JP6996772B2 - Icam-1に特異的なiドメインキメラ抗原受容体 - Google Patents
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Description
配列表は、作成日2017年7月17日、サイズ9.89キロバイトの、「Sequence Listing.txt」というファイル名を有する、EFS-Webを介したASCII形式のテキストファイルとして、本明細書と同時に提出される。EFS-Webを介して提出された配列表は、本明細書の一部であり、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本明細書で使用する場合、「約」は、列挙された値の±10%を指す。
本発明は、広範な腫瘍のバイオマーカーであるICAM-1の生理的リガンドであるLFA-1を用いて、ICAM-1を標的とする、キメラ抗原受容体を提供する。本発明者らは、ヒトIドメインを含み、ICAM-1に対して1mM~1nMの親和性を有する、親和性変異体CARのパネルを構築した。本発明は、広範な抗腫瘍適用性を有するICAM-1特異的CARを提供する。ICAM-1を標的とするマイクロモルレベルの親和性を有するIドメインを含むCAR T細胞は、はるかに低い密度で正常細胞を節約しながら、標的抗原を過剰発現している細胞を溶解することができるので、従来のCARよりも改善された効能および安全性を有する。
実施例1.細胞株および初代ヒトリンパ球
ヒト皮膚微小血管内皮細胞(HMEC-1)はCenter for Disease Controlから入手し、10%(v/v)ウシ胎児血清(FBS、Atlanta Biologocals)、10mMのL-アラニル-L-グルタミンジペプチド(Gibco)、100単位/mlのペニシリン-ストレプトマイシン(Pen-strep)、1μg/mlのヒドロコルチソーム(MP Biomedical)、および10ng/mlの組換えヒト表皮成長因子(Invitrogen)を補充したMCDB 131培地(Invitrogen)中で培養した。マウス脳微小血管内皮細胞(bEnd.3、ATCC)を、4mMのL-グルタミン、100単位/mlのPen-strep、および10%のFBSを補充した応用Dulbecco変法イーグル培地(ADMEM、Invitrogen)中で維持した。HeLa細胞(ATCC)を、10%FBS、2mMのL-グルタミン、および100単位/mlのPen-strepを含有するADMEM中で培養した。8505C細胞(DSMZ)を、10%FBS、2mMのL-グルタミン、および100単位/mlのPen-strepを含有するRPMI-1640培地(Invitrogen)中で培養した。HMEC-1、bEnd.3、HeLa、および8505c細胞に、ホタルルシフェラーゼ-F2A-GFPをコードするレンチウイルス(Biosettia)を形質導入し、蛍光に基づいて分類した。
ICAM-1に対して様々な親和性のLFA-1のIドメインをコードする遺伝子配列は、先行研究27から得られた。Iドメイン変異体は、CD8ヒンジと、CD28膜貫通ドメインと、CD28、CD137、およびCD3ζの細胞質ドメインを組み込んだ第3世代CAR構造の細胞内部分とに直接的にC末端で融合した。次いで、完全なCARインサートをpLenti骨格へとサブクローニングした29。CAR T細胞撮像のためのレポーター遺伝子であるSSTR2を、「リボソームをスキップする」ブタテッショウウイルス(teschovirus)-1 2A(P2A)配列を用いてN末端のIドメインに連結して、同じmRNAからのCARおよびSSTR2の同程度の産生を確実にした。
レンチウイルスは、リン酸カルシウムを用いてHEK293T細胞を一過性にトランスフェクトすることによって産生した。簡潔には、10μgの伝達遺伝子、7.5μgのpCMV-dR8.2(Addgene)および5μgのpCMV-VSVG(Addgene)を混合し、2MのCaCl2、次いで2×HBSSとともにインキュベートした。得られた溶液を、10mlのDMEM中に3.2×106個のHEK293T細胞を24時間前に播種しておいた10cm2の細胞培養皿へ滴下した。トランスフェクション培地を6時間後に交換した。レンチウイルスを含有する培地をトランスフェクションの48時間後および72時間後に収集し、0.45μmフィルターで濾過し、4℃、75,000×gで2時間の超遠心分離により濃縮した。次に、レンチウイルスを血清含有培地中に再懸濁し、-80℃で凍結した。活性化の24~72時間後に、ヒトT細胞に抗CD3/CD28Dynabeadsを、スピン感染(1,000g、32℃で1時間)またはレンチウイルスとの一晩のインキュベーションのいずれかにより形質導入した。T細胞を初回の形質導入の24時間後にもう一度形質導入した。形質導入中および形質導入後、IL-2を含有する培地を、ヒトIL-7(10ng/ml)およびIL-15(5ng/ml)を含有する培地(Peprotech)と交換した。ジャーカットT細胞をレンチウイルスとの単回の一晩のインキュベーションにより形質導入した。
