rTUS、APP、BAX、BCL-2、GRIK1、GFAP、IL-1、AGER;与帕金森氏病相关的UCH-L1、SKP1、EGLN1、Nurr-1、BDNF、TrkB、gstml、S 106p;与亨廷顿氏病相关的IT15、PRNP、JPH3、TBP、ATXN1、ATXN2、ATXN3、Atrophin 1、FTL、TITF-1;与Freidrich共济失调相关的FXN;与Canavan病相关的ASPA;与肌肉营养不良相关的DMD;以及与脊髓性肌萎缩相关的SMN1、UBE1、DYNC1H1。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性异源核酸是与心血管系统相关性疾病或紊乱有关的基因,例如VEGF、FGF、SDF-1、连接蛋白40、连接蛋白43、SCN4a、HIFla、SERCa2a、ADCY1和ADCY6。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性异源核酸是与肺系统相关性疾病或紊乱有关的基因,例如CFTR、A AT、TNFa、TGFpl、SFTPA1、SFTPA2、SFTPB、SFTPC、HPS 1、HPS 3、HPS 4、ADTB3A、ILIA、IL1B、LTA、IL6、CXCR1和CXCR2。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性异源核酸是与肝相关性疾病或紊乱有关的基因,例如al-AT、HFE、ATP7B、富马酰乙酰乙酸水解酶(FAH)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶、NCAN、GCKR、LYPLAL1、PNPLA3、卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶、苯丙氨酸羟化酶和G6PC。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性异源核酸是与肾相关性疾病或紊乱有关的基因,例如PKD1、PKD2、PKHD1、NPHS 1、NPHS2、PLCE1、CD2AP、LAMB2、TRPC6、WT1、LMX1B、SMARCAL1、COQ2、PDSS2、SCARB3、FN1、COL4A5、COL4A6、COL4A3、COL4A4、FOX1C、RET、UPK3A、BMP4、SIX2、CDC5L、USF2、ROB02、SLIT2、EYA1、MYOG、SIX1、SIX5、FRAS 1、FREM2、GATA3、KALI、PAX2、TCF2和SALL1。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性异源核酸是与眼或眼部疾病相关性疾病或紊乱有关的基因,例如VEGF、CEP290、CFH、C3、MT-ND2、ARMS2、TIMP3、CAMK4、FMN1、RHO、USH2A、RPGR、RP2、TMCO、SIX1、SIX6、LRP12、ZFPM2、TBK1、GALC、myocilin、CYP1B 1、CAV1、CAV2、optineurin和CDKN2B。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性异源核酸是与血液(例如红细胞)相关性疾病或紊乱有关的基因,例如因子VIII(FVIII)、因子IX(FIX)、von Willebrand因子(VWF)。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性异源核酸是与细胞凋亡有关的基因。
在一个实施方式中,治疗性异源核酸是肿瘤阻抑剂。
因此,本文提供了用于治疗疾病的方法,所述方法包括给予携带异源治疗性核苷酸序列的本文所述的修饰的载体。待治疗的疾病的非限制性实例包括例如软骨发育不全、色盲、酸性麦芽糖酶缺乏症、腺苷脱氨酶缺乏症(OMIM No.102700)、肾上腺脑白质营养不良、aicardi综合征、α-1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症、α-地中海贫血、雄激素不敏感综合征、apert综合征、致心律失常性右心室发育不良、共济失调毛细血管扩张症、barth综合征、β-地中海贫血、蓝色橡皮疱痣综合征(blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome)、canavan病、慢性肉芽肿病(CGD)、猫叫综合征(cri du chat syndrome)、囊性纤维化、dercum’s病、外胚层发育不良、fanconi贫血、进行性骨化性纤维发育不良、脆性X综合征、半乳糖血症、高雪氏病、全身性神经节苷脂沉积症(例如GM1)、血色素沉着症、β珠蛋白第六密码子的血红蛋白C突变(HbC)、血友病、亨廷顿氏病、Hurler综合征、低磷酸酯酶症、Klinefleter综合征、Krabbes病、Langer-Giedion综合征、白细胞粘附缺乏症(LAD,OMIM No.116920)、脑白质营养不良、长QT综合征、Marfan综合征、Moebius综合征、粘多糖贮积病(MPS)、指甲髌骨综合征、肾源性尿崩症、神经纤维瘤病、Neimann-Pick病、成骨不全症、卟啉症、Prader-Willi综合征、早老症(progeria)、Proteus综合征、视网膜母细胞瘤、Rett综合征、Rubinstein-Taybi综合征、Sanfilippo综合征、严重联合免疫缺陷(SCID)、Shwachman综合征、镰状细胞病(镰状细胞性贫血)、Smith-Magenis综合征、Stickler综合征、Tay-Sachs病、血小板减少伴桡骨缺失(Thrombocytopenia Absent Radius,TAR)综合征、Treacher Collins综合征、三体综合征(trisomy)、结节性硬化症、Turner’s综合征、尿素循环紊乱、von Hippel-Landau病、Waardenburg综合征、Williams综合征、Wilson’s病、Wiskott-Aldrich综合征、X连锁淋巴组织增生综合征(XLP,OMIM No.308240)。可以通过靶向整合来治疗的额外的示例性疾病包括获得性免疫缺陷、溶酶体贮积病(例如高雪氏病、GM1、Fabry病和Tay-Sachs病)、粘多糖贮积病(例如Hunter’s病、Hurler’s病)、血红蛋白病(例如镰状细胞病、HbC、α-地中海贫血、β-地中海贫血)和血友病。
本发明的药物组合物包含溶解在或分散在药学上可接受的载体中的有效量的一种或多种修饰的rAAV病毒载体或另外的试剂。短语“药学上或药理学上可接受的”是指当根据需要给予动物(诸如例如人)时不会产生不良反应或生物学效应、过敏反应或生物学效应或者其它不期望的反应或生物学效应的分子实体和组合物。
根据本公开内容,包含至少一种修饰的rAAV载体或另外的活性成分的药物组合物的制备将是本领域技术人员已知的,例如由Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第18版,Mack Printing Company,1990所例示的(以引用的方式将其并入本文)。此外,对于动物(例如人)的给予,将理解的是,制剂应符合美国FDA生物标准办公室或其它国家的等效政府法规(如适用)所要求的无菌性、产热原性、一般安全性和纯度标准。
如本文所使用的,“药学上可接受的载体”包括如本领域普通技术人员所知的任何和所有溶剂、分散介质、包衣、表面活性剂、抗氧化剂、防腐剂(例如抗细菌剂、抗真菌剂)、等渗剂、吸收延迟剂、盐、防腐剂、药物、药物稳定剂、凝胶、粘结剂、赋形剂、崩解剂、润滑剂、甜味剂、调味剂、染料和类似材料及它们的组合(例如参见Remington's PharmaceuticalScience,第18版,Mack Printing Company,1990,第1289-1329页,以引用的方式将其并入本文)。除非任何常规载体与活性成分不相容,否则均考虑将其用于治疗性组合物或药物组合物中。
