JP6450407B2 - Method of mixing organic acid salts with aqueous solution for plant protection and insect control - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a method of mixing an aqueous solution of an organic acid salt to be used for plant protection and insect control, and more specifically, an aqueous solution of an organic acid salt diluted at a specific ratio and a specific weight ratio of diatomaceous earth. Later, a protective solution containing silicates is obtained, and the protective solution is sprayed on the surface of the plant to prevent the infestation of herbivorous insects, and an aqueous solution of organic acid salts that achieve the protective effect of the plant is mixed with the plant. The present invention relates to a method used for prevention and control of insects.

  The Taiwan area is located at the border between the tropics and subtropics, and is surrounded by the ocean on all sides, so the climate is hot and humid, and in the process of growing plants, disease infections and pests occur, Affected the growth of.

Taiwan Patent Registration Number TW I375517 (B) Specification Taiwan Patent Registration Number TW I484911 (B) Specification Taiwan Patent Registration Number TW I53155 (B) Specification

  Although chemical agents can immediately prevent and control diseases and pests, spraying chemical agents damages the health of workers and causes problems such as remaining on plants and soil and polluting water sources. did. In addition, if chemical agents are not used correctly or are used excessively, plant pathogens and pests acquire drug resistance, causing damage to spread again. For this reason, it was important for agricultural development to use chemical agents moderately and reduce the occurrence of problems.

  The method for preventing mollusks described in Patent Document 1 uses a carbohydrate containing cellulose, hemicellulose complex, and / or lignin to cause snails to cause dehydration after mollusks eat plants. Exterminating mollusks such as tigers and slugs. However, there is no effect of preventing pests of plants other than molluscs.

  Moreover, the compounding of the moss attractant which reduces the usage-amount of the attractant described in patent document 2 mixes a castor oil and an attractant, loosens hydrolysis of a attractant, and reduces the usage-amount of an attractant I am letting. However, in this method, a chemical attractant is not used at all, and it is blended so as to have an effect only on insects of the moss.

  Furthermore, in the natural farming method for preventing diseases and pests that cause malnutrition of evergreen fruit trees described in Patent Document 3, nutrients obtained from rice bran, wood chips, molasses, brown sugar, etc., and garlic, chili, or rice vinegar Use preventive chemicals obtained from the above. However, it is necessary to perform fermentation in the production process of the preventive chemical solution, and it is necessary to perform a process such as irrigation of the preventive chemical solution in use, which takes time and is complicated.

  Moreover, at present, general contractors directly dilute water-soluble silicon (potassium silicate) water more than 1000 times and spray it onto the leaves of plants, and the incidence of powdery mildew in tomatoes, pepper, strawberries, and wheat. And the fungi and fungi are controlled to achieve a crop protection effect. However, spraying potassium silicate aqueous solution directly onto the leaves of plants mainly prevents the plant from infecting microorganisms and prevents plant diseases, and potassium silicate aqueous solutions are also alkaline. It is easy to block the stomata of leaves, and the leaves of plants may wither.

  In view of the lack of conventional methods for preventing plant pests and pests, the present inventors have conducted extensive studies and have arrived at the proposal of the present invention that effectively improves the above-described problems with rational design. It was.

  The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-described problems of the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method for mixing an aqueous solution of an organic acid salt to be used for plant protection and insect control. .

  In order to solve the above-mentioned problems and to achieve the object, the method of mixing an aqueous solution of organic acid salt according to the present invention and using it for plant epidemic prevention and insect control has a weight ratio of 1: 100 to 1: 600. The first solution is obtained by dissolving in pure water at a ratio of 1 to 1, and diatomaceous earth is added to the first solution at a weight ratio of 1: 1 to 1: 500 to obtain a protective liquid containing silicates. And spraying the protective liquid uniformly on the surface of the plant to prevent infestation of the plant by herbivorous insects and achieving a plant protection effect.

  In a preferred embodiment, the aforementioned organic acid salts are at least one of amino acid salts, fatty acid salts, and acetates.

In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid salt is alanine, phenylalanine, cysteine, cystine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, selenocysteine, and pyrrolysine salt, aspartate, sodium glutamate , leucine salts, isoleucine salts, lysine salts, methionine salts, proline sodium, arginine sodium, is at least one of valine salts or complexes amino salts. Fatty acid salts are complex fatty acid salts made with vegetable or animal fats.

  In a preferred embodiment, the vegetable fat is soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, safflower oil, tung oil, canola oil, sweetness At least one of tonsil oil, hazelnut oil, pistachio oil, and laurel oil, and the animal fat is at least one of lard, butter, fish oil, chicken oil, goose oil, and horse oil. .

