JP6465094B2 - Pneumatic tire - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire.

  As a conventional pneumatic tire which arrange | positions a rubber layer around a bead core, there exist some which are described in patent document 1-patent document 5, for example.

JP-A-60-124511 Japanese Patent No. 4244135 JP 2001-191754 A JP-A-10-230715 Japanese Patent No. 3274158

  By the way, some heavy-duty pneumatic tires used for trucks, buses and the like can regenerate the tread portion and reuse the tires other than the tread portion. In such a base tire, an event occurs in which the bead toe portion is lifted outward in the tire radial direction after being removed from the rim after the primary travel before replacement. The base tire in which this event has occurred is judged to be unable to be rehabilitated because it is difficult to inflate when the tread portion is rehabilitated and the merchantability is impaired.

  This invention is made | formed in view of the above, Comprising: It aims at providing the pneumatic tire which can prevent the bead toe part from rising.

  In order to solve the above-described problems and achieve the object, a pneumatic tire according to one aspect of the present invention is formed by a pair of bead wires wound around the tire circumferential direction and disposed on both sides in the tire width direction. A bead core; a carcass layer with each end folded back to each bead core; a containing member that fills the folded inner side of the carcass layer and includes the bead core; and a folded outer surface of the carcass layer. A steel cord reinforcement layer disposed adjacent to the outer surface of the steel cord reinforcement layer, and a bead base portion that is provided adjacent to an outer surface of the bead portion in the tire radial direction and an outer end in the tire width direction of the bead base portion. And a rim cushion rubber that forms a bead outer surface portion that outlines an outer surface in the tire width direction of the bead portion continuously through the intersection. In the meridional section not attached to the rim, a first line segment that is parallel to a tire radial direction innermost base of the bead core and passes an outer protruding point of the bead core in the tire width direction, and A second line segment orthogonal to the first line segment at the position of the outer protrusion point, and a third line segment orthogonal to the first line segment and passing through the intersection of the rim cushion rubber are defined, and The distance A between the second line segment and the third line segment is 2.0 mm or greater and 4.0 mm or less, and the shortest distance B between the inner projecting point on the innermost side in the tire width direction of the bead core and the carcass cord of the carcass layer is 0. 0.6 mm or more and 1.4 mm or less, and the shortest distance C between the innermost end in the tire width direction of the bottom of the bead core and the carcass cord of the carcass layer is 1.2 mm or more and 2.2 mm or less.

  According to this pneumatic tire, by setting the shortest distance B to 0.6 mm or more and the shortest distance C to 1.2 mm or more, excessive restraint of the carcass layer is eased during vulcanization for forming the pneumatic tire. For this reason, the pressure to the tire width direction outer side which acts on a bead core at the time of vulcanization | cure is reduced, and it can suppress that a bead core is pressed by the bead heel part side. As a result, the bead core can be disposed closer to the bead toe part. On the other hand, when the shortest distance B exceeds 1.4 mm and the shortest distance C exceeds 2.2 mm, the restraining force of the carcass layer is suddenly reduced, which may induce cracks from the folded outer edge portion of the carcass layer. This is not preferable. And by making distance A into 2.0 mm or more, a bead core is arrange | positioned near a bead toe part and the lift of a bead toe part can be prevented. In addition, by setting the distance A to 4.0 mm or less, an excessive increase in the volume of the rubber existing between the bead core and the steel cord reinforcement layer on the outer side in the tire width direction is suppressed, so that the heat generation in the bead portion can be prevented. Can be suppressed to a predetermined range.

  In order to solve the above-described problems and achieve the object, a pneumatic tire according to one aspect of the present invention is formed by a pair of bead wires wound around the tire circumferential direction and disposed on both sides in the tire width direction. A bead core; a carcass layer with each end folded back to each bead core; a containing member that fills the folded inner side of the carcass layer and includes the bead core; and a folded outer surface of the carcass layer. A steel cord reinforcing layer disposed at the same time, at least one organic fiber reinforcing layer provided along the outer surface of the steel cord reinforcing layer, and adjacent to the outer surface of the organic fiber reinforcing layer. A bead base portion defining the inner surface in the tire radial direction and a tread in the bead portion continuously through an intersection at the tire width direction outer end of the bead base portion. A rim cushion rubber that forms a bead outer surface portion that outlines the outer surface in the width direction, and in a meridional section that is not attached to the rim, is parallel to the innermost base of the bead core in the tire radial direction, A first line segment that passes through the outermost protruding point at the outermost side of the bead core in the tire width direction, a second line segment that is orthogonal to the first line segment at the position of the outer protruding point, and a right angle to the first line segment. And a third line segment passing through the intersection of the rim cushion rubber is defined, the number n of the organic fiber reinforcing layers is 1 or more and 3 or less, and the thickness d per one of the organic fiber reinforcing layers is 0 When the distance is 0.7 mm or more and 1.2 mm or less, the distance A between the second line segment and the third line segment is n × d + 2.0 mm or more and n × d + 4.0 mm or less, and the bead core is located on the innermost side in the tire width direction. Inward protruding point and the carcass layer The shortest distance B with the carcass cord is 0.6 mm or more and 1.4 mm or less, and the shortest distance C between the innermost end in the tire width direction at the bottom of the bead core and the carcass cord of the carcass layer is 1.2 mm or more and 2.2 mm. It is as follows.

  According to this pneumatic tire, by setting the shortest distance B to 0.6 mm or more and the shortest distance C to 1.2 mm or more, excessive restraint of the carcass layer is eased during vulcanization for forming the pneumatic tire. For this reason, the pressure to the tire width direction outer side which acts on a bead core at the time of vulcanization | cure is reduced, and it can suppress that a bead core is pressed by the bead heel part side. As a result, the bead core can be disposed closer to the bead toe part. On the other hand, when the shortest distance B exceeds 1.4 mm and the shortest distance C exceeds 2.2 mm, the restraining force of the carcass layer is suddenly reduced, which may induce cracks from the folded outer edge portion of the carcass layer. This is not preferable. And by making distance A into nxd + 2.0 mm or more, a bead core is arrange | positioned near a bead toe part and the bead toe part can be prevented from rising. In addition, by setting the distance A to n × d + 4.0 mm or less, the excessive increase in the volume of the rubber existing between the bead core and the steel cord reinforcing layer on the outer side in the tire width direction is suppressed, thereby generating heat at the bead portion. It can be suppressed to a predetermined range without failure.