包含修饰的rAAV载体和/或另外的试剂的药物组合物可以根据以下因素而利用不同类型的载体:它将以固体、液体还是气雾剂形式给予;以及它是否需要为了诸如注射这样的给予途径而是无菌的。药物组合物可以通过如下方式给予:静脉内、皮内、动脉内、移植物内(intra-graft)、腹膜内、病灶内、颅内、关节内、前列腺内、胸膜内、气管内、鼻内、玻璃体内、阴道内、直肠内、局部外用(topically)、肿瘤内、肌内、腹膜内、皮下、结膜下、囊内、粘膜、心包内、脐内、眼内、口服、局部外用、局部(locally)、吸入(例如气雾剂吸入)、注射、输注、连续输注、直接局部灌注浸浴(bathing)靶细胞(例如在自体组织移植物中)、通过导管、通过灌洗(lavage)、在乳膏(creme)中、在脂质组合物(例如脂质体)中,或通过任何其它方法或前述方法的任何组合,如本领域普通技术人员已知的那样(参见例如Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences,第18版,Mack Printing Company,1990)。
可以将修饰的载体和/或试剂以游离碱、中性或盐形式配制到药物组合物中。药学上可接受的盐包括酸加成盐,例如与蛋白质组合物的游离氨基形成的酸加成盐,或与无机酸(诸如例如盐酸或磷酸)或有机酸(诸如乙酸、草酸、酒石酸或扁桃酸)形成的酸加成盐。与游离羧基形成的盐也可以由无机碱(例如钠、钾、铵、钙或铁的氢氧化物);或有机碱(诸如异丙胺、三甲胺、组氨酸或普鲁卡因)衍生而来。
负责给予的从业者(practitioner)将使用常规程序确定药物组合物中活性成分的浓度和针对个体受试者的合适剂量。在某些实施方式中,药物组合物可包含例如至少约0.1%的活性化合物(例如修饰的rAAV载体、治疗剂)。在其它实施方式中,活性化合物可占单位(unit)重量的约2%至约75%,或例如约25%至约60%,以及可在其中衍生的任何范围。
在本发明方法的一方面,例如通过移植或植入组织,将异源核酸体外递送至血管组织或血管系统(vasculature)的细胞中,以用于向受试者给予修饰的细胞。可以根据适当的标准转导方法,以适当的感染复数将病毒颗粒引入细胞。待给予的病毒滴度可以根据靶细胞的类型和数量以及具体的病毒载体而变化,并且可以由本领域技术人员确定而无需过多的实验。在一个实施方式中,将102个感染单位、或至少约103个感染单位、或至少约105个感染单位引入细胞。
如本文所使用的“治疗有效”量是足以向受试者提供一些改善或益处的量。或者说,“治疗有效”量是将在受试者中的至少一种临床症状中提供一些缓解、减轻或减少的量。本领域技术人员将理解,只要向受试者提供了一些益处,治疗效果不必是完全的或治愈性的。在某些实施方式中,治疗有效量不是治愈性的。
可以通过本领域已知的任何方式向有需要的人受试者或动物给予根据本发明的病毒载体。优选地,以治疗有效剂量在药学上可接受的载体中递送病毒载体。在一个实施方式中,通过涂覆有修饰的载体的支架(stent)或包含修饰的载体的支架来给予载体。在美国专利申请公开20040193137中描述了用于将载体递送至血管系统的递送鞘(deliverysheath),以引用的方式将其并入本文。
待给予受试者的病毒载体的剂量取决于给予方式、待治疗的疾病或病症、个体受试者的情况、待递送的具体治疗性核酸,并且可以用常规方式确定。用于实现治疗效果的示例性剂量是递送如下的病毒滴度:至少约105、106、107、108、109、1010、1011、1012、1013、1014、1015个转导单位或更多,以及其中可衍生的任何整数以及其中可衍生的任何范围。在一个实施方式中,给予剂量为约108-1013个转导单位。在一个实施方式中,给予剂量为约103-108个转导单位。
以载体基因组/每千克体重(vg/kg)的剂量单位计,为达到特定治疗效果所需的修饰的病毒粒子的剂量将基于若干因素而变化,包括但不限于:修饰的病毒粒子的给予途径、达到治疗效果所需的核酸(编码非翻译RNA或蛋白质)表达水平、所治疗的具体疾病或紊乱、对病毒粒子的宿主免疫应答、对表达产物的宿主免疫应答以及异源核酸产物的稳定性。基于上述因素以及本领域公知的其它因素,本领域技术人员可以容易地确定用于治疗患有特定疾病或紊乱的患者的重组病毒粒子的剂量范围。
在具体实施方式中,可以每周、每月、每年等实施多于一次给予(例如两次、三次、四次或更多次给予)。
可以以常规形式制备注射剂,所述常规形式可以是液体溶液剂或混悬剂,适于在注射之前在液体中呈溶液剂或混悬剂的固体形式,或者乳剂。载体可以局部递送或系统性递送。在一个实施方式中,在储库(depot)或缓释制剂中给予载体。此外,病毒载体可以粘附在可手术植入的基质上进行递送(例如如美国专利公开号US-2004-0013645-A1中所述)。
本文公开的修饰的细小病毒载体(例如AAV载体或其它细小病毒)可通过给予由受试者吸入的由病毒载体组成的可吸入颗粒的气雾混悬剂来进行给予。可吸入颗粒可以是液体或固体。如本领域技术人员已知的,包含病毒载体的液体颗粒的气雾剂可以通过任何合适的方式产生,例如利用压力驱动的气雾剂雾化器或超声雾化器。参见例如美国专利No.4,501,729。包含病毒载体的固体颗粒的气雾剂也可以类似地通过制药领域已知的技术用任何固体颗粒药物气雾剂生成器来产生。
在一个实施方式中,在美国专利No.6,177,403中描述并以引用的方式并入本文的肢体隔离灌注(isolated limb perfusion)也可用于将修饰的rAAV载体递送至隔离的肢体的血管系统中。
在一个实施方式中,通过将与由微孔膜形成的可充气球囊流体连通的导管插入血管组织(vasculature tissue)并经由该导管递送含有包含感兴趣的基因的载体的溶液来将本发明的修饰的载体给予血管组织,参见例如美国专利申请公开2003/0100889,以引用的方式将其整体并入本文。
在某些实施方式中,为了提高本发明的修饰的重组载体的效力,将本发明的方法与在血管疾病或紊乱的治疗中有效的另一种试剂或其它方法进行组合可能是期望的。例如,在一些实施方式中,在考虑之列的是将常规疗法或试剂(包括但不限于药理学治疗剂、外科手术或它们的组合)与载体给予进行组合。在非限制性实例中,治疗益处包括降低血管组织中的高血压,或减少在血管或心血管干预之后的再狭窄(例如在医疗或外科手术过程中发生)。
该过程可涉及在同一时间(例如实质上同时)或在一段时间内给予试剂和载体,其中,分别向细胞、组织或受试者给予载体和试剂产生期望的治疗益处。可以利用包含修饰的载体和一种或多种试剂这二者的单一药理学制剂来进行给予;或者通过向受试者给予两种以上不同的制剂来进行给予,其中一种制剂包含载体,而另一种包含一种或多种试剂。在某些实施方式中,所述试剂是降低免疫应答的试剂,例如TLR-9抑制剂、cGAS抑制剂或雷帕霉素。
修饰的载体的给予可以以数分钟至数周的间隔在其它试剂之前给予、与其它试剂共同给予和/或以数分钟至数周的间隔在其它试剂之后给予。在将载体和其它试剂分别应用于细胞、组织或受试者的实施方式中,通常将确保在各递送的时间之间没有显著的时间间隔,使得载体和试剂仍将能够对细胞、组织或受试者发挥有利的联合作用。
药理学治疗剂的给予以及给予方法、剂量等是本领域技术人员公知的(参见例如“Physicians Desk Reference”、Goodman&Gilman的“The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics”、“Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”和“The Merck Index,第十一版”,以引用的方式将相关部分并入本文),并且可以根据本文的公开内容与本发明组合。取决于进行治疗的受试者的状况,剂量的某些变化必然会发生。负责给予的人在任何情况下都将确定用于个体受试者的合适剂量,而此类个体确定(individual determinations)在本领域普通技术人员的能力范围内。
在一些实施方式中,可以在以下任何段落中定义本申请:
