JP7017674B2 - 腫瘍関連樹状細胞の調製およびその使用 - Google Patents
腫瘍関連樹状細胞の調製およびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、特定の実施形態に関して、およびいくつかの図面を参照して説明されるが、本発明はそれらに限定されず、請求項によってのみ限定される。特許請求の範囲内のいかなる参照符号も、範囲を限定するものとして解釈されるべきではない。図面において、いくつかの要素の大きさは、説明のために誇張されており、縮尺通りに描かれていない場合がある。用語「含む」が本明細書および特許請求の範囲において使用される場合、他の要素またはステップを排除するものではない。単数名詞を参照するときに不定冠詞または定冠詞、例えば「a」、「an」または「the」が使用される場合は、他に何か特に明記されていない限り、その名詞の複数形を含む。
雌Balb/c、CD45.2およびCD45.1 C57BL/6マウスは、Janvierから得た。ユビキチン-GFマウスは、Jacksonから購入した。Csf2rb-/-、Flt3l-/-、Ccr2-/-およびMMTV-PyMTマウスは、それぞれ、Melanie Greter (University of Zurich, Germany)、Bart Lambrecht (UGent, Belgium)、Frank Tacke (Aachen University, Germany)および Massimiliano Mazzone (KULeuven, Belgium)によって提供された。全ての手順は、Belgian Council for Laboratory Animal Scienceのガイドラインに従った。
pT2aN1M0(ステージIIA)有棘細胞癌およびcT1bN0M0(ステージIA)癌腫を有する2名の男性(年齢は68歳および67歳)、並びに、pT2aN0M0(ステージIB)腺癌およびpT2aN1M0(ステージIIA)有棘細胞癌を有する2名の女性(年齢は67歳および59歳)を含む、術前化学療法を受けていない4名の非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者を登録した。登録した4名の結腸直腸癌患者は、化学療法を受けておらず、pT3N0腺癌を有する3名の男性(年齢は71歳および62歳)、ステージIのT2M0N0腺癌を有する1名の男性(年齢は79歳)、およびステージIVの腺癌を有する1名の女性(年齢は49歳)が含まれた。全てのプロトコールは、ガストハイスベルグ大学病院(ルーバン、ベルギー)の倫理委員会によって承認され、全ての対象は、研究への参加に先立ち、書面によるインフォームド・コンセントを提出した。
腫瘍を切除し、小片に切り、10U/mLのコラゲナーゼI、400U/mLのコラゲナーゼIV、および30U/mLのDNaseI(Worthington)により、37℃で30分間処理し、潰して濾過した。赤血球を、赤血球溶解バッファーを用いて除去し、密度勾配(Axis-Shield)を用いて、デブリおよび死細胞を除去した。
サイトカインおよびケモカインの濃度を、Bio-Plex(Bio-Rad)によって、供給元のプロトコールに従い測定した。
インビトロでのラテックスの取り込みのために、新たに単離された腫瘍の単一細胞懸濁液を、1:5000に希釈したラテックス微粒子(Polysciences)の存在下で、4℃または37℃で40分間、96穴プレートで培養した。TADCによるラテックスの取り込みを、フローサイトメトリーにより評価した。インビボでのTADCによるラテックスの取り込みを測定するために、腫瘍を有するマウスに、PBS中に1:25に希釈した黄緑色のラテックス微粒子(Polysciences)250μlを、静脈内注射した。1~2時間後に、腫瘍単一細胞懸濁液を作製し、TADC亜集団によるラテックス取り込みを、フローサイトメトリーで評価した。
骨髄Ly6Chi単球およびpre-cDCを、CellTrace(life technologies)で標識し、CD45.2マウスから選別した。106個のLy6Chi単球または4×105個のpre-cDCを、3LL-R腫瘍を有するCD45.1マウスに、静脈内注射した。72時間後に、CD45.2+ CellTrace+の子孫の運命を決定した。
ワクチン投与実験のために、ナイーブC57Bl/6マウスに、LLC-OVAまたはB16-OVAの皮下接種の6週間前および3週間前に、特定のサブセットの104個のTADCを皮下注射した。TADCを、LLC-OVA腫瘍を有するマウスまたはB16-OVA腫瘍を有するマウスの10~12匹のプールから選別した。100μlのCFAに溶解した100μgのOVAタンパク質を皮下にワクチン接種したマウスを、ポジティブコントロールとして用いた。
これらの実験を、以前に記載された通りに実施した(Movahedi et al., 2010)。RNAを、TRIzol(Invitrogen)を用いて抽出し、オリゴ(dT)およびSuperScript II RT(Invitrogen)で逆転写した。定量的リアルタイムPCRは、iQ SYBR Green Supermix(Bio-Rad)を用いてiCyclerで行った。プライマー配列は、補足の表2に列挙している。PCRサイクルは、94℃1分、55℃45秒、72℃1分からなる。遺伝子発現は、ハウスキーピング遺伝子としてリボソームタンパク質S12(Mrps12)を用いて正規化した。プライマーは表2に列挙している。
