JP6993318B2 - B型肝炎ウイルス複製の調節 - Google Patents
B型肝炎ウイルス複製の調節 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、ウイルス学の分野に関するものであり、より具体的には、HBV複製を引き起こす機構とHBV複製に関与する因子の研究に関する。より具体的には、本発明は、HBV複製を調節する因子を同定し、それらの因子を標的とする薬剤をその後に開発してインビトロ法で用いること、またはHBV感染とそれに関連する疾患または病気を治療することに関する。
本出願は、2015年7月15日に出願されたシンガポール国出願第10201505551U号の優先権の恩恵を主張するものであり、その内容の全体が、あらゆる目的のため、参照によって本明細書に組み込まれている。
全世界にはB型肝炎ウイルス(HBV)の慢性保因者が2億4000万人おり、肝臓がんや肝硬変を含む合併症によって毎年約80万人が死亡することにつながっている。
現在のHBV抗ウイルス治療薬は後期段階の複製相を標的としていて、ウイルス負荷が顕著に上昇したときにウイルスポリメラーゼ/逆転写酵素(Pol/RT)を抑制しているため、ウイルス排除の有効性は限定される。初期段階のウイルス複製を標的とすることは、ウイルスを複製させる正確な宿主因子の理解が不足しているため実現可能ではなかった。
1つの側面によれば、細胞内のHBV複製を調節する方法として、SNAI2、SOX7、HNF4α1、HNF4α2、HNF4α3、HNF4α7、HNF4α8、HNF4α9、ARID3A、ATF2、ATF3、ATF4、CALCOCO1、CHD3、CPD、CSNK2A2、CNOT11、DCP1A、DDX39B、DYRK1B、E2F6、E2F7、EPAS1、FOXN2、HIVEP2、HERPUD1、KPNA3、KANK2、LIN54、LSD1、NCL、PAK1IP1、PNPT1、POLR3E、PRDX3、PTP4A1、RNASEH2A、RHOB、RNF4、RNF43、SERBP1、SKA1、SMAD3、SRPK1、STAM、STRADB、SSB、STT3B、TFAP2A、TFAP2C、TFB2M、TRIM24、TRIM68、TRIM27、WDR54、ZNF518Aからなるグループから選択された少なくとも1つの因子の発現を調節する少なくとも1つの薬剤を前記細胞に接触させることを含む方法が提供される。
本発明は、非限定的な実施例および添付の図面と合わせて考慮しながら詳細な説明を参照することでよりよく理解されよう。
B型肝炎ウイルス(HBV)は、慢性肝炎と肝臓がんを引き起こす肝臓特異的病原体として主に知られている。しかし本開示は、多くの非肝臓細胞の中でHBVの効率的な複製が可能であるという発見に基づいている。したがってこの発見は、肝臓細胞の中でHBVが増殖するのに必要な宿主細胞因子が非肝臓細胞の中にも存在している可能性があることを示唆している。
細胞と試薬
細胞系HepG2、HuH7、PLC/PRF/5、Hep3B、AGS、A549、PC-3、Saos-2、FS-4を、10%ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)を補足したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(DMEM)の中に維持した。Cao-2は、20%FBSを補足したイーグル最少必須培地(EMEM)の中で増殖させた一方で、T24、5637、COLO316は、10%FBSを補足したRPMI-1640の中で増殖させた。Kato IIIIは、20%FBSを補足したDMEMの中に維持した。
HBVレプリコンをHBV遺伝子型Aの1.1x(ヌクレオチド1535~1937)からクローニングしてpcDNA3.1+ベクターのCMVプロモータの上流に挿入した(図10b)。
10 cmの皿に50%集密になるまで播種してから30時間後、細胞から全RNAを抽出した。RIN(RNAの完全性の数値)値が9.80超の高品質RNAだけを使用した。細胞系からのプロセシングを経たcRNAを、Affymetrixヒトトランスクリプトームアレイ2.0に、製造者のプロトコルに従ってハイブリダイズさせた。Affymetrix(登録商標)Expression Console(商標)Software(バージョン1.3.1.187)を用い、遺伝子レベルとエキソンレベルの両方の分析に関するデータをlog2スケールで規格化した。タンパク質をコードしている遺伝子だけを評価の対象と見なした。
表5と表8に掲載されている遺伝子によってHBV複製が変化したかどうかを判断するため、過剰発現とsiRNAノックダウンの研究を実施し、遺伝子発現の変化によってHBVCP活性とpgRNA合成が影響を受けるかどうかを調べた。
