JP6676524B2 - ナノ設計多孔性網目構造材料を使用し、エネルギー変換器として固体デバイスを使用する前平衡システムおよび方法 - Google Patents
ナノ設計多孔性網目構造材料を使用し、エネルギー変換器として固体デバイスを使用する前平衡システムおよび方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本明細書に記載される様々な化学エネルギー変換デバイスは、酸化剤、自己触媒反応促進剤、減速剤、および単元推進薬などの貯蔵可能な反応体を使用する。標準的な圧力および温度での液体過酸化水素H2O2などの液相は、それらの気化熱が冷却剤として使用され、液体が貯蔵可能であると都合が良いため、使用しやすい。H2O2およびモノメチルヒドラジン(MMH)などの単元推進薬は同様に使用しやすく、変換器の活性表面を励起する。自己触媒促進剤には、H2O2などの単元推進薬が含まれる。
アンモニアよりも貯蔵性がある強力な燃料:
アミン置換アンモニア
ジ−メチル−アミン(CH3)2NH
トリ−メチル−アミン(CH3)3N
モノ−エチル−アミン(C 2 H 5 )NH 2
ジ−エチル−アミン(C2H5)2NH)
より容易に貯蔵可能な他の種類:
メタノール、CH3OH
エタノール、EtOH CH 3 CH 2 OH
蟻酸、HCOOH
ディーゼル燃料
ガソリン
アルコール
固体燃料を含有するスラリー
亜酸化炭素、C3O2、CO=C=CO、
ホルムアルデヒド HCHO、
パラホルムアルデヒド、=より良くは(HCHO)n、ホルムアルデヒドガスへと昇華可能(可能性としては同時にセル冷却剤)。
貯蔵性が低めの燃料:
一酸化炭素
水素
アンモニア NH 3
窒素を含有する強力な燃料:
ニトロメタン、CH3NO2
ニトロメタン「留分」とメタノール=模型飛行機「グロープラグ」エンジン燃料
大きい燃料/空気比を有する高エネルギー燃料:
エポキシ−エタン、=オキシランまたはエチレン−オキシド CH 2 −CH 2 O
1,3−エポキシ−プロパン=オキセタンおよびトリ−メチレン−オキシド=1,3−メチレン−オキシド CH2−(CH2)−CH2O
エポキシ−プロパン CH 2 −(CH 2 )−CH 2 O
アセチレン、C2H2
ジアセチレン=1,3−ブタジエン(Butadiyne)
1,3−ブタジエン CH2=CH−CH=CH2、
より不安定でない高エネルギー燃料:
ジ−エチル−エーテルまたは外科用のエーテル
アセトン=ジ−メチル−ケトン
より不安定でない、揮発性燃料:
シクロ−プロパン
シクロ−ブタン
メタン、プロパン、ブタン、ペンタン等の炭化水素
他の貯蔵可能な燃料:
メチルホルメート HCOO−C2H5
ホルムアミド HCO−NH2
N、N、−ジ−メチル−ホルムアミド HCO−N−(CH3)2
エチレン−ジアミン H2N−CH2−CH2−NH2
エチレン−グリコール
1,4−ジオキサン =エチレン−グリコールの二分子環状エーテル
パラアルデヒド アセトアルデヒドの(CH3CHO)3環状三量体
強力酸化剤:
テトラ−ニトロ−メタン、C(NO2)4 自発的に分解しない。単に気相中の電池の反応表面の上に2つの別個の蒸気を送る。
過酸化水素 H 2 O 2
低開始エネルギー混合物:
シクロ−プロパンと酸素=外科用麻酔薬、マイクロジュール開始剤
自燃性物質:
UDMH=非対称ジメチルヒドラジン=1,1−ジメチルヒドラジン(CH3)2NNH2
UDMHは、N2O4と共に通常は自燃性であり、非常に強い発癌物質である。
MMH モノメチルヒドラジン (CH3)HNNH2 任意の酸化剤、例えばN2O4と共に自燃性である。
腐蝕性の毒性強力単元推進薬:
ヒドラジン=H2NNH2 触媒(通常PtまたはPdまたはモリブデンオキシド)で容易に分解される。
ヒドラジン水和物
以下の項目は、国際出願時の請求の範囲に記載の要素である。
(項目1)
第1の電極と、
前記第1の電極に接続された基板と、
前記基板の上に配置され、半導体網目構造を形成するナノ設計構造を有する、多孔性半導体層と、
前記多孔性半導体層の少なくとも一部の上の多孔性触媒材料であって、前記多孔性触媒材料の少なくともいくらかが絡み合い領域を形成するために前記多孔性半導体層の前記ナノ設計構造に入る、多孔性触媒材料と、
第2の電極であって、燃料、前記多孔性触媒材料および前記多孔性半導体層の間の化学反応中に電位差が前記第1の電極と第2の電極との間に形成される、第2の電極と、
固体発電機から熱を除去するヒートシンクであって、周囲温度よりも高いヒートシンク温度を有するヒートシンクと、を備える、化学エネルギーを電気に変換するためのエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目2)
前記基板は三次元表面を形成するためにパターン化され、それによって化学反応のための増加した表面積を提供する、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目3)
前記多孔性半導体層はナノワイヤーが形成されるようにパターン化される、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目4)
前記基板は山部と谷部とが形成されるようにテクスチャー化される、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目5)
前記基板と前記多孔性半導体層との間に非孔質半導体層をさらに含む、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目6)
前記基板自体は二次元であり平面である、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目7)
前記基板自体は三次元であり内面および外面を備える、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目8)