1.一种修饰的重组AAV6载体,所述修饰的重组AAV6载体在选自于由以下氨基酸残基所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸残基处包含氨基酸置换:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589,其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。
2.如段落1所述的修饰的AAV6载体,所述修饰的AAV6载体在对应于AAV6 VP1的氨基酸531的氨基酸位点处进一步包含赖氨酸(K)或精氨酸(R)。
3.如段落2所述的修饰的AAV6载体,所述修饰的AAV6载体在氨基酸531处包含K。
4.如段落2所述的修饰的AAV6载体,所述修饰的AAV6载体在氨基酸531处包含R。
5.如段落1-3中任一段所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少两个被置换。
6.如段落1-4中任一段所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少三个被置换。
7.如段落1-5中任一段所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少四个被置换。
8.如段落1-6中任一段所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少五个被置换。
9.如段落1-7中任一段所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少六个被置换。
10.如段落1-8中任一段所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少七个被置换。
11.如段落1-9中任一段所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个置换包括保守置换。
12.如段落1-9中任一段所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个置换包括非保守置换。
13.如段落1-11中任一段所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体进一步包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的结合唾液酸的至少一个氨基酸的置换:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的N447、S472、V473、N500、T502和W503。
14.如段落1-12中任一段所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体进一步包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595,其中,所述一个或多个修饰区域中的至少一个或多个氨基酸被置换。
15.一种修饰的重组AAV6载体,所述修饰的重组AAV6载体在选自于由以下氨基酸残基所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸残基处包含置换:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589,其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对转导的中和。
16.一种修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域:对应于AAV6VP1编号的262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595,其中,所述一个或多个修饰区域中的至少一个或多个氨基酸被置换,并且其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。
17.如段落15所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含对应于AAV6VP1编号的K531。
18.如段落15所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含对应于AAV6VP1编号的R531。
19.如段落1-17中任一段所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体进一步在选自于由以下氨基酸区域所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸区域处包含氨基酸置换:456-459、492-499和588-597。
20.如段落1-18中任一段所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含选自于由以下氨基酸序列所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸序列:456-499处的SEER(SEQ IDNO:2)、492-499处的TPGGNATR(SEQ ID NO:3)、588-597处的DLDPKATEVE(SEQ ID NO:4)。
21.如段落1-19中任一段所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有降低的针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的人抗血清对肝转导的中和。
22.如段落1-19中任一段所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有通过针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的小鼠抗血清所测量的降低的对肝转导的中和。
23.如段落1-19中任一段所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有通过针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的恒河猴抗血清所测量的降低的对肝转导的中和。
24.一种用于鉴别AAV6病毒粒子的方法,所述病毒粒子保留了肝趋向性并且表现出降低的ADK6抗体引起的中和,所述方法包括:
a.产生饱和诱变AAV6文库,其中,选自于由S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589所组成的组中的各个氨基酸被20种不同的天然或非天然氨基酸中的每一种在全部位置或少于全部位置的任意组合处置换,并且其中,所述AAV6包含K531或R531;
b.通过用rAAV6文库感染肝的细胞(例如肝细胞)或组织来进行多轮进化;以及
c.筛选与相应的未修饰的AAV6病毒粒子相比降低至少10%的ADK6或抗血清引起的中和。
25.如段落23所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括筛选唾液酸结合的丧失。
26.如段落23所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括筛选唾液酸结合的存在。
27.一种用于鉴别AAV6病毒粒子的方法,所述病毒粒子保留了肝趋向性并且表现出降低的ADK6抗体引起的中和,所述方法包括:
a.产生选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域的饱和诱变文库:262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595,其中,一个或多个区域被20种不同的天然或非天然氨基酸中的每一种在全部位置或少于全部位置的任意组合处置换,并且其中,AAV6包含K531或R531;