GFPおよびホタルルシフェラーゼを発現するように安定して形質導入された2×105個の標的細胞(HMEC-1、bEnd.3、HeLa、および8505c)を、非形質導入型またはIドメインCAR T細胞とともに、様々なエフェクター対標的比(E:%)で共培養した。ある特定の条件において、ICAM-1遺伝子は、CRISPR/Cas9(Santa Cruz、#sc-400098)を用いて8505C細胞中で破壊された(8505C/-ICAM-1として示す)か、あるいは8505C細胞を1μg/mlリポ多糖(LPS;大腸菌(Escherichia coli)O26:B6、Sigma)へ12時間曝露して、ICAM-1の過剰発現を誘導した(8505C/LPSと示す)。共培養は、150μg/mlのD-ルシフェリン(Gold Biotechnology)を含有しかつサイトカイン補充のないT細胞培地中で行った。プレートリーダー(TECAN infinite M1000 PRO)を用いて発光を測定し、それぞれのE:T条件での読み取りを、非形質導入T細胞:標的共培養対照に対して正規化した。
7.5×105個の8505C細胞を、尾静脈を介してNSGマウスへと注射した。腫瘍細胞注射の8~10日後に、1~3×106個のT細胞を、尾静脈を介して注射した。異種移植後最長10日間、同様のCAR投与量を用いて腫瘍の除去を実証したR6.5CAR T細胞を用いた従来の研究に基づいて注射のタイミングを選択した29。生きているマウスにおける腫瘍異種移植片の発光撮像は、全身光学撮像装置(In-Vivo Extreme、Bruker)を用いて行った。マウスを2L/分のO2中2%イソフルランで麻酔した。腫瘍量は、胸腔およびマウスの全身にわたる発光の積分によって定量化した。血清サイトカイン分析のために、50~100μlの血液を、尾静脈を介して氷上のエッペンドルフチューブへと回収した。4℃で10分間、2,000gで遠心分離することによって細胞ペレットを除去した後、血漿を直ちに単離し、-80℃で保存した。製造元の説明書により、Bio-Plex MAGPIX(Bio Rad)を用いてヒトサイトカイン(GM-CSF、IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α、CXCL10)を2つ組で測定した。
腫瘍異種移植片を適切な時点でマウスから摘出した。摘出した腫瘍をさいの目に切って80μmセルストレーナーに流して単細胞懸濁液を得た。赤血球を1×RBC溶解緩衝液(eBiosciences)とのインキュベーションにより溶解した。残存細胞を洗浄し、2%正常ヤギ血清を含有する1×HBSS中に再懸濁し、2μg/mlのマウスIgGで10分間ブロッキングした。これに続いて、2μg/mlのマウス抗ヒトCD3-Alexa Fluor647(Biolegend)または2μg/mlのウサギ抗c-myc-Alexa Fluor647(Biolegend)との組み合わせにおける1μg/mlのヨウ化プロピジウム(Invitrogen)を用いた染色を行った。結果として生じる細胞をGalliosフローサイトメーター(Beckman Coulter)で取得した。初期フローサイトメトリーゲートは、生細胞ゲート処理(ヨウ化プロピジウム陰性)に基づいて決定した。
ハイブリドーマ(ATCC)から得たマウス抗ヒトR6.5モノクローナル抗体(10μg/ml)を用いて、種々の細胞株におけるICAM-1発現を測定した。T細胞上のIドメインCAR発現は、2μg/mlのウサギ抗c-myc-Alexa Fluor647(Biolegend)を用いて検出した。IドメインジャーカットT細胞変異体を、ヒトFcγに融合した10μg/mlの組換えヒトICAM-1(R&D Systems)とともにインキュベートした。次に、細胞を洗浄し、1μg/mlのウサギ抗ヒトPE(Santa Cruz Biotechnology)中に再懸濁した後、フローサイトメトリー分析を行った。