前記基板はリジッドである、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目9)
前記基板はフレキシブルである、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目10)
前記基板は折り畳み可能である、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目11)
固体接合はショットキーダイオードである、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目12)
固体接合はp−n接合である、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目13)
固体接合は導体−誘電体、誘電体−誘電体、導体−誘電体−導体、または誘電体−導体−誘電体接合である、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目14)
多孔性半導体層は、結晶、多結晶、または多孔性のTiO2、SrTiO3、BaTiO3、Sr 13 x−Ba_y−TiO_z、炭化ホウ素、LiNiO、Al 2 O 3 、ZnO、およびLaSrVO3、ならびにPTCDA、すなわち、3,4,9,10−ペリレンテトラカルボン酸−二無水物を含む有機半導体を含む材料の群から選択される半導体材料を備える、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目15)
ナノスケールの導体クラスターは、前記多孔性半導体層の上の不連続な多孔性範囲を有する、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目16)
導体層は複数のナノスケールのクラスターを備える、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目17)
前記ナノスケールのクラスターが触媒を備える、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目18)
電気的に直列に、電気的に並列に、または直列および並列の組合せで接続される、1以上のエネルギー変換デバイスを備える、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換システム。
(項目19)
熱的に直列に、熱的に並列に、または直列および並列の組合せで接続される1以上のエネルギー変換デバイスを備える、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換システム。
(項目20)
トンネリング寸法よりも大きい寸法を有する1以上のエネルギー変換デバイスの活性表面上にバスバーを備える、項目1に記載のエネルギー変換システム。
(項目21)
第1の電極と、
前記第1の電極に接続された基板と、
前記基板の上に配置され、半導体回路網を形成するナノ設計構造を有する多孔性半導体層と、
前記多孔性半導体層の少なくとも一部の上の多孔性導体材料であって、前記多孔性導体材料の少なくともいくらかが絡み合い領域を形成するために前記多孔性半導体層の前記ナノ設計構造に入る、多孔性導体材料と、
第2の電極であって、多孔性導体材料および多孔性半導体層の間の、電位差が前記第1の電極と第2の電極との間に形成される、第2の電極と、
固体発電機から熱を除去するヒートシンクであって、周囲温度よりも高いヒートシンク温度を有するヒートシンクと、を含む、光起電力エネルギーを電気に変換するためのエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目22)
前記基板は三次元表面を形成するためにパターン化され、それによって発電/変換のための増加した固体接合の面積を提供する、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目23)
前記多孔性半導体層はナノワイヤーが形成されるようにパターン化される、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目24)
前記基板は山部と谷部が形成されるようにテクスチャー化される、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目25)
前記基板と前記多孔性半導体層との間に非孔質半導体層をさらに含む、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目26)
前記基板自体は二次元であり平面である、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目27)
前記基板自体は三次元であり内面および外面を備える、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目28)
前記基板はリジッドである、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目29)
前記基板はフレキシブルである、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目30)
前記基板は折り畳み可能である、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目31)
前記ヒートシンクは前記多孔性半導体層または前記基板に接続されてもよい、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目32)