  In the pneumatic tire according to one aspect of the present invention, the inclusion member is provided along a bead cover layer that covers the bead core and an inner surface of the carcass layer adjacent to the outer surface of the bead cover layer. A filler cover layer, and the filler cover layer is provided to extend along the carcass layer on the outer side in the tire radial direction beyond a range of 15 mm or more centered on the inner protruding point of the bead core. The rubber layer constituting the filler cover layer preferably has a JIS-A hardness of 68 or more and 76 or less, and is preferably lower than the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the bead cover layer.

  According to this pneumatic tire, by arranging the filler cover layer, the effect of relaxing the restraint of the carcass layer can be significantly obtained. As a result, the bead core can be disposed closer to the bead toe portion, and the distance A can be secured. If the rubber layer constituting the filler cover layer has a JIS-A hardness of 68 or more, excessive rubber flow can be suppressed during vulcanization, and as a result, the bead core can be disposed closer to the bead toe part. . On the other hand, by setting the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the filler cover layer to 76 or less, it is possible to ensure the action of relaxing the restraining force of the carcass layer during vulcanization, and as a result, the bead core is removed from the bead toe. It can be arranged closer to the part. In addition, the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer composing the filler cover layer is made lower (softer) than the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer composing the bead cover layer, thereby reducing the binding force of the carcass layer during vulcanization. It is possible to achieve both the effect of suppressing the excessive rubber flow.

  In the pneumatic tire according to one aspect of the present invention, the inclusion member is provided along a bead cover layer that covers the bead core and an inner surface of the carcass layer adjacent to the outer surface of the bead cover layer. A filler cover layer, wherein one of the filler cover layer or the bead cover layer has a two-layer structure in which a rubber layer and a nylon reinforcing layer are laminated, and the thickness of the rubber layer forming the shortest distance B is It is preferable that it is 0.5 mm or more.

  According to this pneumatic tire, one of the filler cover layer and the bead cover layer has a two-layer structure in which a rubber layer and a nylon reinforcing layer are laminated to ensure the shortest distances B and C without deteriorating heat generation. can do. And since the thickness of the rubber layer which makes the shortest distance B is 0.5 mm or more, the effect | action which relieve | moderates the restraint force of the carcass layer at the time of vulcanization can fully be ensured, As a result, a bead core is bead toe It can be arranged closer to the part.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to prevent the bead toe from being lifted.

FIG. 1 is a meridional cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of the pneumatic tire according to the first embodiment. FIG. 2 is a detailed view of a portion Z in FIG. FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a part of FIG. FIG. 4 is a detailed view of the bead core. FIG. 5 is a meridional cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of the pneumatic tire according to the second embodiment. FIG. 6 is a detailed view of a portion Z in FIG. FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a part of FIG. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the results of a performance test of the pneumatic tire according to the example of the first embodiment. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating the results of a performance test of a pneumatic tire according to an example of the second embodiment.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Moreover, the component demonstrated by the following embodiment can be combined and it is also possible not to use a one part component.

  In the following description, the tire width direction refers to the direction parallel to the tire rotation axis of the pneumatic tire, the tire width direction inner side refers to the direction toward the tire equatorial plane in the tire width direction, and the tire width direction outer side. Means the direction away from the tire equatorial plane in the tire width direction. Further, the tire radial direction means a direction orthogonal to the tire rotation axis, the tire radial direction inner side means a direction toward the tire rotation axis in the tire radial direction, and the tire radial direction outer side means a tire in the tire radial direction. The direction away from the rotation axis. Further, the tire circumferential direction refers to a direction rotating around the tire rotation axis.

  The tire equator plane is a plane perpendicular to the tire rotation axis and passing through the center in the tire width direction, and the tire equator line is a center line where the tire equator plane and the surface of the tread portion of the pneumatic tire intersect.

  The pneumatic tire 1 in the present embodiment is a tubeless tire. Moreover, the pneumatic tire 1 in this embodiment is a heavy duty pneumatic tire mounted on a truck and a bus. Truck and bus tires (pneumatic tires for heavy loads) are defined in Chapter C of “JAMATY YEAR BOOK” issued by the Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association (JATMA). The tire that is used. The pneumatic tire 1 may be mounted on a passenger car or a small truck.

[Embodiment 1]
FIG. 1 is a meridional cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of the pneumatic tire according to the first embodiment. The meridional section refers to a section passing through the tire rotation axis.

  The pneumatic tire 1 shown in FIG. 1 has a tread portion 2 disposed in the outermost portion in the tire radial direction when viewed in a meridional section. A surface of the tread portion 2, that is, a portion that comes into contact with the road surface when the vehicle on which the pneumatic tire 1 is mounted is formed as a tread surface 3. A plurality of circumferential main grooves 15 extending in the tire circumferential direction are formed in the tread surface 3 in the tire width direction. Although not shown in the drawing, a plurality of lug grooves extending in the direction intersecting the circumferential main groove 15 may be formed on the tread surface 3 in the tire circumferential direction. A plurality of land portions 10 are defined on the tread surface 3 by the plurality of circumferential main grooves 15 and lug grooves. The number of circumferential main grooves 15, the distance between the lug grooves in the tire circumferential direction, the length and angle of the lug grooves, the width and depth of each groove, and the like are preferably set as appropriate. That is, the so-called tread pattern formed on the tread surface 3 is preferably set as appropriate.

  Both ends of the tread portion 2 in the tire width direction are formed as shoulder portions 4, and sidewall portions 5 are disposed from the shoulder portion 4 to a predetermined position inside the tire radial direction. That is, the sidewall portions 5 are disposed at two locations on both sides of the pneumatic tire 1 in the tire width direction.

  Further, bead portions 20 are located on the inner side in the tire radial direction of the respective sidewall portions 5. The bead portion 20 is disposed at two locations on both sides of the tire equatorial plane CL, as with the sidewall portion 5. That is, the pair of bead portions 20 are disposed on both sides of the tire equatorial plane CL in the tire width direction. Each of the pair of bead portions 20 is provided with a bead core 21. The bead core 21 is formed by winding a bead wire 21A (see FIG. 4), which is a steel wire, in a ring shape.