HBcAg に関するpgRNAアッセイと免疫蛍光染色では、HepG2細胞とCaco-2細胞を24ウエルのプレートにウエル1つにつき1.0~1.5×105細胞の割合で播種し、800 ngのHBVレプリコンと、1.1μlのLipofectamine(登録商標)2000(ThermoFisher Scientific社)を含む100μlのOPTI-MEMをトランスフェクトした。指示された時点で過剰発現コンストラクトを1つのコンストラクトにつき50 ngの割合で各ウエルに添加した。ヒト初代培養肝細胞に5.6μlのLipofectamine(登録商標)2000をトランスフェクトした。
HBVCP転写活性を調べるルシフェラーゼレポータアッセイを推奨されているようにして(Promega社)実施した。0.22μlのLipofectamine(登録商標)2000を入れた96ウエルの黒い透明な平底プレートの中で、ウエル1つにつき3×104細胞の密度の細胞に160 ngの野生型HBVCP-Lucコンストラクトまたは変異体HBVCP-Lucコンストラクトをトランスフェクトした。特に断わらない限り、コンストラクト1つにつき10 ngの追加の過剰発現コンストラクトと10 nMのsiRNAを各ウエルに同時にトランスフェクトした。
10 cmの皿の中で、NEPER(Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagents;ThermoFisher Scientific社)を指示されたようにして用い、30μgのプラスミドと33μlのLipofectamine(登録商標)2000を使用して、空のベクターまたは過剰発現コンストラクトをトランスフェクトされた4.5×106個の細胞から核ライセートを、トランスフェクションの48時間後に取得した。
Slug、そのオルソログ、ヒトSnail、ヒトSmucの間と、Sox7、そのオルソログ、ヒトSox17、ヒトSox18の間でClustal Omegaを用いて多重配列アラインメントを実施し、保存されたDNA結合ドメインと残基を同定した。
当業者であれば容易に理解し、評価できるように、HBVは非霊長類には自然に感染しないため、これまでHBV複製の小動物モデルは存在していない。この点に関し、HBVの最も重要なマウスモデルは、ヒト初代培養肝細胞を免疫低下マウスに注射することを含んでいる。ヒト初代培養肝細胞を用いたデータは本明細書にすでに提示されているため、肝細胞を小動物に注射しても本明細書に記載した結論に顕著な利点が加わるとは考えられないと判断した。
データは平均値±標本平均の標準誤差(s.e.m)で表記し、対応のないスチューデントのt検定を実施した。P<0.05を有意であると見なした。
肝臓細胞系と非肝臓細胞系からなるパネルを使用し、HBV複製の効率に影響を与える多数の宿主因子を同定した。
さまざまなヒト細胞系にトランスフェクトするのに使用するため、HBVコアプロモータ(HBVCP)-緑色蛍光タンパク質(GFP)コンストラクトを開発した。その結果、HBVCPに結合する宿主因子を有する細胞系が転写されることになり、それはGFPの発現増加によって証明される。このスクリーニング法を使用したところ、肝臓からの細胞(n=5)、大腸からの細胞(n=2)、胃からの細胞(n=2)リンパ様細胞からの細胞(n=1)、肺からの細胞(n=1)が、HBVCP-GFPコンストラクトをトランスフェクトした後にGFPに関して陽性であった。
Affymetrix GeneChipヒトトランスクリプトームアレイ2.0を用いてさまざまな細胞系のトランスクリプトームプロファイルを調べ、許容細胞系(肝臓、大腸、胃、血液、肺)と非許容細胞系(膀胱、乳房、前立腺、子宮頸、肺)で発現が異なる遺伝子を同定した。
HepG2細胞をsiRNAで処理し、HBVCP-ルシフェラーゼコンストラクトをトランスフェクトしてHBVCPの活性におけるこれら因子の機能的役割を評価した。表6に、HBVCPの活性に対するsiRNA処理の結果と効果の概略を示してあり、それは、検出されるルシフェラーゼの発現レベルに反映されている(TBC=確認が必要)。
HBV転写スクリーニング法の開発
組織制限宿主転写因子を同定するため、本明細書の実施例1に記載したようにして、HBVCPによって駆動されるGFPレポータコンストラクトを、肝臓細胞系と非肝臓細胞系からなるパネルにトランスフェクトした(n=14、図6a)。驚くべきことに、肝臓細胞系以外に、大腸細胞(Caco-2)、胃細胞(Kato III、AGS)、肺細胞(A549)もGFP-陽性であった。膀胱、前立腺、骨、卵巣、皮膚に由来する他の非肝臓細胞は、GFPの発現が無視できる程度であった。あらゆる非肝臓細胞がアルブミンとトランスフェリンを欠いており(図10a)、CMV-GFP対照に対してGFP-陽性であった(図10b)。1つのウイルスレプリコン全体(図10c)が、許容肝臓細胞と許容非肝臓細胞においてpgRNAを転写し(図6b)、HBcAgを産生した(図10d)。これは、HBV複製をサポートする宿主細胞環境が、肝臓細胞の中と選択された非肝臓細胞の中に同様に存在することを示している。