b.通过用rAAV6文库感染肝的细胞(例如肝细胞)或组织来进行多轮进化;以及
c.筛选与相应的未修饰的AAV6病毒粒子相比降低至少10%的ADK6或抗血清引起的中和。
28.如段落27所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括筛选唾液酸结合的丧失。
29.如段落27所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括筛选唾液酸结合的存在。
30.通过如段落24-27中任一段所述的方法获得的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含降低的ADK6抗体引起的中和并且转导肝。
31.如段落28所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有降低至少10%的针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的人抗血清对肝转导的中和。
32.如段落28所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有降低至少10%的针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的小鼠抗血清对肝转导的中和。
33.如段落28所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有降低至少10%的针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的恒河猴抗血清对肝转导的中和。
将本文在整个说明书中引用的所有参考文献(例如在本说明书的表格和实施例中)以引用的方式整体并入本文。
提供以下所呈现的实施例作为对本领域普通技术人员的进一步指导,并且以下所呈现的实施例不应解释为以任何方式限制本发明。
实施例
腺相关病毒(AAV)正被开发为用于治疗遗传紊乱的载体。但是,预先存在的抗体对实现AAV基因递送系统的最佳功效提出了重大限制。针对具有逃避免疫应答能力的工程化载体的努力包括对病毒衣壳上的对这些相互作用来说重要的残基进行鉴别并改变它们。此处,K531被鉴别为AAV6(而非密切相关的AAV1)的单克隆抗体ADK6识别的决定因素。通过冷冻电子显微术确定了AAV6 ADK6复合物结构,并通过基于细胞的测定法确认了足迹(footprint)。ADK6足迹与先前鉴别的AAV抗原区重叠,并通过阻断必需的细胞表面聚糖附着位点而中和。因此,这项研究扩展了可用的AAV抗体信息储备(repertoire),这些信息可以指导能够维持衣壳功能的宿主免疫逃逸AAV载体的设计。
实施例1 AAV6-ADK6复合物的冷冻重建。对AAV6:ADK6 FAb复合物进行的冷冻EM重建(确定至分辨率(FSC 0.5))显示ADK6FAb结合至跨越AAV6衣壳表面的2重轴(2-foldaxis)的3重突出(3-fold protrusion)的侧面,表明二价结合(图1A-图1C)。与该观察结果一致,具有完整ADK6 IgG(未切割)的复合物显示出与单独的FAb相似的结构,而Fc没有有序的密度(ordered density)(数据未示出)。AAV6衣壳上的ADK6结合位点位于被其它AAV利用的共同抗原位点内:3重突出和2/5重壁(2/5-fold wall)(Tseng等,2015)。这些表位是具有高序列多样性和结构多样性的区域,并显示出对于受体识别和AAV的转导来说是重要的。拟合到重建密度图中的赝原子模型中的AAV6和ADK6 FAb之间的预测接触残基(CC为0.93)在(图1C-图1E)中示出。
通过PDBePISA程序鉴别的与对接的ADK6 FAb模型残基接触的AAV6衣壳表面残基为S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589。残基S264、G266、N269和H272位于一个3重对称相关单体(3-fold symmetry related monomer)上,残基Q457位于第二个3重相关单体上,并且残基S588和T589位于第三个3重相关单体上。此外,ADK6 Fab足迹闭合了(occludes)模型预测的接触残基周围的其它残基:262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、528-534、571-579、584-589和593-595。值得注意的是,在AAV1和AAV6之间不同的两个残基(531和584)位于闭合区域内(图1D和图1E)。只有AAV6(而不是AAV1)结合至ADK6(Sonntag等,2011)。因此,该足迹表明AAV6:ADK6相互作用的特异性由531、584或两者决定。
实施例2:交互的(reciprocal)AAV1和AAV6载体在衣壳组装、基因组滴度和转导效率方面与野生型相当。通过AVB柱色谱纯化的AAV1和AAV6变体在通过负染色EM可视化时显示出组装的衣壳(图2B),并且包装的基因组滴度在1010-1013vg/ml范围内,这与WT病毒相当(图2C)。衣壳的内表面有改变的AAV6-H642N变体也以与WT相当的水平组装衣壳并包装基因组。在不存在抗体的情况下比较了WT和变体的转导表型。与WT病毒相比,AAV1变体的转导效率为~160%,而AAV6变体的转导效率在~95%(对于AAV6-V598A)至160%(对于AAV6-L584F)的范围内。与WT AAV6相比,AAV6-K531E的转导效率为~120%。这些观察结果证实,所制造的突变对衣壳组装、基因组包装或转导效率没有显著影响。
实施例3:AAV6 K531负责ADK6识别。用ADK6进行的AAV1和AAV6的免疫印迹证实ADK6对AAV6的识别以及AAV1的逃逸(图3A)。重要的是,ADK6识别变体AAV1-E531K,其具有E到K的变化从而将AAV1残基类型切换为AAV6;而不识别在第二闭合位置处具有L到F的切换的AAV1-F584。该观察结果鉴别出AAV6-K531是ADK6识别的决定因素。与此结论一致,ADK6识别AAV6-L584F和AAV6-H642N,而不识别AAV6-K531E(图3A)。AAV1和AAV1-F584L从ADK6逃逸,而AAV1-E531K被ADK6以每个衣壳约15个FAb分子的摩尔比中和(图3B)。这仅是25%的结合位点占有率。对于AAV6和AAV6-L584F,ADK6同样以每个衣壳约15个FAb分子的摩尔比引起50%的转导抑制;对于AAV6-V598A为约20个FAb分子;并且对于AAV6-H642N为约60个FAb分子(图3C)。另一方面,AAV6-K531E在高达每个衣壳120个FAb分子的摩尔比(每个VP结合位点2个FAb分子的饱和状态)下逃逸抗体识别(图3C)。这些观察结果证实了K531作为ADK6对AAV6的特异性的决定因素的作用,并突显了衣壳残基的重要贡献,衣壳残基可能不与FAb残基直接接触,但却是病毒-抗体相互作用中的足迹的一部分。
实施例4:预测ADK6结合在空间上阻碍AAV6聚糖结合并具有与先前定义的表位重叠的足迹。AAV6是双聚糖受体结合血清型,其利用HS和SIA二者进行细胞感染(Huang等,2016;Wu等,2006)。ADK6足迹覆盖了AAV6衣壳表面的大区域,除了报道的负责其HS结合的K531外,还包括先前进行结构映射的SIA聚糖受体结合位点(图4A和图4B)(Huang等,2013;Wu等,2006)。ADK6阻断AAV6转导的能力表明ADK6在进入步骤中和AAV6感染,可能是通过两种聚糖相互作用的空间位阻。SIA相互作用的阻断类似于针对AAV1和AAV6的ADK1a中和所提议的机制,其在3重区域的顶部共享ADK6足迹区域(Huang等,2016;Tseng和Agbandje-McKenna,2014)。该机制与报道的AAV2的A20中和以及AAV8的ADK8中和的机制不同(Gurda等,2012;Huttner等,2003;McCraw等,2012;Tseng等,2015)。提出这些抗体在进入后的步骤中和,其中A20在核中起作用,而ADK8阻断细胞核进入并引起核周积累。重要的是,虽然AAV8细胞表面聚糖受体未知,但AAV2在3重轴处结合其HS受体,该区域与位于2/5重壁处的A20足迹不同(McCraw等,2012)。