  The bead portion 20 is configured to be attached to a specified rim having a 15 ° taper. The specified rim here refers to “applied rim” defined in JATMA, “Design Rim” defined in TRA, or “Measuring Rim” defined in ETRTO. That is, the pneumatic tire 1 according to the present embodiment can be attached to a specified rim in which a portion fitted with the bead portion 20 is inclined at an inclination angle of 15 [°] with respect to the rotation axis.

  A belt layer 7 is provided on the inner side in the tire radial direction of the tread portion 2. The belt layer 7 has, for example, a multilayer structure in which four layers of belts 71, 72, 73, and 74 are laminated. The belts 71, 72, 73, and 74 are configured by rolling a plurality of belt cords made of steel with coating rubber. Further, the inclination angle of the belts 71, 72, 73, 74 with respect to the tire circumferential direction is set in a range of 15 ° to 70 °, for example. A part of the plurality of belt layers 7 is arranged such that the belt cords intersect between the layers. The belt cords cross between the second and third belts 72 and 73 from the tire inner circumference side that function as a strength layer, and between the first and second belts 71 and 72 from the tire inner circumference side. The belt cord is inclined in the same direction, and the belt cord is also inclined in the same direction between the belts 73 and 74 of the third layer and the fourth layer from the tire inner peripheral side.

  A carcass layer 6 containing a radial ply cord is continuously provided inside the belt layer 7 in the tire radial direction and inside the sidewall portion 5. The carcass layer 6 is supported by a pair of bead cores 21. The carcass layer 6 has a single-layer structure composed of a single carcass ply, and is spanned in a toroidal manner in the tire circumferential direction between bead cores 21 disposed on both sides in the tire width direction, and the framework of the pneumatic tire 1. Configure. Specifically, the carcass layer 6 is disposed from one bead portion 20 to the other bead portion 20 of the pair of bead portions 20 located on both sides in the tire width direction, and the bead portion so as to wrap the bead core 21. 20 is wound back along the bead core 21 outward in the tire width direction. That is, the carcass layer 6 is folded around the bead core 21 at the bead portion 20 so as to be disposed from the inner side in the tire width direction of the bead core 21 to the outer side in the tire width direction of the bead core 21. ing. The carcass ply of the carcass layer 6 arranged in this way is formed by rolling a carcass cord 6A (see FIG. 4) made of steel with a coat rubber.

  In the following description, a portion of the carcass layer 6 of the bead portion 20 that is folded back by the bead core 21 that is disposed on the inner side in the tire width direction than the bead core 21 is appropriately referred to as a main body portion 61, and is folded by the bead core 21. A portion that is formed and disposed outside the bead core 21 in the tire width direction is appropriately referred to as a folded portion 62.

  An inner liner 8 is formed along the carcass layer 6 on the inner side of the carcass layer 6 or on the inner side of the carcass layer 6 in the pneumatic tire 1. The inner liner 8 is the inner surface of the tire, that is, the inner peripheral surface of the carcass layer 6, and both end portions in the tire width direction reach the lower part of the bead core 21 and the bead toe of the pair of bead portions 20, and a toroidal shape in the tire circumferential direction. It is hung around and pasted. The inner liner 8 is for suppressing the permeation of air molecules and does not have a cord.

  FIG. 2 is a detailed view of a portion Z in FIG. A steel cord reinforcing layer 35 made of a steel cord is disposed in a portion of the carcass layer 6 that is folded around the bead core 21. The steel cord reinforcing layer 35 is disposed adjacent to the outer surface of the carcass layer 6 folded back by the bead core 21 and reinforces the carcass layer 6. The steel cord reinforcing layer 35 is disposed to overlap the carcass layer 6 outside the folded portion 62 of the carcass layer 6, and is folded around the bead core 21 from the inner side in the tire width direction to the outer side like the carcass layer 6. It is continuously arranged in the direction. In other words, the steel cord reinforcing layer 35 is located on the inner side in the tire width direction of the carcass layer 6 in the portion where the carcass layer 6 is located on the inner side in the tire width direction than the bead core 21. The portion located outside in the direction is located outside the carcass layer 6 in the tire width direction.

  The bead core 21 formed by winding the bead wire 21A (see FIG. 4) in a ring shape has a substantially hexagonal cross-sectional shape when viewed in the meridian cross section. Specifically, the bead core 21 is inclined in a direction toward the inner side in the tire radial direction, with the bottom side 22 serving as the inner side surface in the tire radial direction and the upper side 23 serving as the outer side surface in the tire radial direction from the outer side in the tire width direction toward the inner side. It is formed substantially parallel to the direction. Further, the bead core 21 has outer bottom ends 22B and upper outer corners 23B on the outer ends in the tire width direction on the bottom side 22 and the upper side 23, respectively, and protrudes from the outer corners 22B and 23B to positions outside in the tire width direction. A protruding corner 24 is provided. Further, the bead core 21 has inner ends protruding inward in the tire width direction from these inner corner portions 22A and 23A, with the inner ends of the bottom side 22 and the upper side 23 in the tire width direction inside as bottom inner corner portions 22A and upper inner corner portions 23A, respectively. A protruding corner 25 is provided. Thereby, the bead core 21 is formed in the substantially hexagonal cross-sectional shape. The bottom side 22 is a surface of the bead core 21 facing the inside in the tire radial direction, and the top side 23 is the surface of the bead core 21 facing the outside in the tire radial direction.

  In the present embodiment, in the meridional section of the pneumatic tire 1, among the six sides of the substantially hexagonal bead core 21, the bottom side 22 and the top side 23 are formed long. Either of the bottom side 22 and the top side 23 may be the longest.

  Further, the bead base portion 26 that is the inner peripheral surface of the bead portion 20 is inclined in the direction toward the inner side in the tire radial direction from the outer side in the tire width direction toward the inner side in the same manner as the bottom side 22 and the upper side 23 of the bead core 21. Yes. The inner peripheral surface of the bead portion 20 is a surface of the bead portion 20 that faces the inner side in the tire radial direction and forms a contour on the inner side in the tire radial direction. That is, in the bead base portion 26, the bead toe portion 28, which is the tip portion on the inner side in the tire width direction of the bead base portion 26, is located on the inner side in the tire radial direction than the bead heel portion 27 that is the outer end portion in the tire width direction. It is inclined in the direction to do. The bead base portion 26 is provided as a fitting portion that fits into the specified rim and contacts the specified rim when the pneumatic tire 1 according to the present embodiment is mounted on the specified rim.