標的細胞を洗浄し、サイトカインを含まないT細胞培地中に1×106個/mlで懸濁した。100μlのそれぞれの標的細胞を96ウェル丸底プレート(Corning)へ3つ組で入れた。T細胞培地中に5×106個/mlで再懸濁したT細胞を適切なウェル中で標的細胞と組み合わせた。プレートを37℃で24~48時間インキュベートした。インキュベーション後、上清をELISAのために回収してIFN-γ(Biolegend)を検出した。
IドメインCARで改変したジャーカット細胞を、96ウェルプレート中で1:1のエフェクター対標的の比(1×105個のエフェクター:1×105個の標的)で標的細胞と共培養した。プレートを37℃で6時間インキュベートした。インキュベーション後、細胞を洗浄した後、氷上で30分間、2μg/mlの抗ヒトCD25-アロフィコシアニン(APC、Biolegend)で標識した。インキュベーション後、試料を洗浄し、フローサイトメトリーによって分析した。ICAM-1発現細胞に対する代替物として、本発明者らは、既知量のICAM-1でコーティングしたマイクロビーズも使用した。1×106個の硫酸塩ラテックスマイクロビーズ(8μm、ThermoFisher Scientific)を、Cy5.5(Sulfo-Cyanine5.5 NHSエステル、Lumiprobe)と結合した指示量のヒトまたはマウス組換えICAM-1-Fcγ(R&D Systems)を含有する100μLのPBS中に、室温で一晩緩徐に混合しながら再懸濁した。タンパク質標識粒子をペレット化し、0.1MグリシンpH7.4を含有する新鮮なPBS中に1時間再懸濁し、その間上清を使用して、蛍光によるビーズ吸着効率を測定した(TECAN infinite M1000 PRO)。グリシンを用いたビーズ表面の飽和の後、ビーズをペレット化し、5mMのMgCl2を含有するPBS中に再懸濁した。それぞれのIドメインCAR変異体で改変したジャーカット細胞を、ICAM-1結合ラテックスビーズとともに1:3(細胞:ビーズ)の比で、37℃で一晩インキュベートした。次いで細胞を収集し、フローサイトメトリーによる分析のために2μg/mlの抗ヒトCD69-APC(Biolegend)で標識した。
V底96ウェルプレート(Corning)を、マウスもしくはヒトICAM-1-Fcγ(PBS中10μg/ml、pH7.4)または2%BSAのいずれかで4℃で一晩コーティングした。次いで、プレートを2%BSAで、37℃で1時間ブロッキングした。製造元のプロトコルにより、IドメインCAR TクローンをまずCellTracker Orangeで染色し、次いで5mMのMgCl2および1%BSAを含有する50μlのPBS中のICAM-1でコーティングしたウェルへ入れた。プレートを直ちに室温で15分間、200gで遠心分離した。V底プレートの底に蓄積した非接着細胞を蛍光プレートリーダー(TECAN infinite M1000 PRO)により定量した。ICAM-1への細胞結合を実験測定の蛍光強度値(FCARおよびFNT)から計算し、BSA単独でコーティングしたウェルからの蛍光(FBSA)に対して正規化した:100×((FBSA-FCAR)/FBSA)/((FBSA-FNT)/FBSA)。
NOTAOCT(1,4,7-トリアザシクロノナン-1,4,7-三酢酸-オクトレオチド30、GMP等級)を1mgの凍結乾燥粉末(カタログ番号9762、ABX Pharmaceuticals)として得た。NOTAOCTバイアル内容物を18MWの水で200μl(5mg/ml溶液)へ希釈し、ストック溶液として4℃で保存した。フッ素-1831を用いたNOTAのキレート化のために、5μlのNOTAOCTを10μlの0.1M酢酸ナトリウム(pH4)、6μlの2mM AlCl3、および約30mCiの18Fを含有する100μlへ添加した。溶液を直ちに100℃のThermomixer(Eppendorf)に入れ、15分間インキュベートした後、室温へ冷却し、15mlのddH2O中に希釈した。Sep-Pak light C18カラムを3mlの100%エタノール中で再生し、毎分10滴の観察された流量で5mlのddH2O中で2回洗浄した。次に、NOTAOCTをSep-Pakカラムへ負荷し、これを後で15mlの18MWの水中で洗浄して、いかなる残存遊離18Fも除去した。捕捉されたNOTAOCTを300μlのエタノールを用いてカラムから溶出し、注射用PBSで1.5mlに希釈し、最終生成物を約15%エタノール等張注射用溶液中に提供した。溶離液を0.2μmフィルターで濾過した。最終生成物の純度を逆相HPLCにより確認した。