AAV6上的ADK6足迹与先前针对其它AAV-抗体相互作用映射的足迹重叠,包括3重突出和2/5重壁上的AAV1-5H7、AAV6-5H7和AAV2-A20区域;以及AAV8-ADK8、AAV1-ADK1a(Gurda等,2012;Tseng和Agbandje-McKenna,2014;Tseng等,2015;Tseng等,2016)。因此,这种结构增加了为AAV积累的抗原足迹信息库,并将为在载体重新给予期间具有逃避预先存在的宿主免疫应答的能力的一代AAV载体的工程化提供指导。
该研究使用结构、定点诱变和细胞结合测定的组合来将单个残基K531鉴别为在密切相关的AAV1和AAV6之间赋予了抗原选择性。值得注意的是,重复给予经批准的基于AAV1的脂蛋白脂肪酶基因载体治疗将需要使用具有相似转导特性的抗原变体。关于AAV1/6的531位能够提供免疫逃逸特性的观察结果是可以为AAV1工程化在这些患者中的未来使用以及其它AAV1和AAV6载体的开发提供指导的信息。
方法
AAV6病毒样颗粒的生产和纯化。先前已经描述了使用杆状病毒/SF9表达系统生产和纯化AAV6病毒样颗粒(VLP)(DiMattia等,2005;Miller等,2006;Ng等,2010)。简而言之,根据制造商说明(Invitrogen)使用Bac-to-Bac系统制作杆状病毒,该杆状病毒包装有包含用于表达AAV6VP2和VP3的DNA的基因,并将其用于感染SF9细胞。将来自感染的细胞沉淀重悬于TNTM缓冲液(25mM Tris-HCl,pH 8.0,100mM NaCl,0.2%Triton X-100,2mM MgCl2)中,冷冻/解冻3次,在第二次解冻后在37℃用enzonase(Promega)处理,并通过在JA-20转子中以10,000rpm于4℃离心20分钟进行澄清。将上清液上样到20%蔗糖垫层(cushion)(TNTM缓冲液中的蔗糖的w/v)上,并将样品在Ti70转子上以45,000rpm在4℃离心3hr。弃去上清液,将沉淀重悬于TNTM中,并在4℃搅拌过夜。将重悬的沉淀上样到5%-40%(w/v)的蔗糖台阶梯度(step gradient)上,并将样品在SW41转子中以35,000rpm在4℃离心3hr。通过分级分离收集含VLP的级分,透析至缓冲液A(20mM Tris-HCl,pH 8.5,15mM NaCl)中,并在使用前通过离子交换色谱法进一步纯化样品。
用缓冲液A和缓冲液B(20mM Tris-HCl,pH 8.5,500mM NaCl)平衡1mL阴离子交换(Q柱,GE Healthcare)。将样品以0.5ml/min的流速上样到柱上,用10倍柱体积(CV)的缓冲液A洗涤柱,并用5CV梯度从0%至100%的缓冲液B洗脱样品(Zolotukhin等,2002)。收集五百微升级分并筛选以鉴别含有AAV6 VP的级分。合并这些级分,缓冲液交换至PBS,浓缩至1mg/mL,并通过SDS PAGE和负染色电子显微术(EM)进行分析,以分别检查纯化和衣壳完整性。
ADK6 IgG抗体的纯化。ADK6免疫球蛋白G(IgG)抗体如先前所述由佛罗里达大学杂交瘤核心实验室生产(Kuck等,2007;Tseng等,2016)。将ADK6杂交瘤上清液用PBS以1:5稀释,并上样到1mL HiTrap蛋白G HP柱(GE Healthcare)上,用10CV PBS洗涤,用0.5mL pH2.7的甘氨酸-HCl洗脱,并用50μL中和缓冲液(1M Tris-HCl pH 10)进行中和。将纯化的IgG缓冲液交换至20mM磷酸钠(pH 7.0)、10mM EDTA中,并浓缩以进行木瓜蛋白酶切割。
ADK6片段抗体(FAb)的产生和纯化。即将使用前,将半胱氨酸HCl添加到木瓜蛋白酶消化缓冲液(20mM磷酸钠pH 7.0,10mM EDTA)中。将浓缩的IgG与固定的木瓜蛋白酶(Pierce)以酶:底物的比例为1:160在37℃孵育16小时。加入等体积的木瓜蛋白酶终止缓冲液(10mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5)以终止切割过程,并将混合物以1500×g离心2分钟以将样品与固定的木瓜蛋白酶分离。在HiTrap Protein A柱(GE Healthcare)上将FAb与未消化的IgG和可结晶片段(Fc)片段分离。
在洗涤和流穿级分(flowthrough fraction)中收集FAb,缓冲液交换至PBS,并浓缩以使用。
AAV6-ADK6 FAb复合物形成。将浓度为1mg/mL的AAV6 VLP和浓度为1mg/mL的ADK6FAb以1:1和2:1的FAb:VP结合位点的摩尔比混合,并将混合物在4℃下孵育1h。通过负染色EM在Spirit显微镜(FEI)上检查复合物,以在玻璃化(vitrification)来进行冷冻EM数据收集之前确认FAb引起的衣壳装饰。
AAV6-ADK6 FAb复合物冷冻EM数据收集。将三微升AAV6-ADK6Fab复合物混合物上样到在使用前经辉光放电1分钟的C-Flat有孔碳格栅(CF-2/2-4C-50,Protochips Inc.)上,然后通过在Vitrobot Mark IV(FEI)中在液化乙烷中急速冷冻(plunge freezing)进行玻璃化。将冷冻的格栅转移到液氮中,然后转移到在200kV下工作的FEI Technai TF20透射电子显微镜中。使用2.5-3.0μm的散焦范围和每张图像的总剂量收集冷冻显微照片。用Gatan Ultra Scan 4000 CCD相机以/像素的步长(step size)收集了36张显微照片。
AAV6-ADK6 FAb复合物的冷冻EM和图像重建。使用RobEM软件包(可在万维网上在cryoEM.ucsd.edu/programs.shtm获得)从每张显微照片中提取经装饰的AAV6 VLP(复合)颗粒。使用合并到AUTO3DEM应用程序(Yan等,2007a;Yan等,2007b)中的CTFFIND3应用程序(Mindell和Grigorieff,2003)估算每张显微照片的散焦水平。使用AUTO3DEM软件包中的“autopp”子程序对所选颗粒进行预处理,以去除瑕疵、校正线性梯度、标准化(normalize)和将图像变迹(apodize),并使用同一应用程序生成分辨率的初始模型,用于搜索和启动各个颗粒来源和取向的细化(refinement)(Yan等,2007a)。在最初10个搜索和细化循环之后,使用细化的颗粒中心和取向信息对数据集进行“重新加框(re-boxed)”和“重新居中(re-centered)”,并对图像进行校正以补偿对比度传递函数(CTF)中相位反转的影响,然后同样在AUTO3DEM(Yan等,2007b)中进行额外的细化循环。最终分辨率由0.5的傅里叶壳层相关性(FSC)阈值确定(van Heel和Schatz,2005)。使用Chimera软件包阐释重建图谱的图像(Pettersen等,2004)。
赝原子模型拟合和ADK6抗体足迹的鉴别。