  The bead base portion 26 includes a rim cushion rubber 29. The rim cushion rubber 29 is a rubber layer that constitutes a contact surface with respect to the specified rim, which is disposed on the inner side in the tire radial direction and the outer side in the tire width direction of the bead core 21 and the folded portion 62. The bead base portion 26 is formed by a rim cushion rubber 29.

  Moreover, in the bead part 20, the bead outer surface part 40 is curved and formed in a direction that protrudes outward in the tire width direction. In other words, the bead outer surface portion 40, which is the surface exposed to the outside air in the pneumatic tire 1, is curved in a direction that protrudes outward in the tire width direction at the bead portion 20 portion. A bead heel portion 27 that is an outer end in the tire width direction of the bead base portion 26 is an intersection H between the bead outer surface portion 40 and the bead base portion 26.

  Moreover, in the bead part 20, the tire inner surface 50 is curved and formed in a direction that protrudes inward in the tire width direction. In other words, the tire inner surface 50, which is a surface on the air filled side in the pneumatic tire 1, is curved in a direction that protrudes inward in the tire width direction at the bead portion 20. A bead toe portion 28, which is the other end portion of the bead base portion 26, is an intersection of the tire inner surface 50 and the bead base portion 26.

  In addition, in the bead portion 20, an inclusion member 30 that is filled at least partially between the main body portion 61 and the folded portion 62 in the carcass layer 6 and includes the bead core 21 is provided. The inclusion member 30 is mainly composed of a bead rubber layer K called a bead filler. The bead rubber layer K has an inner side in the tire width direction along the main body portion 61 of the carcass layer 6 and an outer side in the tire width direction on the outer side in the tire radial direction than the outer edge portion 62E facing the outer side in the tire radial direction of the folded portion 62 of the carcass layer 6. It extends and is arranged in the bead part 20.

  The outer surface of the bead rubber layer K in the tire width direction, the outer edge portion 62E facing the outer side in the tire radial direction of the folded portion 62, and the outer edge portion 35Ea facing the outer side in the tire radial direction of the steel cord reinforcing layer 35 The reinforcing rubber layer S is disposed in the bead portion 20 adjacent to the. In the meridional section, the reinforcing rubber layer S is provided to extend in the tire radial direction along the outer surface of the bead rubber layer K in the tire width direction. The reinforced rubber layer S has a JIA-A hardness higher than the JIA-A hardness of the bead rubber layer K and lower than the JIA-A hardness of the coat rubber of the carcass layer 6 and the steel cord reinforcing layer 35. When the bead rubber layer K is composed of two layers, the JIA-A hardness of the reinforcing rubber layer S is higher than the hardness of the bead rubber layer K on the side adjacent to the reinforcing rubber layer S. The JIA-A hardness is a value measured with a type A durometer in accordance with JISK6253-3: 2012.

  The outer edge portion 62E of the folded portion 62 is disposed on the outer side in the tire radial direction than the outer edge portion 35Ea of the steel cord reinforcing layer 35. The outer edge portion SE of the reinforcing rubber layer S is disposed on the outer side in the tire radial direction with respect to the outer edge portion 62E of the folded portion 62. Further, the inner edge portion 35Eb facing the outer side in the tire radial direction on the inner side in the tire width direction of the steel cord reinforcing layer 35 is disposed on the outer side in the tire radial direction with respect to the outer edge portion 35Ea, and ends in the middle of the main body portion 61 of the carcass layer 6. doing.

  FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a part of FIG. FIG. 4 is a detailed view of the bead core. Hereinafter, reference values such as dimensions of components of the bead portion 20 according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. The specified values described below are specified values in a state where the pneumatic tire 1 is not mounted on the specified rim. That is, the specified value is a specified value of the pneumatic tire 1 in a posture before being assembled to the specified rim, in other words, a specified value in a meridional section of the pneumatic tire 1 after vulcanization molding by a mold.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the first line segment D, the second line segment F, and the third line segment J are defined in the meridional section of the bead portion 20. The first line segment D is a straight line that is parallel to the innermost base 22 in the tire radial direction of the bead core 21 and passes through the outer protruding point E on the outermost side of the bead core 21 in the tire width direction. The second line segment F is a straight line orthogonal to the first line segment D at the position of the outer protrusion point E. The third line segment J is a straight line that passes through the intersection H of the rim cushion rubber 29 perpendicular to the first line segment D.

  The intersection H of the rim cushion rubber 29 corresponds to the bead heel portion 27 formed by the rim cushion rubber 29 described above, as shown in FIG. More specifically, the intersection H is defined by the side P existing on the outer side in the tire width direction of the bead base portion 26 that forms the contour of the inner surface in the tire radial direction of the bead portion 20 and the tire of the bead portion 20 more than the bead base portion 26. This is a point where the curve G formed by the bead outer surface portion 40 which is the outer side in the width direction and forms the outline of the outer side surface in the tire width direction intersects.

  The bottom side 22 of the bead core 21 corresponds to the inner surface in the tire radial direction of the bead core 21 as described above. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 4, the bottom side 22 of the bead wire 21 </ b> A that forms the bead core 21, the bead wire 21Ac that is located on the innermost side in the tire width direction and the innermost side in the tire radial direction, and the outermost side in the tire width direction and the tire radial direction. This is a common tangent with the bead wire 21Ad located on the innermost side. Therefore, the first line segment D is a straight line parallel to the tangent line.

  Further, the outer protrusion point E corresponds to the outer protrusion corner portion 24 described above. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 4, the outer protrusion point E is a point of the outermost contour in the tire width direction of the bead wire 21 </ b> Aa located on the outermost side in the tire width direction in the bead wire 21 </ b> A forming the bead core 21. Accordingly, the first line segment D is a straight line passing through the center of the bead wire 21Aa, and the second line segment F is a tangent line of the outline of the bead wire 21Aa.