  In a preferred embodiment, the aforementioned organic acid salt is at least one of potassium salt, sodium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, and ammonium salt.

  In a preferred embodiment, the aforementioned organic acid salts are added to pure water in a ratio of 1: 100 to 1: 400.

  In a preferred embodiment, said plant protection effect is at least one of repellent or insecticidal action.

  In a preferred embodiment, the aforementioned herbivorous insect is at least one of an aphid, a scale insect, a scorpion beetle, or a spider mite.

  In a preferred embodiment, the aphid prevention rate is at least 60%.

A method of mixing an aqueous solution of organic acid salts according to the present invention to be used for plant epidemic prevention and insect control uses an organic acid salt solution that is simple and non-toxic, and is formulated with diatomaceous earth to provide a protective liquid containing silicates. To earn.
Without damaging the environment, the protective solution prevents damage to plants by various kinds of herbivorous insects, and in particular, cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii), winged spider mites (Tetanychus urticae), horned moth (Spodoptera litura), Prevents damage to plants caused by (Meal bug).

It is a microscope picture of the result of spraying cotton aphid with the protective liquid of the present invention. It is an analysis chart of cotton aphid prevention rate It is the microscope picture which sprayed the spider mite with the protection liquid of this invention. It is an analysis figure of a spider mite prevention rate. It is a photograph of the situation in which a test was conducted on artificially cultivated Spodoptera litura. It is the schematic which sprayed on the Japanese horsetail which was artificially reared with the protection liquid of this invention. It is an analysis figure of the prevention rate of the cuttlefish sprout artificially reared. It is the microscope picture which sprayed the protective liquid of this invention on the scale insect. It is a photograph of the death after spraying the protective liquid of this invention to a mealybug. It is an analysis figure of a mealybug prevention rate.

  Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The embodiments described below do not limit the contents of the present invention described in the claims. In addition, all of the configurations described below are not necessarily essential requirements of the present invention.

であり、Ｒは有機基を表し、Ｂは塩類を表すことと、前記防護液が植物の表面に均一に噴霧され、植食性昆虫による植物に対する侵害を防ぎ、植物の保護効果を達成させることとを含む。
防護液の製造に使用される有機酸塩類原料は、アミノ酸塩類、脂肪酸塩類、または酢酸塩類の内の少なくとも１つであり、アミノ酸塩は、アラニン、フェニルアラニン、システイン、シスチン、アスパラギン酸、グルタミン、グリシン、ヒスチジン、セリン、トレオニン、トリプトファン、チロシン、セレノシステイン、及び、ピロリシンからなる塩、アスパラギン酸塩、グルタミン酸ナトリウム、ロイシン塩、イソロイシン塩、リジン塩、メチオニン塩、プロリンナトリウム、アルギニンナトリウム、バリン塩、または複合アミノ酸塩類の内の少なくとも１つである。前記脂肪酸塩類は、植物性脂肪または動物性脂肪で製造される複合脂肪酸塩であり、植物油脂は、大豆油、菜種油、オリーブ油、ひまし油、ヒマワリ油、ココナッツ油、コーン油、綿実油、亜麻仁油、パーム油、ピーナッツ油、ごま油、紅花油、桐油、キャノーラ油、甘扁桃油、ヘーゼルナッツ油、ピスタチオ油、及びローレル油の内の少なくとも１つであり、前記動物性脂肪は、ラード、バター、魚油、鶏油、ガチョウ油、及び馬油の内の少なくとも１つである。前記アミノ酸塩類、前記脂肪酸塩類、或いは前記酢酸塩類の前述の有機酸塩類成分は、カリウム塩、ナトリウム塩、カルシウム塩、マグネシウム塩、及びアンモニウム塩の内の少なくとも１つであり、水に添加される比率は好ましくは重量比１：１００〜１：４００である。また、本案の植物の防疫と防虫の方法が達成させる植物保護の効果は、忌避作用及び殺虫殺菌作用の内の少なくとも１つを含み、且つアブラムシ、カイガラムシ、ハスモンヨトウ、或いはハダニを効果的に防ぐ。
In the method of mixing an aqueous solution of an organic acid salt according to the present invention and used for plant epidemic prevention and insect control, the organic acid salt raw material is added to pure water at a weight ratio of 1: 100 to 1: 600, and the first solution is And diatomaceous earth is added to the first solution at a weight ratio of 1: 1-1: 500 to obtain a protective liquid containing silicates, and the chemical reaction formula of the protective liquid is