利用Viperdb在线服务器(可在万维网上在viperdb.scripps.edu/获得)利用Oligomer生成器子程序通过二十面体矩阵乘法(Carrillo-Tripp等,2009)从AAV6晶体结构(RCSB PDB ID no:3OAH)生成AAV6 60mer VP3衣壳坐标(capsid coordinates)。通过使用Chimera程序进行刚体转动和平移将坐标拟合到冷冻EM重建的复合物密度图中(Pettersen等,2004)。这个60mer与0.94的相关性系数(CC)对接。为了能够将模型构建到FAb密度中,生成了差异图(difference map),该差异图从AAV6-ADK6复合物图中减去了为对接的60mer模型生成的比例密度图。使用Chimera程序(Pettersen等,2004)将通用FAb结构(PDB ID no:2FBJ)拟合到所得正差密度图中,该图表示与参考AAV6 VP3单体(链A)相互作用的FAb。使用Viperdb(可在万维网上在viperdb.scripps.edu/获得)(Carrillo-Tripp等,2009)从对接的60mer提取参考单体的坐标,并与对接的Fab模型一起生成60mer。然后将该复合的60mer重新对接至重建的复合物密度图中,CC相似,为0.93。为了确定AAV6衣壳和ADK6 FAb之间的相互作用残基,使用PDBePISA(可在万维网上在ebi.ac.uk/msd-srv/prot_int/获得)(Krissinel和Henrick,2007)和COOT(Emsley等,2010)软件包。使用PyMol程序(可在万维网上在pymol.org/获得)(2017)生成拟合复合物的坐标的图像。
重组野生型和变体AAV1和AAV6载体的产生和纯化。为了鉴别AAV6(而非AAV1)的ADK6识别的关键残基决定因素,制备了重组野生型(WT)AAV1(rAAV1)和AAV6(rAAV6)以及交互的(reciprocal)单位点定向变体(在位于ADK6足迹内的等效衣壳表面氨基酸位置531和584处,分别地,在AAV6中为K和F以及在AAV1中为E和L)以及AAV6-V598A,用于在存在ADK6的情况下通过天然免疫印迹和感染性进行测试。作为不同的非足迹残基(内部衣壳表面)的阴性对照以及在存在氨基酸置换的情况下AAV6衣壳组装的对照,还创建了交互的AAV6-H642N变体以进行测试。如先前所述地在pXR1和pXR6背景(分别用于AAV1和AAV6)中制备了这些变体(Wu等,2006)。
为了产生WT以及变体rAAV1和rAAV6载体,用18μg WT和突变体pXRAAV1和pXRAAV6质粒、18μg pTR-UF3-萤光素酶(AAV2反向末端重复序列之间的萤光素酶基因)和54μg辅助质粒pXX6对70%汇合度的单层HEK293细胞进行三重转染,每15cm平板用190μL聚乙烯亚胺(1mg/mL)。每个载体转染10个15cm平板,然后在5%CO2存在下于37℃孵育72h。转染后,收获细胞并以1100×g离心15min。将每个载体的上清液用10%PEG 8000(Fisher)沉淀,并将细胞沉淀重悬于10mL TD缓冲液(1×PBS,5mM MgCl2和2.5mM KCl,pH7.4)中,并冷冻/解冻3次以从细胞释放病毒。将重悬于TD缓冲液中的PEG沉淀病毒和重悬的细胞裂解液二者在37℃用Benzonase(Novagen)处理1h,然后通过在4℃在JA-20转子中以10,000rpm离心20min进行澄清。通过阶梯碘克沙醇梯度从空衣壳中分离出含有基因组的载体(Zolotukhin等,2002)。简而言之,将经澄清的上清液上样到15%-60%的阶梯碘克沙醇梯度上。收集40%/60%界面(interface)或含有载体的级分,并用10×TD缓冲液稀释。含有基因组的载体通过AVB(Thermo Fisher)亲和柱色谱法进一步纯化(Mietzsch等,2014)。用10mL TD缓冲液平衡1mLAVB柱,并以1mL/min上样稀释的含载体的级分。将纯化的载体用10mL或10CV洗脱缓冲液(0.1M乙酸钠pH=2.5和0.75M NaCl,0.5mL级分)洗脱。洗脱级分用50μL中和缓冲液(1MTris-HCl pH=10)稀释。纯化的载体被缓冲液交换至PBS缓冲液,并通过UV光谱分析和qPCR进行定量。
天然免疫印迹。为证实AAV6与ADK6的相互作用和抗体对AAV1识别的缺乏,并为进一步描述对于衣壳抗体结合重要的特定残基,将纯化的rAAV1和rAAV6载体以及单残基变体rAAV1-E531K、rAAV1-F584L、rAAV6-K531E、rAAV6-L584F、rAAV6-H642N载体(图2A)用ADK6通过天然免疫印迹进行检测。将100ng纯化的完整载体上样在硝酸纤维素膜上。将膜用0.05%吐温和PBS中的5%奶粉(w/v)封闭(1h),然后与1:3000稀释的ADK6(0.5mg/mL)孵育1h。rAAV-ADK6复合物用1:5000稀释的辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)抗小鼠二抗进行探测。最后用化学发光探测该膜,并在柯达胶片上进行检测。胶片图像用Gel Doc(Biorad)记录。作为阳性对照,将100ng rAAV载体在100℃下煮沸5分钟,然后将样品上样到硝酸纤维素膜上。然后用识别rAAV1和rAAV6 VP C端的B1抗体探测样品。仅当衣壳变性时,此C端表位才可用(Wobus等,2000)。
中和测定。为了确定ADK6与WT和变体rAAV载体的结合在体外是否是中和性的,如前所述地在抗体存在的情况下使用纯化的载体感染HEK293T细胞(Tseng等,2015)。简而言之,将HEK293T细胞以1.25×104个细胞/孔接种在96孔板中24小时,以达到70%汇合度。将纯化的WT和突变载体(2.5×109病毒基因组(vg))以1∶0、1∶15、1∶30、1∶60、1∶90和1∶120的病毒颗粒:ADK6 IgG分子比在PBS中以30μL的终体积在未补充的DMEM(Gibco)中在37℃孵育1h。在该孵育期之后,从细胞中吸出培养基,将复合物样品添加到70μL补充有10%FBS以及1%抗生素和抗真菌剂(ABAM)的DMEM中,并将混合物添加到细胞中。将细胞在37℃在5%CO2存在下孵育48小时。收集细胞,用PBS洗涤,裂解,并根据生产商说明通过萤光素酶测定系统(Promega)确定转导水平。
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实施例5:关于逃避中和并保留肝趋向性的另外的修饰的rAAV6载体的AAV衣壳文库的饱和诱变产生。
通过在所述的待修饰区域内(例如262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595(AAV6 VP1编号))和/或氨基酸残基S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589(AAV6 VP1编号)的饱和诱变来工程化AAV文库。氨基酸置换的所有组合。简而言之,对于Gibson组装,产生平均长度为70个核苷酸的寡核苷酸,该寡核苷酸包含针对相邻寡核苷酸的至少15-20nt的重叠同源性。它们在编码不同修饰区域的基因组氨基酸区域内包含简并核苷酸(NK)。质粒文库根据制造商说明使用HighFidelity Gibson Assembly Mix(NEB,Ipswich,MA)通过体外组装多个寡核苷酸来生成。将组装的片段使用Phusion HF(NEB,Ipswich,MA)PCR扩增10个循环,或直接克隆到pTR-AAV6质粒中的BspEI和SbfI限制性酶切位点之间。质粒pTR-AAV6**包含编码AAV2 Rep和AAV6Cap的基因,其通过定点诱变(Agilent,Santa Clara,CA)在位置490和491处(AAV6 VP1编号)引入了2个终止密码子。整个构建体的侧翼为AAV2反向末端重复序列(ITR),使得能够借助辅助病毒共感染而包装和复制假型AAV6文库。值得提及的是,为了减少不同文库中的野生型AAV6污染,在文库克隆之前并入AAV6衣壳基因。然后将连接反应浓缩并通过乙醇沉淀纯化。将纯化的连接产物电穿孔到DH 10B electroMax(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)中并直接铺板在多个5245mm2生物测定皿(Corning,Corning,NY)上,以避免来自细菌悬浮培养的偏差。使用Maxiprep试剂盒(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)从LB琼脂平板上生长的合并菌落中纯化来自pTR-AAV6文库的质粒DNA。