  In the present embodiment, the distance A between the second line segment F and the third line segment J is 2.0 mm or greater and 4.0 mm or less.

  In the present embodiment, the shortest distance B between the inner projecting point Q on the innermost side in the tire width direction of the bead core 21 and the carcass cord 6A of the carcass layer 6 is 0.6 mm or more and 1.4 mm or less. The inner protruding point Q corresponds to the inner protruding corner portion 25 described above. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 4, the inner protrusion point Q is a point of the innermost contour in the tire width direction of the bead wire 21 </ b> Ab located on the innermost side in the tire width direction in the bead wire 21 </ b> A forming the bead core 21. Therefore, the shortest distance B is the closest distance between the contour of the bead wire 21Ab and the carcass cord 6A.

  In the present embodiment, the shortest distance C between the tire width direction innermost end R of the bottom 22 of the bead core 21 and the carcass cord 6A of the carcass layer 6 is 1.2 mm or more and 2.2 mm or less. The innermost end R in the tire width direction of the bottom side 22 is a point of the outline of the bead wire 21Ac that forms the bottom side 22, as shown in FIG. Therefore, the shortest distance C is the closest distance between the contour of the bead wire 21Ac and the carcass cord 6A.

  As described above, the pneumatic tire 1 of the present embodiment includes a pair of bead cores 21 that are formed by winding a plurality of bead wires 21A in the tire circumferential direction and arranged on both sides in the tire width direction, and end portions on each bead core 21. Folded carcass layer 6, containing member 30 containing bead core 21 filled inside folded carcass layer 6, and steel cord reinforcing layer disposed adjacent to the folded outer surface of carcass layer 6 35 and a bead base portion 26 which is provided adjacent to the outer surface of the steel cord reinforcing layer 35 and forms the contour of the inner surface in the tire radial direction of the bead portion 20, and an outer end in the tire width direction of the bead base portion 26 via an intersection H. And a rim cushion rubber 29 that forms a bead outer surface portion 40 that continuously outlines the outer surface of the bead portion 20 in the tire width direction, In a meridional section in a state where the bead core 21 is not mounted, a first line segment D that is parallel to the innermost base 22 in the tire radial direction of the bead core 21 and passes through the outer protruding point E on the outermost side in the tire width direction of the bead core 21; The second line segment F orthogonal to the first line segment D at the position of the outer protrusion point E and the third line segment J orthogonal to the first line segment D and passing through the intersection H of the rim cushion rubber 29 are defined. The distance A between the second line segment F and the third line segment J is not less than 2.0 mm and not more than 4.0 mm, and the inner protruding point Q on the innermost side in the tire width direction of the bead core 21 and the carcass cord 6A of the carcass layer 6 The shortest distance B between the innermost end R in the tire width direction of the bottom 22 of the bead core 21 and the carcass cord 6A of the carcass layer 6 is 1.2 mm or more. 2 mm or less.

  According to this pneumatic tire 1, by setting the shortest distance B to 0.6 mm or more and the shortest distance C to 1.2 mm or more, the carcass layer 6 is excessively restrained during vulcanization for forming the pneumatic tire 1. ease. For this reason, the pressure to the tire width direction outer side which acts on the bead core 21 at the time of vulcanization | cure is reduced, and it can suppress that the bead core 21 is pressed by the bead heel part 27 side. As a result, the bead core 21 can be disposed closer to the bead toe portion 28. On the other hand, when the shortest distance B exceeds 1.4 mm and the shortest distance C exceeds 2.2 mm, the restraining force of the carcass layer 6 is sharply reduced. Since there is a possibility of inducing, it is not preferable. By setting the distance A to 2.0 mm or more, the bead core 21 is disposed closer to the bead toe portion 28, and the bead toe portion 28 can be prevented from being lifted. Further, by setting the distance A to 4.0 mm or less, an excessive increase in the volume of the rubber existing between the bead core 21 and the steel cord reinforcing layer 35 on the outer side in the tire width direction is suppressed, thereby generating heat in the bead portion 20. Can be kept within a predetermined range without failure.

  Further, in the pneumatic tire 1 of the present embodiment, the inclusion member 30 includes the bead cover layer L covering the bead core 21 and the carcass layer 6 while adjoining the outer surface of the bead cover layer L as shown in FIG. A filler cover layer M provided along the inner surface, and the filler cover layer M is formed on the carcass layer 6 on the outer side in the tire radial direction beyond a range X of 15 mm or more centering on the inner protrusion point Q of the bead core 21. The rubber layer constituting the filler cover layer M has a JIS-A hardness of 68 or more and 76 or less, and is lower than the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the bead cover layer L. preferable.

  The JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer is a value measured with a type A durometer in accordance with JIS K6253-3: 2012.

  According to the pneumatic tire 1, by arranging the filler cover layer M, the effect of relaxing the restraint of the carcass layer 6 can be significantly obtained. As a result, the bead core 21 can be disposed closer to the bead toe portion 28, and the distance A can be secured. And if the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer which comprises the filler cover layer M is 68 or more, an excessive rubber flow can be suppressed at the time of vulcanization, As a result, the bead core 21 is arrange | positioned near the bead toe part 28. be able to. On the other hand, by setting the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the filler cover layer M to 76 or less, it is possible to ensure the action of relaxing the restraining force of the carcass layer 6 during vulcanization. As a result, the bead core 21 can be disposed closer to the bead toe portion 28. Further, the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the filler cover layer M is made lower (softer) than the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the bead cover layer L, thereby restraining the carcass layer 6 during vulcanization. The action of relaxing the force and the action of suppressing excessive rubber flow can be achieved at the same time.

  In the pneumatic tire 1 of the present embodiment, one of the filler cover layer M and the bead cover layer L has a two-layer structure in which a rubber layer and a nylon reinforcing layer are laminated, and the thickness of the rubber layer that forms the shortest distance B Is preferably 0.5 mm or more.

  The nylon reinforcing layer is formed by arranging nylon fibers in parallel in a rubber layer. The rubber layer includes a single rubber layer or a rubber layer containing short fibers.