R represents an organic group, B represents a salt, and the protective liquid is uniformly sprayed on the surface of the plant to prevent the herbivorous insects from invading the plant and to achieve the protective effect of the plant. including.
The organic acid salt raw material used for the production of the protective liquid is at least one of amino acid salt, fatty acid salt, or acetate salt. The amino acid salt is alanine, phenylalanine, cysteine, cystine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glycine. , histidine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, selenocysteine, and salt comprising pyrrolysine, aspartate, sodium glutamate, leucine salts, isoleucine salts, lysine salts, methionine salts, proline sodium, arginine sodium, valine salts, or at least one of the composite amino acid salts. The fatty acid salts are complex fatty acid salts produced with vegetable fats or animal fats, and vegetable fats and oils are soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm Oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, safflower oil, tung oil, canola oil, sweet tonsil oil, hazelnut oil, pistachio oil, and laurel oil, and the animal fat is lard, butter, fish oil, chicken At least one of oil, goose oil, and horse oil. The organic acid salt component of the amino acid salt, the fatty acid salt, or the acetate salt is at least one of a potassium salt, a sodium salt, a calcium salt, a magnesium salt, and an ammonium salt, and is added to water. The ratio is preferably a weight ratio of 1: 100 to 1: 400. In addition, the plant protection effect achieved by the plant protection and insect control method of the present invention includes at least one of a repellent action and an insecticidal fungicidal action, and effectively prevents aphids, scale insects, scallops or spider mites.

  Further, the actual application range of the present invention will be further described by taking the following specific embodiments as examples. However, there is no limitation on the scope of the present invention.

1. Production of a solution containing organic potassium.
Organic acid salts are added to pure water at a weight ratio of 1: 100 to 1: 600 to obtain a first solution. Next, diatomaceous earth is added to the first solution at a weight ratio of 1: 1 to 1: 500 to obtain a protective solution containing silicates having a plant protective effect used in the present plan.
The organic acid salt raw material used in the dispensing process is at least one of amino acid salt, fatty acid salt, or acetate salt, and the amino acid salt is alanine, phenylalanine, cysteine, cystine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, selenocysteine, and salt comprising pyrrolysine, aspartate, sodium glutamate, leucine salts, isoleucine salts, lysine salts, methionine salts, proline sodium, arginine sodium, Bali emissions salt is at or at least one of the composite amino acid salts, may be a composite amino acid salts produced by the plant or animal material. The fatty acid salt is a complex fatty acid salt produced with vegetable fat or animal fat, and vegetable oil is soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil , Peanut oil, sesame oil, safflower oil, tung oil, canola oil, sweet tonsil oil, hazelnut oil, pistachio oil, and laurel oil. The animal fat is at least one of lard, butter, fish oil, chicken oil, goose oil, and horse oil. The aforementioned salt component of the amino acid salt, fatty acid salt, or acetate salt is at least one of a potassium salt, a sodium salt, a calcium salt, a magnesium salt, or an ammonium salt.

2. Protection test of cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii).
Based on the above-mentioned production method, the organic acid salt raw materials are dissolved in pure water at a weight ratio of 1: 100, 1: 200 and 1: 400, respectively, and then diatomaceous earth at a weight ratio of 1: 500 is added respectively. A mixed solution containing three types of silicates was obtained, and the first protective liquid (containing 1% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth), the second protective liquid (0.5% organic acid salts + diatomaceous earth 0. 2%), and third protective fluid (containing 0.25% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth).

A leaf piece containing a large amount of cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) is collected from the pepper of the field, and the leaf piece is cut into a size of 5 cm × 5 cm, and the leaf piece is 9 cm in diameter with the back of the leaf facing up Each petri dish has about 30 cotton aphids.
First and second protective liquids, third protective liquid, and 0.2% aqueous solution of diatomaceous earth as a comparative group were sprayed uniformly on the leaf pieces with a pressure sprayer, and after 24 hours (first day) After observing the death of cotton aphids, spray the protective solution once again. In addition, after the second spraying of the protective solution, 24 hours later (day 2) and 72 hours later (day 4), the dead condition of cotton aphids is observed, and the prevention rate is calculated. Each stage of processing is repeated four times. The formula for the cotton aphid prevention rate is prevention rate (%) = (mortality rate of experimental group−mortality rate of comparison group) / (1−mortality rate of comparison group) × 100.

