JP6857878B2 - 炭素触媒並びにこれを含む電極及び電池 - Google Patents
炭素触媒並びにこれを含む電極及び電池 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 129
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 89
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 87
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 21
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 11
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N folic acid Chemical compound C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 description 10
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000010757 Reduction Activity Effects 0.000 description 8
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 239000005539 carbonized material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 238000000026 X-ray photoelectron spectrum Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N Riboflavin Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 6
- -1 phosphorus compound Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 6
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pteroyl-L-glutaminsaeure Natural products C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229960000304 folic acid Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 235000019152 folic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000011724 folic acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 4
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-Lyxoflavin Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003705 background correction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229960002477 riboflavin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000019192 riboflavin Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002151 riboflavin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000001075 voltammogram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021591 Copper(I) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 2
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(I) chloride Chemical compound [Cu]Cl OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NQXWGWZJXJUMQB-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Cl-].Cl[Fe+]Cl NQXWGWZJXJUMQB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 2
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004640 Melamine resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- JHBAEYFBVPUFTK-UHFFFAOYSA-L dichloroiron heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.Cl[Fe]Cl JHBAEYFBVPUFTK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004687 hexahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- FBAFATDZDUQKNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M iron chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Fe] FBAFATDZDUQKNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 description 1
- RKHXQBLJXBGEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylphosphanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[P+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC RKHXQBLJXBGEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus decaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004736 wide-angle X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/185—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9008—Organic or organo-metallic compounds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/185—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals
- B01J27/1853—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals with iron, cobalt or nickel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0255—Phosphorus containing compounds