  According to the pneumatic tire 1, one of the filler cover layer M and the bead cover layer L has a two-layer structure in which a rubber layer and a nylon reinforcing layer are laminated, so that the shortest distance B, C can be secured. And since the thickness of the rubber layer which makes the shortest distance B is 0.5 mm or more, the effect | action which relieve | moderates the restraining force of the carcass layer 6 at the time of vulcanization can fully be ensured, As a result, the bead core 21 Can be disposed closer to the bead toe portion 28.

[Embodiment 2]
FIG. 5 is a meridional cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of the pneumatic tire according to the second embodiment. FIG. 6 is a detailed view of a portion Z in FIG. FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a part of FIG.

  The second embodiment is different from the first embodiment described above in having an organic fiber reinforcing layer 9, and the other configurations are the same. Therefore, in the following description of the second embodiment, the same parts as those of the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof is omitted.

  The organic fiber reinforcing layer 9 is called a nylon chafer and is provided on the outer side in the tire width direction than the folded portion 62 of the carcass layer 6. The organic fiber reinforcing layer 9 includes an inner reinforcing layer 91 disposed so as to be adjacent to the steel cord reinforcing layer 35 and an outer reinforcing layer 92 disposed so as to be adjacent to the outer surface of the inner reinforcing layer 91.

  The inner reinforcing layer 91 is disposed to overlap the steel cord reinforcing layer 35 on the outer side in the tire width direction of the portion of the steel cord reinforcing layer 35 that is folded back along the carcass layer 6. Similar to the layer 35, it is folded around the bead core 21 from the inner side in the tire width direction to the outer side and continuously arranged in the tire circumferential direction.

  The outer reinforcing layer 92 is disposed to overlap the inner reinforcing layer 91 on the outer side in the tire width direction of the portion that is folded back on the inner reinforcing layer 91, and includes the carcass layer 6, the steel cord reinforcing layer 35, and the inner reinforcing layer 91. Similarly, it is folded around the bead core 21 from the inner side in the tire width direction to the outer side and continuously arranged in the tire circumferential direction.

  The outer edge portions 91Ea and 92Ea facing the outer side in the tire radial direction of the outer surface in the tire width direction of the bead rubber layer K and the inner surface in the tire width direction of the organic fiber reinforcing layer 9, and the outer side in the tire radial direction of the folded portion 62 The reinforcing rubber layer S is disposed in the bead portion 20 adjacent to the outer edge portion 62E facing the outer edge portion 35Ea and the outer edge portion 35Ea facing the outer side in the tire radial direction on the outer side in the tire width direction of the steel cord reinforcing layer 35. In the meridional section, the reinforcing rubber layer S is provided to extend in the tire radial direction along the outer surface of the bead rubber layer K in the tire width direction. The JIA-A hardness of the reinforcing rubber layer S is higher than the hardness of the bead rubber layer K and lower than the JIA-A hardness of the coat rubber of the carcass layer 6 and the steel cord reinforcing layer 35. When the bead rubber layer K is composed of two layers, the JIA-A hardness of the reinforcing rubber layer S is higher than the hardness of the bead rubber layer K on the side adjacent to the reinforcing rubber layer S. The JIA-A hardness is a value measured with a type A durometer in accordance with JISK6253-3: 2012.

  The outer edge portions 91Ea and 92Ea of the organic fiber reinforcing layer 9 are arranged on the outer side in the tire width direction with respect to the folded portion 62 (outer edge portion 62E) of the carcass layer 6, and the tire diameter is larger than the folded portion 62 of the carcass layer 6. It is arranged outside in the direction. Inner edge portions 91Eb and 92Eb facing the outer side in the tire radial direction on the inner side in the tire width direction of the organic fiber reinforcing layer 9 are arranged on the inner side in the tire radial direction with respect to the outer edge portion 35Ea, and terminate in the middle of the steel cord reinforcing layer 35. Yes.

  As described above, the pneumatic tire 1 of the present embodiment includes a pair of bead cores 21 that are formed by winding a plurality of bead wires 21A in the tire circumferential direction and arranged on both sides in the tire width direction, and end portions on each bead core 21. Folded carcass layer 6, containing member 30 containing bead core 21 filled inside folded carcass layer 6, and steel cord reinforcing layer disposed adjacent to the folded outer surface of carcass layer 6 35, at least one organic fiber reinforcing layer 9 provided along the outer surface of the steel cord reinforcing layer 35, and the inner surface in the tire radial direction of the bead portion 20 provided adjacent to the outer surface of the organic fiber reinforcing layer 9 The bead base portion 26 and the bead base portion 26 outside the tire width direction of the bead portion 20 are continuously connected to the outer end in the tire width direction of the bead base portion 26 via the intersection H. A rim cushion rubber 29 that forms a bead outer surface portion 40 that defines the surface of the bead, and is parallel to the innermost base 22 in the tire radial direction of the bead core 21 in a meridional section when the bead core 21 is not attached to the rim. 21, the first line segment D passing through the outermost protruding point E on the outermost side in the tire width direction, the second line segment F orthogonal to the first line segment D at the position of the outer protruding point E, and the first line segment D And a third line segment J passing through the intersection H of the rim cushion rubber 29 is defined, and the number n of the organic fiber reinforcing layers 9 is set to 1 or more and 3 or less, and the thickness per one of the organic fiber reinforcing layers 9 is determined. When the length d is 0.7 mm or more and 1.2 mm or less, the distance A between the second line segment F and the third line segment J is n × d + 2.0 mm or more and n × d + 4.0 mm or less, and the tire width of the bead core 21 Inner protruding point Q on the innermost side in the direction The shortest distance B with the cascode 6A is 0.6 mm or more and 1.4 mm or less, and the shortest distance C between the tire width direction innermost end R of the bottom 22 of the bead core 21 and the carcass cord 6A of the carcass layer 6 is 1.2 mm or more. It is 2.2 mm or less.