  As shown in FIG. 1, as a result of observing cotton aphids with a microscope immediately after spraying the protective liquid, it was clearly confirmed that the protective liquid was coated. Referring to FIG. 2, 24 hours after the first spray of the first protective liquid (first day), the cotton aphid prevention rate reached 94.3%, and after two sprays (on the second day and On the fourth day), the cotton aphid prevention rate reached 97.6%. Cotton aphid prevention rate reached 92.9% 24 hours after the first spraying of the second protective fluid (1st day) and prevention of cotton aphids after 2 sprays (2nd and 4th day) The rate reached 87.3%. The cotton aphid prevention rate reached 66.3% 24 hours after the third protective solution was sprayed once (day 1), and cotton aphids after the second spray (days 2 and 4) The prevention rate reached 76.2%. Overall, the prevention situation against cotton aphid of three different concentrations of protective liquid containing silicates obtained by formulating the organic acid salt solution achieves a prevention rate of 65% or more.

3. Protection test for Tetanychus urticae.
As described in Experiment 2, the first protective liquid (containing 1% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth), the second protective liquid (containing 0.5% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth), and Dispens a third protective fluid (containing 0.2% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth).

  Nami spider mites are collected from the papaya leaves, and the papaya leaves are cut into a size of 5 cm × 5 cm, placed on a petri dish with a diameter of 9 cm with the back of the leaf facing up, and each petri dish has about 30 The test is carried out in the presence of a single spider mite. The first protective liquid, the second protective liquid, the third protective liquid, and an aqueous solution of 0.2% diatomaceous earth as a comparative group are sprayed uniformly on the leaf pieces with a pressure sprayer. After 24 hours (day 1), observe the death status of the spider mite, and spray the protective solution once again. Observe the death status of the spider mite 24 hours (2nd day) and 72 hours (4th day) after spraying the protective solution for the second time, and calculate the prevention rate. Each stage of processing is repeated four times. The formula for calculating the prevention rate of nymph mite is: prevention rate (%) = (mortality rate of experimental group−mortality rate of comparison group) / (1−mortality rate of comparison group) × 100.

As shown in FIG. 3, the spider mite is also covered with the protective liquid after spraying the protective liquid. However, after the protective liquid dries, most of the spider mites have started their activities and are not greatly affected. I understand.
In addition, as shown in FIG. 4, the prevention rate of the first protection solution reached the highest at 63.3% on the first day after spraying the protection solution, and the prevention rate of the second protection solution and the third protection solution on the first day. Have reached 36.7% and 13.3%, respectively. After the protection liquid is sprayed the second time, the prevention rate of the first protection liquid and the second protection liquid is effectively increased. It reaches 3%, and the second protective liquid reaches 80% of the prevention rate on both the second and fourth days. However, it is not ideal compared with the anti-spider mite prevention rate of the third protective liquid, and the prevention rate at the end of the test (day 4) is only 46.7%.

4. Protection test of Spodoptera litura.
As described in Experiment 2, the first protective liquid (containing 1% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth), the second protective liquid (containing 0.5% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth), and Dispens a third protective fluid (containing 0.2% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth).

As shown in FIG. 5, a lotus beetle bred with artificial feed is placed in a plastic box having a volume of 150 mL, and each plastic box is tested with 20 moths of about 3 to 4 years old.
As shown in FIG. 6, the first protective liquid, the second protective liquid, the third protective liquid, and an aqueous solution of 0.2% diatomaceous earth as a comparison group were sprayed uniformly on the larvae with a pressure sprayer, respectively, and then artificial feed Will continue to be given as food. After 24 hours (1st day) after spraying the protective liquid, the larvae of the scutella moth are observed, and then the protective liquid is sprayed once again. The mortality of Spodoptera litura is observed 24 hours (2nd day) and 72 hours (4th day) after spraying the protective solution for the second time, and the prevention rate is calculated. Each stage of processing is repeated four times. The calculation formula for the prevention rate is prevention rate (%) = (mortality rate of experimental group−mortality rate of comparison group) / (1−mortality rate of comparison group) × 100.

  FIG. 7 is an analysis diagram of the results of the prevention rate of larvae of Spodoptera litura. None of the prevention rates 24 hours after the first spraying (1st day) are high, the prevention rate of the first protective liquid is 57.5%, and the prevention rate of the third protective liquid is 8.8. There is only%. However, after the second spraying of the protective liquid, the prevention rates of the three protective liquids are all increased, the prevention ratio of the first protective liquid reaches 86.3%, and the prevention ratio of the second protective liquid is 83.3%. 8% and the protection rate of the third protective liquid reached 63.8%. However, in the comparison group sprayed with a 0.2% aqueous solution of diatomaceous earth, the mortality rate of Spodoptera litura has clearly increased since the second day and exceeded 21.3%. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Japanese black moth also died under the influence of the diatomaceous earth aqueous solution.