固体接合はショットキーダイオードである、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目33)
固体接合はp−n接合である、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
(項目34)
固体接合は導体−誘電体、誘電体−誘電体、導体−誘電体−導体、または誘電体−導体−誘電体接合である、項目21に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
Claims (20)
- 第1の電極と、
前記第1の電極上に設けられる基板と、
前記基板上に設けられ、半導体網目構造を形成するナノ設計構造を有する、多孔性半導体層と、
前記多孔性半導体層の少なくとも一部の上の多孔性触媒材料であって、前記多孔性触媒材料が燃料及び酸化剤に接触し、前記多孔性触媒材料の少なくともいくらかが絡み合い領域を形成するために前記多孔性半導体層の前記ナノ設計構造に入り、前記多孔性触媒材料と前記多孔性半導体層とが固体接合を形成している、多孔性触媒材料と、
前記多孔性触媒材料上に設けられる第2の電極と、
固体発電機から熱を除去するヒートシンクであって、周囲温度よりも高いヒートシンク温度を有するヒートシンクと、を備え、
前記多孔性触媒材料からの電子は、前記多孔性半導体層の伝導帯に弾道的に注入され、
前記燃料、前記酸化剤及び前記多孔性触媒材料の間の化学反応中に電位差が前記第1の電極と第2の電極との間の前記固体接合に形成され、
前記多孔性触媒材料からの前記電子は、前記第1の電極に移動し、前記多孔性触媒材料に戻る前に前記第1の電極から前記第2の電極まで外部回路内を移動する、化学エネルギーを電気に変換するためのエネルギー変換デバイス。 - 前記基板は三次元表面を形成するためにパターン化され、それによって化学反応のための増加した表面積を提供する、請求項1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記多孔性半導体層はナノワイヤーが形成されるようにパターン化される、請求項1又は2に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記基板は山部と谷部とが形成されるようにテクスチャー化される、請求項1に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記基板と前記多孔性半導体層との間に非孔質半導体層をさらに含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記基板自体は二次元であり平面である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記基板自体は三次元であり内面および外面を備える、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記基板はリジッドである、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記基板はフレキシブルである、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記基板は折り畳み可能である、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記固体接合はショットキーダイオードである、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記固体接合はp−n接合である、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記固体接合は導体−誘電体、誘電体−誘電体、導体−誘電体−導体、または誘電体−導体−誘電体接合である、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記多孔性半導体層は、結晶、多結晶、または多孔性のTiO2、SrTiO3、BaTiO3、Sr_x−Ba_y−TiO_z、炭化ホウ素、LiNiO、Al2O3、ZnO、およびLaSrVO3、ならびにPTCDA、すなわち、3,4,9,10−ペリレンテトラカルボン酸−二無水物を含む有機半導体からなる材料の群から選択される半導体材料を備える、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記多孔性触媒材料は、前記多孔性半導体層の上の不連続な多孔性範囲を有するナノスケールの導体クラスターである、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記多孔性触媒材料は複数のナノスケールのクラスターを備える、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 前記ナノスケールのクラスターが触媒を備える、請求項16に記載のエネルギー変換デバイス。
- 電気的に直列に、電気的に並列に、または直列および並列の組合せで接続される、1以上の請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイスを備える、エネルギー変換システム。
- 熱的に直列に、熱的に並列に、または直列および並列の組合せで接続される1以上の請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイスを備える、エネルギー変換システム。
- トンネリング寸法よりも大きい寸法を有する1以上の請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載のエネルギー変換デバイスの活性表面上にバスバーを備える、エネルギー変換システム。
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