  According to this pneumatic tire 1, by setting the shortest distance B to 0.6 mm or more and the shortest distance C to 1.2 mm or more, the carcass layer 6 is excessively restrained during vulcanization for forming the pneumatic tire 1. ease. For this reason, the pressure to the tire width direction outer side which acts on the bead core 21 at the time of vulcanization | cure is reduced, and it can suppress that the bead core 21 is pressed by the bead heel part 27 side. As a result, the bead core 21 can be disposed closer to the bead toe portion 28. On the other hand, when the shortest distance B exceeds 1.4 mm and the shortest distance C exceeds 2.2 mm, the restraining force of the carcass layer 6 is sharply reduced. Since there is a possibility of inducing, it is not preferable. Then, by setting the distance A to n × d + 2.0 mm or more, the bead core 21 is disposed closer to the bead toe portion 28, and the bead toe portion 28 can be prevented from being lifted. Further, by setting the distance A to n × d + 4.0 mm or less, the bead portion 20 is suppressed by suppressing an excessive increase in the volume of the rubber existing between the bead core 21 and the steel cord reinforcing layer 35 on the outer side in the tire width direction. Can be suppressed within a predetermined range without any failure.

  Moreover, in the pneumatic tire 1 of the present embodiment, the inclusion member 30 includes the bead cover layer L covering the bead core 21 and the carcass layer 6 while adjoining the outer surface of the bead cover layer L, as shown in FIG. A filler cover layer M provided along the inner surface, and the filler cover layer M is formed on the carcass layer 6 on the outer side in the tire radial direction beyond a range X of 15 mm or more centering on the inner protrusion point Q of the bead core 21. The rubber layer constituting the filler cover layer M has a JIS-A hardness of 68 or more and 76 or less, and is lower than the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the bead cover layer L. preferable.

  The JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer is a value measured with a type A durometer in accordance with JIS K6253-3: 2012.

  According to the pneumatic tire 1, by arranging the filler cover layer M, the effect of relaxing the restraint of the carcass layer 6 can be significantly obtained. As a result, the bead core 21 can be disposed closer to the bead toe portion 28, and the distance A can be secured. And if the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer which comprises the filler cover layer M is 68 or more, an excessive rubber flow can be suppressed at the time of vulcanization, As a result, the bead core 21 is arrange | positioned near the bead toe part 28. be able to. On the other hand, by setting the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the filler cover layer M to 76 or less, it is possible to ensure the action of relaxing the restraining force of the carcass layer 6 during vulcanization. As a result, the bead core 21 can be disposed closer to the bead toe portion 28. Further, the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the filler cover layer M is made lower (softer) than the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the bead cover layer L, thereby restraining the carcass layer 6 during vulcanization. The action of relaxing the force and the action of suppressing excessive rubber flow can be achieved at the same time.

  In the pneumatic tire 1 of the present embodiment, one of the filler cover layer M and the bead cover layer L has a two-layer structure in which a rubber layer and a nylon reinforcing layer are laminated, and the thickness of the rubber layer that forms the shortest distance B Is preferably 0.5 mm or more.

  The nylon reinforcing layer is formed by arranging nylon fibers in parallel in a rubber layer. The rubber layer includes a single rubber layer or a rubber layer containing short fibers.

  According to the pneumatic tire 1, one of the filler cover layer M and the bead cover layer L has a two-layer structure in which a rubber layer and a nylon reinforcing layer are laminated, so that the shortest distance B, C can be secured. And since the thickness of the rubber layer which makes the shortest distance B is 0.5 mm or more, the effect | action which relieve | moderates the restraining force of the carcass layer 6 at the time of vulcanization can fully be ensured, As a result, the bead core 21 Can be disposed closer to the bead toe portion 28.

  In this example, performance tests on bead toe part lifting amount reduction performance, separation durability performance at the outer edge part of the carcass layer folded part, and bead part heat generation performance were performed on a plurality of types of pneumatic tires with different conditions (see FIG. 8 and FIG. 9).

  In this performance test, a 275 / 70R22.5 size pneumatic tire is assembled on the specified rim, the internal pressure is 75% of the specified air pressure, 1.4 times the specified load, and the running speed is 49 km / h. The evaluation after running 40,000 km with an indoor drum tester was performed.

  Here, the prescribed rim is an “applied rim” prescribed by JATMA, “Design Rim” prescribed by TRA, or “Measuring Rim” prescribed by ETRTO. The specified air pressure is the “maximum air pressure” specified by JATMA, the maximum value described in “TIRE LOAD LIMITS AT VARIOUS COLD INFLATION PRESSURES” specified by TRA, or “INFLATION PRESSURES” specified by ETRTO. The specified load is “maximum load capacity” defined by JATMA, the maximum value described in “TIRE LOAD LIMITS AT VARIOUS COLD INFLATION PRESSURES” defined by TRA, or “LOAD CAPACITY” defined by ETRTO.

  In the evaluation of the bead toe lift amount reduction performance, the bead toe lift amount is measured by converting the amount of change in the inner circumference of the bead toe before and after running. And based on a measurement result, in FIG. 8, the index evaluation which used the prior art example 1 as a reference | standard (100) is performed. This evaluation shows that the larger the numerical value, the better the bead toe part lifting amount reduction performance. Further, based on the measurement result, index evaluation is performed in FIG. 9 with the conventional example 2 as a reference (100). This evaluation shows that the larger the numerical value, the better the bead toe part lifting amount reduction performance.

  In the evaluation of the separation durability performance at the outer edge portion of the carcass layer folded portion, the total length of cracks generated from the outer edge portion of the carcass layer folded portion is measured at eight meridional sections in the tire circumferential direction after running. And based on a measurement result, in FIG. 8, the index evaluation which used the prior art example 1 as a reference | standard (100) is performed. This evaluation shows that the larger the numerical value, the better the separation durability performance at the outer edge portion of the carcass layer folded portion. Further, based on the measurement result, the index evaluation with the conventional example 2 as the reference (100) is also performed in FIG. This evaluation shows that the larger the numerical value, the better the separation durability performance at the outer edge portion of the carcass layer folded portion.

  In the evaluation of the heat resistance performance of the bead portion, the maximum value of the heat generation amount of the bead portion during traveling is measured by thermography measurement. Then, based on the measurement result, index evaluation is performed with reference (100) based on Conventional Example 1 in FIG. 8 and Conventional Example 2 in FIG. This evaluation shows that the larger the numerical value, the better the heat resistance performance of the bead part.

  In FIG. 8, Conventional Example 1, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and Examples 1 to 6 do not have an organic fiber reinforcing layer. In FIG. 9, Conventional Example 2, Comparative Example 4 to Comparative Example 6, and Example 7 to Example 10 have an organic fiber reinforcing layer.