有意性は、スチューデントt検定またはANOVAと、その後のGraphPad Prism 6.0ソフトウェアを用いた事後検定(post test)によって決定した。p値<0.05を、統計的に有意であるとみなした。全てのグラフは、平均±SEMを示す。
固形腫瘍における異なる腫瘍関連DC(TADC)集団の相対的存在量を説明するために、我々は最初に骨髄系細胞が強く浸潤することが知られている3LL-Rルイス肺癌細胞モデル(Laoui et al.,2014)を採用した。これらの腫瘍は、CD3negCD19negLy6GnegCD11chiMHC-IIhiTADCのかなりの大きさの集団を含有する(図1A)。以前の研究では、CD24、CD11b、Ly6CおよびCD64の差次的発現変動に基づき、異なるDC集団が特徴付けられた(Langlet et al.,2012)。当該アプローチを用いて、3つの別々のTADCサブセットが明確に識別できた(図1A):y6CloCD64loCD24+CD11blo通常型TADC(cDC1、ゲート1)、Ly6CloCD64loCD24int-loCD11b+通常型TADC(cDC2、ゲート2)およびLy6ChiCD64hiCD24intCD11b+単球由来TADC(Mo-DC、ゲート3)である。当該状況は、いくつかの非癌性組織で報告されている状況(Guilliams et al., 2010)と同様である。
次に、種々の組織学的起源および異なる遺伝的バックグラウンドのいくつかの移植可能なマウス腫瘍モデル、並びに、自然発症のMMTV-PyMT乳癌腫モデルにおけるTADCサブセットの存在を評価した。皮下に増殖するLLC肺癌腫瘍、その急速進行性3LL-Rおよび緩徐進行性3LL-Sサブクローン(Remels and De Baetselier、1987)、MC38結腸癌、B16メラノーマおよびT241線維肉腫、ならびに肺実質に同所性に成長した(orthotopically growing)3LL-R腫瘍および直腸に同所性に成長したMC38(全てC57Bl/6のバックグラウンド)の単一細胞懸濁液は、小さいが、はっきりと識別可能なCD11chiMHC-IIhiTADC画分を含んでいた(図2A)。TADCはまた、FVBバックグラウンドのMMTV-PyMT乳房腫瘍から回収された(図2A)。
先の知見をヒトの状況に転換させるために、肺癌および結腸直腸癌患者の新鮮な腫瘍生検標本で異なるTADC亜集団の存在を評価した。少量のCD16-CD11c+HLA-DR+TADCをヒト腫瘍から回収した(図3Aおよび図3B)。重要なことに、このTADCコンパートメントは、マウスTADCサブセットと似た3つの異なるサブセットを包含していた。ヒトTADCは、BDCA2-BDCA1-IRF8+CD14-CD11blowcDC1集団およびBDCA2-IRF8-BDCA1+TADC画分を含有し、この画分は、CD14とCD11bの差次的な発現を有する2つのサブセットから成っていた(図3Aおよび図3C)。既に示されているように(Segura et al., 2013)、これらはCD14-CD11b+cDC2集団およびマウスのMo-DCに類似したCD14+CD11bhighDC集団からなる。注目すべきことに、BDCA2+形質細胞様DCは回収できなかった。
強力な抗腫瘍免疫応答の誘導はいくつかの報告(Goc et al., 2014; Preynat-Seauve et al., 2006)においてDCに起因しているが、TADCは、腫瘍の免疫回避を可能にする抗原提示障害、T細胞刺激性障害および遊走能障害を有し、免疫寛容原性または免疫抑制性の細胞としても記載されている(Gabrilovich, 2004; Ma et al., 2013; Preynat-Seauve et al., 2006; Vesely et al., 2011)。したがって、異なるTADCサブセットが異なる機能を発揮すると仮定し得た。最初に、3つの異なるTADC集団による、抗原取り込み、処理、および提示能力を調べた。
次に、ナイーブT細胞を活性化するTADCサブセットの能力を評価した。この点に関して、CD80、CD86、PDL1およびPDL2などの活性化および抑制性のT細胞共刺激分子の発現は、すべてのTADC集団において非常に高かった(図5A)。まず初めに、抗原取り込みおよび処理能力に無関係である、TADCサブセットの内因性抗原提示能力を、古典的混合白血球反応(MLR)で評価した。すべてのC57Bl/6TADCサブセットは、コントロールの脾臓CD11chiMHC-IIhiB220-Ly6C-cDC集団と少なくとも同程度にはナイーブBalb/cCD4+およびCD8+T細胞増殖を活性化することができた(図5Bおよび図5C)。興味深いことに、cDC2は、CD4+およびCD8+T細胞の両方に対して、最も高い内因性抗原提示能力を示した。