登録されたCT画像は、NOTAOCT注射の1~2時間後にマイクロPET/CTスキャナ(Inveon、Siemens)を使用して取得した。投影データは、1度の角度増分でおよそ1秒のステップで、コーンビーム形状で取得した。250~750keVのエネルギーウィンドウおよび6ナノ秒の調時ウィンドウを使用して、1回の試験につき少なくとも1000万件の同時事象をPETについて取得した。生体内でのNOTATOC取り込みの定量化のために、100μlの10%ID/cm3当量を含有する参照チューブ。マウス肺内でのNOTAOCT取り込みを計算するために、楕円形を肺の左右両側に個別に描いて、それらの足跡の大部分を囲んだ。参照チューブに得られた計数に対して計算した%ID/cm3値は、%ID/cm3を4で除することによって標準的な取り込み値(SUV32)へ近似して、100%の注射効率および体重25gを想定した。PET/CT画像の可視化および解析は、AMIDEソフトウェア(http://amide.sourceforge.net)を用いて行った。
安楽死の後、マウスの肺に気管を介して4%パラホルムアルデヒドを灌流し、5つの葉のそれぞれを固定後に分離してパラフィン中に包埋した。組織を切断して5μmの切片を作製した(Microtome、Leica)。パラフィン包埋切片を、CD3およびGFPの免疫染色のために、ヘマトキシリンおよびエオシン(H&E)またはヘマトキシリンのみで染色した(HistoWiz,Inc.により実施)。組織学的解析は経験豊富な病理学者によって行われた。
統計解析
示されたデータにPrism(GraphPad)を用いて、一元配置分散分析、ダネットの多重比較検定、および対応のないスチューデントのt検定を行った。
ICAM-1に特異的なCAR構築物は、Jinら27および米国特許第8,021,668号により、LFA-1由来のIドメインを用いて構築した(図1A~B、表1)。
IドメインCARを発現するジャーカットT細胞を用いて、CAR T細胞活性化が標的細胞におけるCAR親和性およびICAM-1抗原密度によって影響を受ける程度を調べた。ジャーカットT細胞を、異なるICAM-1発現レベルを有する種々の標的細胞株とともにインキュベートした。標的細胞株のICAM-1表面密度は、まず標的細胞株へ結合する抗ICAM-1抗体のレベルをアッセイし、これらのシグナルを、Cy5.5と結合した既知量のR6.5抗体(ビーズ1個当たり103~107の抗体)とカップリングした8μmのラテックスビーズを用いて得られたシグナルと比較することによって調べた。非標識の(灰色)からR6.5(黒色)とともにインキュベートした後のシフトのレベルを使用して、それぞれの指示された標的細胞株におけるICAM-1密度を推定した。
CAR改変ジャーカットT細胞の親和性および抗原依存的活性化を検証した後、試験管内での初代T細胞の活性化および細胞毒性に及ぼすCAR親和性および抗原密度の影響を調べることを試みた。初代T細胞にTM、F292A、F292G、およびWT IドメインのCARを形質導入し、種々の標的細胞へ添加してそれらの試験管内での細胞毒性の有効性を測定した。全体として、標的細胞溶解速度とすべのIドメイン変異体CAR T細胞にわたるICAM-1発現(HeLa>8505C/LPS>8505C>HMEC-1>bEND.3)との間には正の相関があった(図2A)。T細胞がICAM-1に対してより高い親和性を有するCARを発現したとき、殺滅速度もより大きかった(TM>F292G>F292A>WT)。
本発明者らは、試験管内での親和性依存性CAR T細胞の細胞毒性パターンが生体内で腫瘍異種移植モデルにどのように変換されるのかを調べた。固形腫瘍において、CAR T細胞の有効性は、腫瘍部位に移動し、浸透し、腫瘍細胞を連続的に溶解し、腫瘍量に従って膨張および収縮を受ける能力によって影響される。ここでは、0.75×106個の8505C-FLuc+GFP+細胞の全身静脈内注射、続いて異種移植8~10日後(5~20%のCAR発現)の約1~3×106個のIドメインCAR T細胞(WT、F292A、F265S、F292G、およびTM)、SSTR2-R6.5 CAR29、NT(非形質導入)T細胞、およびT細胞なしによる処置によってマウスを異種移植した。腫瘍量は、ホタルルシフェラーゼ活性の全身発光撮像によって評価した。原発腫瘍は肺および肝臓に局在し、遠隔転移巣が全身に明らかであった(図3A)。T細胞を投与しなかったコホートまたはNT T細胞を投与したコホートでは、腫瘍接種の3~4週間以内に腫瘍量に屈した。TM CAR T細胞で処置したマウスは、腫瘍量の急激な初期減少を示したが、T細胞注射のおよそ7日後に、マウスは昏睡および体重減少によって示される全身毒性の症状を示し始め、処置15日後までに死に至った(図3A~B)。