- B01J31/0257—Phosphorus acids or phosphorus acid esters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
- H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/08—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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Description
1.0gの葉酸と、0.29gの塩化鉄(III)六水和物(FeCl3・6H2O)と、1.0gのリン酸とを混合して、炭素化の原料を調製した。次いで、原料を石英管に入れ、イメージ炉にて、窒素雰囲気中、50℃/分の昇温速度で加熱し、1000℃で1時間保持することにより、炭素化を行った。
葉酸に代えて1.0gのポリアクリロニトリルを使用し、0.5gのリン酸を使用した以外は上述の実施例1と同様にして、炭素化の原料を混合した。次いで、得られた混合物を大気中で加熱して不融化を行った。具体的には、30分間で室温から150℃まで昇温し、続いて2時間かけて150℃から220℃まで昇温した。その後、混合物を220℃で3時間保持し、当該混合物の不融化を行った。こうして、炭素化の原料を調製した。次いで、上述の実施例1と同様に炭素化、粉砕、酸処理、乾燥を行い、炭素触媒を得た。
葉酸に代えて1.0gのリボフラビンを使用し、0.5gのリン酸を使用した以外は上述の実施例1と同様にして、炭素触媒を得た。
炭素化の原料として、さらに0.2gの塩化銅(I)(CuCl)を使用した以外は上述の実施例1と同様にして、炭素触媒を得た。
炭素化の原料として、さらに0.3gの塩化亜鉛(ZnCl2)を使用した以外は上述の実施例1と同様にして、炭素触媒を得た。
1.0gのリボフラビンと、0.03gの塩化鉄(III)六水和物(FeCl3・6H2O)と、1.0gのリン酸とを混合して、炭素化の原料を調製した。次いで、原料を石英管に入れ、イメージ炉にて、窒素雰囲気中、50℃/分の昇温速度で加熱し、700℃で1時間保持することにより、炭素化を行った。
0.5gのリン酸を使用した以外は上述の実施例1と同様にして、炭素触媒を得た。
リボフラビンに代えて1.0gの葉酸を使用した以外は上述の実施例6と同様にして、炭素触媒を得た。
さらに0.3gの塩化亜鉛(ZnCl2)を使用した以外は上述の実施例2と同様にして、炭素触媒を得た。
塩化鉄に代えて0.36gの硫酸鉄(II)七水和物(FeSO4・7H2O)を使用し、葉酸に代えて1.0gのメラミン樹脂を使用し、リン酸に代えて0.1gのトリフェニルホスフィンを使用した以外は上述の実施例1と同様にして、炭素触媒を得た。
0.03gの塩化鉄(III)六水和物(FeCl3・6H2O)を使用し、1000℃に代えて700℃で炭素化を行った以外は上述の実施例1と同様にして、炭素触媒を得た。
上述のようにして得られた炭素触媒をX線光電子分光法(XPS)により分析した。すなわち、X線光電子分光装置(KratosAXISNOVA、株式会社島津製作所製)(X線:AlKα線、出力:10mA×15kV)により、炭素触媒の表面元素を分析した。具体的に、XPS測定により得られたスペクトルの各ピークの面積と検出感度係数とから、炭素原子、窒素原子、酸素原子、リン原子及び金属原子の表面元素濃度(原子%)を求め、当該各元素の濃度の比として、表面における、炭素原子の濃度(原子%)に対する窒素原子の濃度(原子%)の比(N/C)、及び炭素原子の濃度(原子%)に対するリン原子の濃度(原子%)の比(P/C)を算出した。なお、定量計算の際のバックグラウンドはShirley法により決定した。
上述のようにして得られた粉末状の炭素触媒の試料を、ガラス試料板の凹部(2cm×2cm×厚さ0.2mm)に入れるとともにスライドガラスで押さえ、当該試料をその表面と基準面とが一致するように当該凹部に均一に充填した。次いで、この充填された試料の形態が崩れないように、ガラス試料板を広角X線回折試料台に固定した。
上述のようにして得られた炭素触媒の酸素還元活性を評価した。まず、炭素触媒を含む触媒スラリーを調製した。具体的に、炭素触媒5mgに、市販の5重量%Nafion(登録商標)溶液(Aldrich製)50μL、エタノール150μL、蒸留水150μLを加え、ガラスビーズを加え、10分間超音波処理し、均一な触媒スラリーを得た。
上述のようにして得られた炭素触媒の酸素還元活性の維持率(性能維持率)を評価した。すなわち、実施例1〜9及び比較例1、2で得られた炭素触媒の各々について、電圧を繰り返し印加する起動停止試験を行った。まず、炭素触媒を含む触媒スラリーを調製した。具体的に、炭素触媒5mgに、5重量%Nafion(登録商標)溶液(Aldrich製)50μL、エタノール150μL、蒸留水150μLを加え、ガラスビーズを加え、10分間超音波処理し、均一な触媒スラリーを得た。
図1には、実施例1で得られた炭素触媒のXPSスペクトルにおいて、P2pピークのピーク分離を行った結果を示す。なお、図1において、「P1」はピークP130.0を示し、「P2」はピークP132.5を示し、「P3」はピークP133.2を示し、「P4」はピークP133.9を示し、「P5」はピークP135.6を示す。また、「P3」は、そのピーク強度が小さかったため、図1には当該「P3」の拡大図も示している。また、「P5」のピーク強度は、図1において視認できないほど極めて小さかった。
Claims (4)
- 鉄、銅及び亜鉛からなる群より選択される1種以上である金属及びリン原子を含む酸素還元触媒であって、
X線光電子分光法測定において、炭素原子の濃度(原子%)に対する、リン原子P2pピークのピーク分離により得られる132.5±0.3eVの範囲にピークトップを有し半値全幅が2.0±0.5eVであるピークを示すリン原子の濃度(原子%)の比率が、0.0005以上であり、
粉末X線回折測定において、X線回折図形における回折角(2θ)が26°付近のピークを分離することにより得られる下記2つのピークfbroad及びfnarrowの面積割合(%)が下記条件(a)及び(b)を満たす炭素構造を有する:
(a)回折角(2θ)が23.5°±3.5°の範囲にピークトップを有し半値全幅が10.0°±5.0°であるピークfbroad:73.0%以上、100.0%未満;
(b)回折角(2θ)が26.5°±1.0°の範囲にピークトップを有し半値全幅が3.5°±3.0°であるピークfnarrow:0.0%超、27.0%以下;
ことを特徴とする炭素触媒。 - X線光電子分光法測定において、前記リン原子P2pピークのピーク分離により得られる下記5つのピーク(1)〜(5)の面積の合計に対する、下記ピーク(2)の面積の比率が、0.3000以上である:
(1)130.0±0.3eVの範囲にピークトップを有し半値全幅が2.0±0.5eVであるピーク;
(2)前記132.5±0.3eVの範囲にピークトップを有し半値全幅が2.0±0.5eVであるピーク;
(3)133.2±0.3eVの範囲にピークトップを有し半値全幅が2.0±0.5eVであるピーク;
(4)133.9±0.3eVの範囲にピークトップを有し半値全幅が2.0±0.5eVであるピーク;及び
(5)135.6±0.4eVの範囲にピークトップを有し半値全幅が2.0±0.5eVであるピーク;
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の炭素触媒。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の炭素触媒を含む
ことを特徴とする電極。 - 請求項3に記載の電極を含む
ことを特徴とする電池。
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