全部で14の細胞系のトランスクリプトームプロファイル(Affimetris HTA 2.0、(図11a))から、肝臓HBV許容、非肝臓HBV許容、非肝臓HBV非許容という3つの明確に異なる細胞クラスターが明らかになった(図6c)。許容と非許容の2つの組み合わせの間の遺伝子発現シグネチャーの違いの比較から、表8に示した54個の遺伝子が重複していることがわかった(図11b、図12a)。そのうちのSNAI2(図6d)とHNF4αだけが、HBVCPの中に対応するDNA結合モチーフを持っている(図7c)ため、HBV複製を調節する有望な標的としてさらに調べるために選択した。
SNAI2(Snail)
SNAI2は、ジンクフィンガー転写因子のsnailタンパク質ファミリーの一員であるSlugをコードしている。そのホモログであるSNAI1(Snail)とSNAI3(Smuc/ZNF293)は、HBV許容性と相関を示さなかった(図13a)。Slugの発現は、非許容細胞では大きかったが、許容細胞では小さい/ない。このパターンが、対応する一次ヒト組織にも同様に見られた(図6e)。
HNF4αは、mRNA発現のパターンがSlugとは互いに排他的であり(図12b)、そのことはタンパク質レベルで確認される(図7a)。これは、これらが互いに逆のやり方で機能することを示唆している。HNF4αがHBVCPの位置で活性因子としての役割を果たしていることに合致して、エンハンサーII内の肝細胞核因子4α(HNF4α)結合モチーフの5'半部位「AGGTTA」を変異させるとHBVCPでの転写が減少する(図14a)。
HNF4α結合モチーフの3'末端に位置するのは、SOX(SRY関連HMG-ボックス)ファミリーの転写因子であるSox7に結合するように見える逆向きの別のモチーフである(図7c)。Sox7は、許容細胞と非許容細胞の間で発現が異なるサブグループFの唯一のメンバーである(図15a)。HBV許容細胞におけるSox7の少ない発現は、肝臓、大腸、胃の一次ヒト組織で確認された(図15b)。
したがって、Soxの結合はHNF4αの機能に干渉することがわかった。なぜなら、許容細胞においてSox7を過剰発現させると、HBVCPでの転写が用量に依存して低下した(図7e、図7f、図15c)が、CMV-GFP対照ではそうでなかった(図7e)からである。同様の結果が、結合モチーフの欠失で見られた(図15d)。さらに、Sox7を過剰発現させるとウイルス全体の複製が抑制された。なぜならHBVレプリコンをトランスフェクトされた許容細胞では、HBcAg(図7g)とpgRNA(図7h)が失われたからである。したがってSox7は、HBVCPの位置でHNF4αとの結合と競合してHBV転写を抑制する。
SlugとSox7は独立な抑制因子であるが、両方の因子が同時に発現すると、HBV複製の抑制がより強力になり、より促進される(図8a、図8b)。
それらの協同効果のさらなる確認として、Slug siRNAで処理したPC-3(Sox7+)細胞とSaos-2(Sox7-)細胞でHNF4α3を過剰発現させた。Saos-2細胞系だけがプラスの反応をした(図8f)。これは、単に因子Slugを1つだけ下方調節することにより、HBVがSox7非許容細胞において容易に複製されることを示している。実際、Slug siRNAで処理したSox7非許容細胞はHBVレプリコンからpgRNAを合成したのに対し、Sox7+細胞は非許容状態のままであった(図8g)。
宿主のSlugとSox7の機能を確認するため、短いステープルドペプチドをそれぞれのDNA結合ドメインから作製し、HBV転写を沈黙させる能力を調べた。
・Slug-ZF1s=127-YSTFSGLAKHKQLH-150(配列番号:215);
・Slug-ZF2s=166-KEYVSLGALKMHIRTH-181(配列番号:216);
・Slug-ZF3s=192-KAFSRPWLLQGHIRTH-207(配列番号:217);
・Slug-ZF4s=222-FADRSNLRAHLQTH-235(配列番号:218);
・Slug-ZF5s=250-FSRMSLLHKHEES-262(配列番号:219)。
・Sox7-H1s=51-AFMVWAKDERKRLA-64(配列番号:220);
・Sox7-H2s=71-HNAELSKMLGKSWKA-85(配列番号:221)。