修饰的rAAV菌株的定向进化(directed evolution)。
将等量(各15μg)的各pTR-AAV6文库和Ad辅助质粒pXX680在各150mm培养皿上用PEI转染到肝细胞(或在一些实施方式中为HEK293细胞)(70%-80%汇合度)上,以生成具有所有组合的病毒文库。使用标准程序纯化AAV文库。将MB114细胞接种到100mm组织培养皿中过夜,以达到60%-70%汇合度,然后以范围为1000-10,000的MOI用AAV文库进行接种。转导后24小时后,将鼠腺病毒(ATCC)MAV-1作为辅助病毒添加以促进AAV复制。在用MAV-1感染后第6天(50%CPE),收集上清液,并在第7天对DNase I抗性载体基因组进行定量。然后,使用从各轮感染中获得的包含复制型AAV株和MAV-1的培养基作为各后续周期的接种物,共进行5轮进化。随后的迭代进化轮以类似的方式使用包含新进化的抗原足迹的不同排列和组合的AAV衣壳文库进行。
新进化的AAV菌株的鉴别。
为了分析亲本和进化的AAV6饱和文库的序列多样性,从培养基中分离DNase I抗性载体基因组,并通过Q5聚合酶使用引物5’-CCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNcagaactcaaaatcagtccggaagt-3′(SEQ ID NO:5)和5′-GACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNgccaggtaatgctcccatagc-3′(SEQ ID NO:6)扩增10-18个循环(NEB,Ipswich,MA)。使用Q5聚合酶以及P5和P7引物通过第二轮PCR添加用于多重化(multiplexing)的Illumina MiSeq测序接头。每轮PCR后,使用PureLink PCR Micro Kit(ThermoFisher,Waltham,MA)纯化产物。使用生物分析仪(Agilent)验证扩增子的质量,并使用Qubit光谱仪(ThermoFisher,Waltham,MA)对浓度进行定量。然后,按照制造商说明准备文库以用于使用MiSeq 300Kit v2进行测序,并在MiSeq系统(Illumina)上进行测序。
测序数据分析。通过自定义Perl脚本分析去多重化的读段(de-mult iplexedreads)。简而言之,对原始测序文件关于感兴趣的诱变区域进行探测,并针对每个文库对该区域中不同核苷酸序列的频率进行计算和排序。还翻译了核苷酸序列,并且对这些氨基酸序列进行类似的计数和排序。然后,将跨文库的氨基酸序列频率在R图形包v3.2.4中进行绘制。
为了表征来自每个文库的选定克隆,从培养基中分离DNase I抗性载体基因组,并通过Phusion I IF(NEB,Ipswich,MA)使用侧翼为BspEI和Sbfl位点的引物进行扩增。将PCR产物进行凝胶纯化,亚克隆到TOPO克隆载体(ThermoFisher,Waltham,MA)中,然后送去进行标准Sanger测序(Eton Bioscience,San Diego,CA)。使用BspEI和Sbfl位点将独特序列亚克隆到AAV辅助质粒骨架pXR中。如上所述,按照标准rAAV生产方案生产独特的重组AAV6变体。
体外抗体及血清中和测定。
将二十五微升抗体或抗血清(例如ADK6抗体或AAV1中和抗体)与等体积的重组AAV6载体(MOI 1,000-10,000)在组织培养处理的黑色玻璃底96孔板(Corning,Corning,NY)中混合并在室温(RT)下孵育30min。然后将50μL培养基中的总共5×104个肝细胞(在一些实施方式中为HEK293细胞)添加至每个孔中,并将板在5%CO2中于37℃孵育48小时。然后在RT用25μL 1×被动裂解缓冲液(Promega,Madison,WI)裂解细胞30min。加入25μL萤光素(Promega,Madison,WI)后,立即在Victor3多标记酶标仪(Perkin Elmer,Waltham,MA)上测量萤光素酶活性。将所有读数针对无抗体/抗血清处理的对照进行归一化。将包装有ssCBA-Luc转基因的重组AAV载体预先稀释在DMEM+5%FBS+P/S中,用于该测定。
体内抗体中和测定。向6-8周龄雌性BAlb/c小鼠(Jackson实验室,Bay Harbor,ME)的各后肢肌肉内(I.M.)注射2×1010个包装CBA-Luc的AAV,其预先混合有不同的单克隆抗体(例如ADK6和AAV1中和抗体,例如4E4、5H7和ADKla)(1:500、1:50和1:5稀释),最终体积为20μL。注射后4周后,在每只小鼠腹膜内(LP.)注射175μL体内D-萤光素(120mg/kg Nanolight,Pinetop,AZ)后5min,使用Xenogen IVIS Lumina系统(PerkinElmer Life Sciences/Caliper Life Sciences,Waltham,MA)测量萤光素酶活性。萤光素酶活性以光子/秒/cm2/sr测量,并使用Living Image 3.2软件(Caliper Life Sciences,Waltham,MA)进行分析。
通过免疫接种产生抗AAV6小鼠血清(AAV6抗血清)。将20μL PBS中的1×10vgwtAAV6肌肉内注射入6-8周龄雌性Balb/c小鼠的各后肢。注射后第4周通过心脏穿刺收集全血,并使用标准凝血和离心方案分离血清。简而言之,将小鼠血液在RT凝血30分钟,并在4℃以2000g离心10分钟。将所有血清在55℃加热灭活15分钟,并保存在-80℃。
小鼠中的AAV变体体内表征。将200μL PBS中的包装有scCBh-GFP转基因盒的1×1011vg剂量的AAV载体通过尾静脉静脉内(I.V.)注射到C57/B16小鼠中。注射后3周后处死小鼠,并用PBS中的4%多聚甲醛(PFA)灌注。收集包括心脏、脑、肝和肾在内的多个器官。将组织通过振动切片机(vibratome)VT1200S(Leica,Welzlar,德国)切成50μm的薄切片,并用先前描述的标准免疫组织化学3,3’-二氨基联苯胺(DAB)染色程序对GFP染色。对来自3只不同小鼠的每个器官至少3个切片施加载玻片扫描。对于生物分布分析,将包装有ssCBA-Luc的1×1011vg AAV载体在Balb/C小鼠中如上文所述地进行I.V.注射。注射后2周后,处死小鼠并用1×PBS灌注。收获包括心脏、脑、肺、肝、脾、肾和肌肉在内的多个器官。根据制造商说明使用DNeasy试剂盒(Qiagen,Hilden,德国)收获DNA。如先前所述地通过定量PCR(qPCR)使用萤光素酶转基因引物5′-CCTTCGCTTC AAAAAATGGAAC-3′(SEQ ID NO:7)和5′-AAAAGCACTCTGATTGACAAATAC-3′(SEQ ID NO:8)确定载体基因组拷贝数。针对每个样品中的小鼠基因组DNA将病毒基因组拷贝数归一化。还通过使用Qiagen TissueLyserll以20hz的频率进行三个45s脉冲在1×PLB(Promega,Madison,WI)中进行匀浆来处理组织样品以进行萤光素酶活性测定。将匀浆物旋转沉降,将20μL上清液与50μL萤光素(Promega,Madison,WI)混合,并立即使用Victor 3多标记酶标仪(Perkin Elmer,Waltham,MA)进行测量。
预期上述饱和文库在经历4-5轮进化后,将产生保留其结合硫酸乙酰肝素(heparan sulfate)和转导肝的能力、但还独特地具有降低的ADK6抗体引起的中和的rAAV6病毒粒子。这些修饰的载体还组合有已知对于ADK1和其它交叉反应性中和抗体具有降低的中和的修饰的氨基酸区域,从而在保留肝转导的同时逃避体内和体外中和。
序列
AAV6衣壳蛋白VP1(GenBank登录号ΛΛΒ95450)(SEQ ID NO:1)
表1:针对AAV6的特异性抗体
序列表
<110> ASKLEPIOS BIOPHARMACEUTICAL, INC.