F292G CAR T細胞は一貫した毒性の発症がないまま、腫瘍を除去することができたが、これはCAR T細胞処置時の腫瘍量に部分的に依存するように思われた。例えば、F292G(119nM親和性)CAR T細胞の注入の遅延(10日後)または治療時のより多量の腫瘍量のいずれかは、より高頻度の死亡をもたらした。F265S(145nM Kd)CARを発現するT細胞は、観察可能な毒性なしに腫瘍を排除した。これは、約100nMのKdのIドメインCAR親和性がおおよその閾値親和性を定義し、それを超えると(100nM未満、例えば、1~10nMのKd)、処置は、高いおよび低い抗原密度と、オンターゲットオフ腫瘍毒性の尤度の上昇との間の識別の低下をもたらす。試験管内でのWT CAR T細胞による8505Cの殺滅の制限または欠如と一致して、生体内での腫瘍の進行は、NT T細胞と同様に、WT CAR T細胞の処置によって妨げられることはなかった(図3B)。対照的に、より高い親和性の対応物と比較してはるかに低い試験管内での8505C殺滅速度を呈したF292A CAR T細胞は、処置の時期にかかわらず明白な毒性なしに腫瘍量の急速な減少を達成した(図3A~3B)。その上、より高い腫瘍クリアランス速度および腫瘍再発の耐久可能な抑制によって証明されるように、ICAM-1に対する>1,000倍低い親和性にもかかわらず、F292A CAR Tの生体内での有効性は、scFv系のR 6.5 CARよりも優れていた(10nM対20μM)(図3A)。
PET/CTによってリアルタイムでT細胞分布を時空間的に監視するために、本発明者らは、撮像レポーター遺伝子であるSSTR2をIドメインCARベクターへと、リボソームスキップP2A配列を用いて、T細胞表面上でのCARおよびレポーターの等しい発現を確実にした(図4A)。SSTR2の発現は、注入された陽電子放出SSTR2特異的放射性トレーサーである18F-NOTA-オクトレオチド30の結合および細胞内蓄積を可能にした。次いで、マイクロPETスキャナーにより、組織貫通の問題なしに、放出されたシグナルを高解像度で検出した。SSTR2レポーター遺伝子のフローサイトメトリー測定および初代ヒトT細胞表面上のCARを表すMycタグ発現。SSTR2およびMycタグ付きIドメインの発現は、SSTR2レポーター遺伝子のフローサイトメトリー測定による抗体染色、および初代ヒトT細胞の表面上のCARを表すMycタグ発現によって確認された。
参考文献
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Claims (8)
- N末端からC末端にかけて、
(i)ヒトリンパ球機能関連抗原1のαLサブユニットのIドメインと、
(ii)膜貫通ドメインと、
(iii)少なくとも1つの共刺激ドメインと、
(iv)活性化ドメインと、
を含み、前記Iドメインが、配列番号1の130~310アミノ酸の配列を含み、F292A、F292S、L289G、F292G、またはF265Sのうちの1つの変異を有する、キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)。 - 前記共刺激ドメインが、CD28、4-1BB、ICOS-1、CD27、OX-40、GITR、およびDAP10からなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載のCAR。
- 前記活性化ドメインがCD3ゼータである、請求項1に記載のCAR。
- 請求項1に記載のCARをコードする単離された核酸。
- 請求項1に記載のCARを発現するように改変されたT細胞またはナチュラルキラー細胞。
- 請求項5に記載のCAR-T細胞を含む、癌を治療するための養子細胞療法のための医薬組成物であって、
癌に罹患している対象に投与され、
前記対象の前記癌細胞はICAM-1を過剰発現し、前記CAR-T細胞は、前記癌細胞を死滅させるために、前記癌細胞へ結合する、医薬組成物。 - 前記癌が甲状腺癌、胃癌、膵癌、または乳癌である、請求項6に記載の医薬組成物。
- N末端からC末端にかけて、
(i)ヒトリンパ球機能関連抗原1のα L サブユニットのIドメインと、
(ii)膜貫通ドメインと、
(iii)少なくとも1つの共刺激ドメインと、
(iv)活性化ドメインと、を含み、
前記Iドメインが、配列番号1の130~310アミノ酸の配列を含み、F265S/F292G/G311Cの3つの変異を有する、キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)。
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