SlugとSox7が合わさってHBV複製を阻止するため、模倣体Slug-ZF4s、Slug-ZF5s、Sox7-H1s、Sox7-H2sは、合わせて使用するときに最大の抑制を実現できる可能性がある。模倣体を逐次的に添加することでそれが確認された。なぜなら、Slug模倣体は単独のSlug-ZF4sまたはSlug-ZF5sよりも優れており、Sox7-H2sの添加によってHBVCPの活性がさらに低下し、最大の低下はSox7-H1sも添加したときだったからである(図9g)。HBV複製を抑制する能力を評価したとき、pgRNAがSlug模倣体だけで低下すること、そしてHBVレプリコンをトランスフェクトされたヒト初代培養肝細胞とHBV許容細胞にSox7模倣体を添加したときにpgRNAがさらに顕著に低下して無視できるレベルになることが観察された(図9h)。細胞の増殖能力はDMSOで処理した対照と異なっていなかったため、これは細胞毒性の帰結でなかった(拡張データ、図18c)。
Claims (28)
- 細胞内のHBV複製をインビトロで阻害する方法であって、
Slug-ZF2s(配列番号216)、Slug-ZF3s(配列番号217)、Slug-ZF4s(配列番号218)、Slug-ZF5s(配列番号219)、Sox7-H1s(配列番号220)、およびSox7-H2s(配列番号221)からなるグループから選択された少なくとも1つのペプチドを前記細胞に接触させることを含む、方法。 - 前記少なくとも1つのペプチドがステープルドペプチドおよびペプチド模倣体からなるグループからなされる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞の選択が、肝臓細胞、大腸細胞、胃細胞、血液細胞、肺細胞からなるグループからなされる、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、HepG2、HuH6、HuH7、HuH4、PLC/PRF/5、Kato III、AGS、HCT116、Caco-2、HL-60、HEK293、A549からなるグループから選択された細胞系に由来する、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記接触工程が、前記少なくとも1つのペプチドの存在下で前記細胞を培養することを含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つのペプチドが、Slug-ZF4s(配列番号218);Slug-ZF5s(配列番号219);Sox7-H1s(配列番号220);およびSox7-H2s(配列番号221)からなるグループから選択される、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 対象におけるHBV感染を治療するための医薬の製造における、Slug-ZF2s(配列番号216)、Slug-ZF3s(配列番号217)、Slug-ZF4s(配列番号218)、Slug-ZF5s(配列番号219)、Sox7-H1s(配列番号220)、およびSox7-H2s(配列番号221)からなるグループから選択された少なくとも1つのペプチドの使用。
- 対象におけるHBV感染に関連する疾患または病気を治療するための医薬の製造における、Slug-ZF2s(配列番号216)、Slug-ZF3s(配列番号217)、Slug-ZF4s(配列番号218)、Slug-ZF5s(配列番号219)、Sox7-H1s(配列番号220)、およびSox7-H2s(配列番号221)からなるグループから選択された少なくとも1つのペプチドの使用。
- 前記疾患または病気が肝臓疾患である、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 前記疾患または病気が、黄疸、肝炎、肝線維症、炎症、肝硬変、肝不全、びまん性肝細胞炎症性疾患、血球貪食症候群、血清肝炎、HBVウイルス血症、脂肪肝、肝細胞癌、肝臓疾患関連移植、糸球体腎炎、脂質異常症、造血器悪性腫瘍、膵炎のいずれかである、請求項9に記載の使用。
- 前記少なくとも1つのペプチドがHBV複製を抑制する、請求項7~10のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- 前記少なくとも1つのペプチドが、ステープルドペプチドおよびペプチド模倣体からなるグループから選択される、請求項7~10のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- 前記少なくとも1つのペプチドが、Slug-ZF4s(配列番号218);Slug-ZF5s(配列番号219);Sox7-H1s(配列番号220);およびSox7-H2s(配列番号221)からなるグループから選択される、請求項12に記載の使用。
- 前記少なくとも1つのペプチドがステープルドペプチドである、請求項12または13に記載の使用。