腫瘍関連Mo-DCは、抗原取り込みおよび処理能力が高いにもかかわらず、ナイーブ抗原特異的T細胞の活性化において、一貫して効率が低かった。従って、本発明者らは、Mo-DCがT細胞刺激機能を消滅させる可能性のある特徴を提示しているのではないかと考えた。本発明者らは、Mo-DCが高レベルのTNF-αおよびiNOSを同時発現し、したがって炎症性TIP-DCと似た表現型を示すことに気付いた(図6Aおよび図6B)。さらに、Mo-DCは、すべてのTADC集団の中で、最も高いレベルの炎症性サイトカインIL-6およびIL-1β、単球および好中球を誘引するケモカインCCL2、CCL4およびCXCL1、並びに、ミトコンドリアスーパーオキシドアニオンなどの活性酸素種を産生した(図5J、図6Cおよび図6D)。加えて、Mo-DCは最も高いIL-10/IL-12バランスを示し(図6E)、これは免疫原性が低いDCの表現型と関連する特徴である。
腫瘍関連cDCはT細胞刺激能力を有していたため、次に、これらの細胞が腫瘍流入領域リンパ節(tdLN)に遊走し、腫瘍抗原を提示できるか否かを検討した。DCのLNへの遊走の前提条件であるCCR7発現は、cDCサブセット上にのみ存在し、Mo-DC上には存在しなかった(図7A)。
最後に、腫瘍由来DCサブセットが、癌において治療に関連する免疫記憶応答を誘発するのに使用できるかどうかを評価するために、図8Aに示すワクチン投与実験を設定した。重要なことに、ワクチン投与実験に用いられた選別されたTADCサブセットは、サイトカインによりエクスビボで刺激されておらず、腫瘍抗原も負荷されていなかった。Mo-DCはLN遊走能を示さず、免疫抑制能を保持していたため(図6F)、cDCサブセットの潜在的な治療効果に焦点を当てることとした。
実験手順に記載されているように、選別の前に、単一細胞懸濁液を調製し、CD11c+細胞をMACS濃縮した。選別したcDC1およびcDC2は、TADCにおいて94%および98.5%という非常に高い純度を示し、わずかなMo-DC夾雑物しか含有しなかった(それぞれ0%および0.7%、図11)。
105個のLLC-OVA細胞を足蹠に投与するか(a)、あるいは、3x106個のLLC-OVA細胞を皮下に投与し(b)、腫瘍サイズが約800mm2になるまで成長させる。その後、原発性腫瘍を、下肢切断(a)または皮下腫瘍除去(b)のいずれかによって切除する。cDC1および/またはcDC2集団を、切除した腫瘍および/または切除した腫瘍流入領域リンパ節から単離し、続いて同一の個体に注射する。転移性肺小結節および肺重量を、顕微鏡法によって評価する(図12)。
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Claims (13)
- 本質的に単球由来樹状細胞(Mo-DC)を含まない腫瘍関連樹状細胞(TADC)サブセットであって、少なくともCD16-CD11c+HLA-DR+BDCA2-CD14-CD64loの細胞表面表現型の特徴を有する、TADCサブセット。
- 1%未満のMo-Dcを含む、請求項1に記載のTADCサブセット。
- TADCサブセットが、さらにBDCA1-BDCA3+CD11b-を特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載のTADCサブセット。
- TADCサブセットが、さらにBDCA1+BDCA3-CD11b+を特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載のTADCサブセット。
- 腫瘍転移を処置するための、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のTADCサブセットを含む、医薬組成物。
- 請求項3に記載のTADCサブセットを含む、請求項5に記載の医薬組成物。
- 請求項4に記載のTADCサブセットを含む、請求項5に記載の医薬組成物。
- 腫瘍転移を処置するための医薬組成物を製造するための、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のTADCサブセットの使用。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のTADCサブセットの製造方法であって、哺乳動物の切除した腫瘍、または切除した腫瘍流入領域リンパ節からTADCを調製すること、および、前記TADCを精製し、前記TADCサブセットを得ることを含む、方法。
- 精製が、浮遊密度遠心分離、磁気活性化セルソーティングまたは蛍光活性化セルソーティングの1つ以上を含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 異なるTADCサブセットが、別々に、または、同一の濃縮手順で濃縮される、請求項9または10に記載の方法。
- 別々に濃縮された異なるTADCサブセットが混合される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- TADCサブセットが1%未満のMo-Dcを含む、請求項9~12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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