<120> 逃避中和的肝趋向性重组AAV6载体
<130> 046192-091920WOPT
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<141>
<150> 62/649,691
<151> 2018-03-29
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Claims (33)
1.一种修饰的重组AAV6载体,所述修饰的重组AAV6载体在选自于由以下氨基酸残基所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸残基处包含氨基酸置换:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589,其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。
2.如权利要求1所述的修饰的AAV6载体,所述修饰的AAV6载体在对应于AAV6 VP1的氨基酸531的氨基酸位点处进一步包含赖氨酸(K)或精氨酸(R)。
3.如权利要求2所述的修饰的AAV6载体,所述修饰的AAV6载体在氨基酸531处包含K。
4.如权利要求2所述的修饰的AAV6载体,所述修饰的AAV6载体在氨基酸531处包含R。
5.如权利要求1-3中任一项所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少两个被置换。
6.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少三个被置换。
7.如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少四个被置换。
8.如权利要求1-6中任一项所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少五个被置换。
9.如权利要求1-7中任一项所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少六个被置换。
10.如权利要求1-8中任一项所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个氨基酸中的至少七个被置换。
11.如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个置换包括保守置换。
12.如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的修饰的AAV6载体,其中,所述一个或多个置换包括非保守置换。
13.如权利要求1-11中任一项所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体进一步包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的结合唾液酸的至少一个氨基酸的置换:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的N447、S472、V473、N500、T502和W503。
14.如权利要求1-12中任一项所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体进一步包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595,其中,所述一个或多个修饰区域中的至少一个或多个氨基酸被置换。
15.一种修饰的重组AAV6载体,所述修饰的重组AAV6载体在选自于由以下氨基酸残基所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸残基处包含置换:对应于AAV6 VP1编号的S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589,其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对转导的中和。
16.一种修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域:对应于AAV6VP1编号的262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595,其中,所述一个或多个修饰区域中的至少一个或多个氨基酸被置换,并且其中,与缺乏一个或多个置换的rAAV6载体相比,所述rAAV6载体转导肝并且具有降低的ADK6抗体对肝转导的中和。
17.如权利要求15所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含对应于AAV6VP1编号的K531。
18.如权利要求15所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含对应于AAV6VP1编号的R531。
19.如权利要求1-17中任一项所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体进一步在选自于由以下氨基酸区域所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸区域处包含氨基酸置换:456-459、492-499和588-597。
20.如权利要求1-18中任一项所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含选自于由以下氨基酸序列所组成的组中的一个或多个氨基酸序列:456-499处的SEER(SEQ IDNO:2)、492-499处的TPGGNATR(SEQ ID NO:3)、588-597处的DLDPKATEVE(SEQ ID NO:4)。
21.如权利要求1-19中任一项所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有降低的针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的人抗血清对肝转导的中和。
22.如权利要求1-19中任一项所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有通过针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的小鼠抗血清所测量的降低的对肝转导的中和。
23.如权利要求1-19中任一项所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有通过针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的恒河猴抗血清所测量的降低的对肝转导的中和。
24.一种用于鉴别AAV6病毒粒子的方法,所述病毒粒子保留了肝趋向性并且表现出降低的ADK6抗体引起的中和,所述方法包括:
a.产生饱和诱变AAV6文库,其中,选自于由S264、G266、N269、H272、Q457、S588和T589所组成的组中的各个氨基酸被20种不同的天然或非天然氨基酸中的每一种在全部位置或少于全部位置的任意组合处置换,并且其中,所述AAV6包含K531或R531;
b.通过用rAAV6文库感染肝的细胞(例如肝细胞)或组织来进行多轮进化;以及
c.筛选与相应的未修饰的AAV6病毒粒子相比降低至少10%的ADK6或抗血清引起的中和。
25.如权利要求23所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括筛选唾液酸结合的丧失。
26.如权利要求23所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括筛选唾液酸结合的存在。
27.一种用于鉴别AAV6病毒粒子的方法,所述病毒粒子保留了肝趋向性并且表现出降低的ADK6抗体引起的中和,所述方法包括:
a.产生选自于由以下氨基酸所组成的组中的氨基酸的一个或多个修饰区域的饱和诱变文库:262-272、382-386、445-457、459、469-473、488-489、494-496、499-515、571-579、584-589和593-595,其中,一个或多个区域被20种不同的天然或非天然氨基酸中的每一种在全部位置或少于全部位置的任意组合处置换,并且其中,AAV6包含K531或R531;
b.通过用rAAV6文库感染肝的细胞(例如肝细胞)或组织来进行多轮进化;以及
c.筛选与相应的未修饰的AAV6病毒粒子相比降低至少10%的ADK6或抗血清引起的中和。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括筛选唾液酸结合的丧失。
29.如权利要求27所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括筛选唾液酸结合的存在。
30.通过如权利要求24-27中任一项所述的方法获得的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,所述修饰的rAAV6载体包含降低的ADK6抗体引起的中和并且转导肝。
31.如权利要求28所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有降低至少10%的针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的人抗血清对肝转导的中和。
32.如权利要求28所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有降低至少10%的针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的小鼠抗血清对肝转导的中和。
33.如权利要求28所述的修饰的rAAV6载体,其中,与未修饰的rAAV6载体的中和相比,所述载体具有降低至少10%的针对未修饰的rAAV6病毒的恒河猴抗血清对肝转导的中和。
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