  As shown in the test results of FIG. 8 and FIG. 9, the pneumatic tires of Examples 1 to 10 have improved bead toe lifting amount reduction performance and ensure separation durability performance at the outer edge portion of the carcass layer folded portion. In addition, it can be seen that the heat resistance of the bead portion is ensured within an allowable range.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Pneumatic tire 6 Carcass layer 6A Carcass cord 61 Main body part 62 Folding part 62E Outer edge part 9 Organic fiber reinforcement layer 91 Inner reinforcement layer 91Ea, 92Ea Outer edge part 92 Outer reinforcement layer 91Eb, 92Eb Inner edge part 20 Bead part 21 Bead core 21A, 21Aa, 21Ab, 21Ac, 21Ad Bead wire 22 Bottom side 22A Bottom inside corner 22B Bottom outside corner 23 Top side 23A Top inside corner 23B Top outside corner 24 Outside projection corner 25 Inside projection corner 26 Bead base portion 27 Bead heel portion 28 Bead toe portion 29 Rim cushion rubber 30 Inclusion member 35 Steel cord reinforcing layer 35Ea Outer edge part 35Eb Inner edge part 40 Bead outer surface part 50 Tire inner surface A Distance between second line segment and third line segment B Inner inner side of bead core in tire width direction The shortest distance between the side protruding point and the carcass cord of the carcass layer C The shortest distance between the innermost end in the tire width direction of the bottom of the bead core and the carcass cord of the carcass layer D First line segment d The thickness of one organic fiber reinforcing layer E Outer protruding point F Second line segment G Curve H Intersection point J Third line segment K Bead rubber layer L Bead cover layer M Filler cover layer n Number of organic fiber reinforcing layers P Outside side in the tire width direction of the bead base portion Q Maximum width in the bead core tire width direction Inner projecting point on the inner side R The innermost end in the tire width direction at the bottom of the bead core S

Claims (4)

A pair of bead cores formed by winding a plurality of bead wires in the tire circumferential direction and arranged on both sides in the tire width direction;
A carcass layer in which each end is folded back to each of the bead cores;
A containing member that fills the folded inside of the carcass layer and includes the bead core;
A steel cord reinforcement layer disposed adjacent to the folded outer surface of the carcass layer;
The bead base portion provided adjacent to the outer surface of the steel cord reinforcing layer and defining the inner surface in the tire radial direction of the bead portion, and the bead base portion continuously outside the bead base portion at the outer end in the tire width direction via the intersection point A rim cushion rubber forming a bead outer surface portion that outlines the outer surface of the tire width direction in the portion;
With
In the meridional section that is not attached to the rim,
A first line segment that is parallel to the tire radial direction innermost base of the bead core and passes through the outermost protruding point of the bead core in the tire width direction,
A second line segment orthogonal to the first line segment at the position of the outer protrusion point;
A third line segment passing through the intersection of the rim cushion rubber perpendicular to the first line segment;
Is defined, and a distance A between the second line segment and the third line segment is 2.0 mm or greater and 4.0 mm or less,
The shortest distance B between the innermost protruding point of the bead core in the tire width direction and the carcass cord of the carcass layer is 0.6 mm or more and 1.4 mm or less,
The shortest distance C between the innermost end in the tire width direction at the bottom of the bead core and the carcass cord of the carcass layer is 1.2 mm or more and 2.2 mm or less.
Pneumatic tire. A pair of bead cores formed by winding a plurality of bead wires in the tire circumferential direction and arranged on both sides in the tire width direction;
A carcass layer in which each end is folded back to each of the bead cores;
A containing member that fills the folded inside of the carcass layer and includes the bead core;
A steel cord reinforcement layer disposed adjacent to the folded outer surface of the carcass layer;
At least one organic fiber reinforcing layer provided along the outer surface of the steel cord reinforcing layer;
The bead base portion provided adjacent to the outer surface of the organic fiber reinforcing layer and defining the inner surface in the tire radial direction in the bead portion, and the bead base portion continuously outside the bead base portion via the intersection point in the tire width direction outer end. A rim cushion rubber forming a bead outer surface portion that outlines the outer surface of the tire width direction in the portion;
With
In the meridional section that is not attached to the rim,
A first line segment that is parallel to the tire radial direction innermost base of the bead core and passes through the outermost protruding point of the bead core in the tire width direction;
A second line segment orthogonal to the first line segment at the position of the outer protrusion point;
A third line segment passing through the intersection of the rim cushion rubber perpendicular to the first line segment;
When the number n of the organic fiber reinforcement layers is 1 or more and 3 or less, and the thickness d per sheet of the organic fiber reinforcement layers is 0.7 mm or more and 1.2 mm or less, the second line The distance A between the minute and the third line segment is not less than n × d + 2.0 mm and not more than n × d + 4.0 mm,
The shortest distance B between the innermost protruding point of the bead core in the tire width direction and the carcass cord of the carcass layer is 0.6 mm or more and 1.4 mm or less,
The shortest distance C between the innermost end in the tire width direction at the bottom of the bead core and the carcass cord of the carcass layer is 1.2 mm or more and 2.2 mm or less.
Pneumatic tire. The inclusion member includes a bead cover layer covering the periphery of the bead core, and a filler cover layer provided along the inner surface of the carcass layer adjacent to the outer surface of the bead cover layer,
The filler cover layer is provided to extend along the carcass layer on the outer side in the tire radial direction beyond a range of 15 mm or more centering on the inner protruding point of the bead core,
The rubber layer constituting the filler cover layer has a JIS-A hardness of 68 to 76, which is lower than the JIS-A hardness of the rubber layer constituting the bead cover layer.
The pneumatic tire according to claim 1 or 2. The inclusion member includes a bead cover layer covering the periphery of the bead core, and a filler cover layer provided along the inner surface of the carcass layer adjacent to the outer surface of the bead cover layer,
One of the filler cover layer or the bead cover layer has a two-layer structure in which a rubber layer and a nylon reinforcing layer are laminated, and the rubber layer forming the shortest distance B has a thickness of 0.5 mm or more. The pneumatic tire according to any one of 1 to 3.

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