- HBV複製を阻害するための少なくとも1つのSlugペプチドおよび少なくとも1つのSOX7ペプチドをインビトロでスクリーニングする方法であって、
a)少なくとも1つのSlugペプチドおよび少なくとも1つのSOX7ペプチドを、HBVウイルスを発現している細胞に接触させ、前記少なくとも1つのSlugペプチドおよび少なくとも1つのSOX7ペプチドは、Slug-ZF2s(配列番号216)、Slug-ZF3s(配列番号217)、Slug-ZF4s〈配列番号218)、Slug-ZF5s(配列番号219)、Sox7-H1s(配列番号220)、およびSox7-H2s(配列番号221)からなるグループから選択された少なくとも1つのペプチドからなるグループから選択され;
b)前記少なくとも1つのペプチドと接触させた細胞のHBV発現プロファイルを取得し;
c)b)における細胞のHBV発現プロファイルを、前記少なくとも1つのペプチドに接触させていない対照細胞のHBV発現プロファイルと比較することを含んでいて、
その対照細胞と比較して前記細胞内のHBVウイルス発現が減少または増加していることは、前記少なくとも1つのペプチドによってHBV複製が調節されたことを示す、方法。 - 前記少なくとも1つのペプチドが、ステープルドペプチドおよびペプチド模倣体からなるグループから選択される、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞がHBV複製を許容する、請求項15または16に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞の選択が、肝臓細胞、大腸細胞、胃細胞、血液細胞、肺細胞からなるグループからなされる、請求項15~17のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が生物サンプルの中に含まれる、請求項15~18のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記生物サンプルが、HBVに感染した対象から取得されたものである、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、HepG2、HuH6、HuH7、HuH4、PLC/PRF/5、Kato III、AGS、HCT116、Caco-2、HL-60、HEK293、A549からなるグループから選択された細胞系に由来する、請求項15~20のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記接触工程が、HBV複製を促進する適切な培地内で前記細胞を培養することを含む、請求項15~21のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記接触工程が、前記細胞にHBVレプリコンをトランスフェクトすることをさらに含む、請求項15~22のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記HBV発現プロファイルの取得が、1つ以上のHBV複製マーカーを測定することを含む、請求項15~23のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上のHBV複製マーカーの選択が、HBVレプリコンのプレゲノムRNAのレベル、B型肝炎表面抗原のレベル、B型肝炎コア抗原のレベルからなるグループからなされる、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記HBV発現プロファイルの取得が、前記細胞内の前記少なくとも1つのペプチドをウエスタンブロットで分析し、その少なくとも1つのペプチドのバンド強度を測定することを含む、請求項15~25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- Slug-ZF2s(配列番号216)、Slug-ZF3s(配列番号217)、Slug-ZF4s(配列番号218)、Slug-ZF5s(配列番号219)、Sox7-H1s(配列番号220)、およびSox7-H2s(配列番号221)からなるグループから選択された少なくとも1つのペプチドを含む、対象におけるHBV感染を治療するための医薬組成物。
- Slug-ZF2s(配列番号216)、Slug-ZF3s(配列番号217)、Slug-ZF4s(配列番号218)、Slug-ZF5s(配列番号219)、Sox7-H1s(配列番号220)、およびSox7-H2s(配列番号221)からなるグループから選択された少なくとも1つのペプチドを含む、対象におけるHBV感染に関連する疾患または病気を治療するための医薬組成物。
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