5. Protection test for Aphis gossypi.
As described in Experiment 2, the first protective liquid (containing 1% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth), the second protective liquid (containing 0.5% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth), and Dispens a third protective fluid (containing 0.2% organic acid salts + 0.2% diatomaceous earth).

  As shown in FIG. 8, cassava leaf pieces having scales are collected, and the leaf pieces are cut into a size of about 5 cm × 5 cm, and the leaf pieces are 9 cm in diameter with the back of the leaves facing up. In this experiment, the scale insects that are not spawned mainly in the state where each petri dish has about 20 scale insects are placed on the petri dish. First and second protective liquids, third protective liquid, and 0.2% aqueous solution of diatomaceous earth as a comparative group were sprayed uniformly on the leaf pieces with a pressure sprayer, and after 24 hours (first day) After observing the death of the mealybug, the protective solution was sprayed once again, and after 24 hours (2nd day) and 72 hours (4th day) after the second spraying of the protective solution, Observe the death situation and calculate the prevention rate. Each stage of processing is repeated four times. The calculation formula for the mealybug prevention rate is: prevention rate (%) = (mortality rate of experimental group−mortality rate of comparison group) / (1−mortality rate of comparison group) × 100.

As shown in FIG. 9, a lot of mealybugs are coated with the protective solution after spraying the protective solution, and the sumatriptan on the body surface clearly disappears. After the death of the mealybug, the sumatriptan is again removed from the body surface. Are not secreted and the body of some dead worms appears to have a tan to brown appearance.
In addition, as shown in FIG. 10, the first protective liquid achieves a 100% mealybug prevention rate, and the second protective liquid achieves a prevention rate of 76.1% on the first day, provided that the third protective liquid The liquid reaches only 15.3% prevention on the first day. Overall, the second protection fluid achieves a protection rate of 85% or more (Days 2 and 4), but the highest protection rate of the third protection fluid is only 57.1% (Day 4) It is.

As can be seen from the above description of the embodiment, the present invention has the following advantages over the prior art.
1. The method of mixing the aqueous solution of the organic acid salt of the present invention and using it for plant epidemic prevention and insect control uses a protective liquid in which the organic acid salt raw material and diatomaceous earth are blended, the ingredients are simple, and the blending is easy. The method of use is also very simple. Soluble silicon produced by diatomaceous earth is precipitated and accumulated in the epidermis tissue of the plant, and the toughness of the plant tissue is physically strengthened. The surface of the leaf of the plant is made of glass-like hard debris and spines, making it difficult for herbivorous insects to eat and effectively preventing the plant from encountering many types of herbivorous insects. Moreover, the repellent action with respect to the herbivorous insect of a plant is achieved, and also the insecticidal bactericidal action is achieved.
2. When the protective agent produced by mixing the diatomaceous earth of the present invention is sprayed on the leaf pieces of a plant, a transparent protective film is formed, and an aqueous solution of organic acid salts is mixed and used for plant protection and insect control, Certain proportions of organic acid salts and crop leaves turn bright green, increasing aesthetics. When diatomaceous earth is mixed with a conventional agricultural spreading agent, or when diatomaceous earth is directly sprayed onto the leaf surface as an aqueous solution, the problem of white traces remaining on the crop is solved.
3. The method of mixing an aqueous solution of organic acid salts according to the present invention and using it for plant protection and insect repellent uses a protective liquid containing organic acid salts and diatomaceous earth, and when sprayed on the leaf pieces of a plant, transparent silicic acid A protective film of salts is formed with a slow action. Compared with a method in which a general contractor uses potassium silicate directly and dilutes with water and then sprays it on the leaf surface, a situation in which the pores on the leaf surface of the plant are blocked and withered is avoided.
4). The method of mixing an aqueous solution of an organic acid salt according to the present invention and used for plant epidemic prevention and insect control prevents various types of herbivorous insects such as cotton aphids, scallops, scallops, and mealybugs, and its application range is considerable. wide.
5. A method of mixing an aqueous solution of an organic acid salt according to the present invention and using it for plant epidemic prevention and insect control uses a protective liquid in which an organic acid salt and diatomaceous earth are blended, sprayed onto a leaf piece of a plant, and then a herbivorous insect In addition to achieving the repellent action and insecticidal fungicidal action, the components of silicic acid and salts are finally absorbed by the leaf pieces of the plant and become nutrients for the growth of the plant.

  As mentioned above, although embodiment of this invention was explained in full detail with reference to drawings, the concrete structure is not restricted to this embodiment, The design change etc. of the range which does not deviate from the summary of this invention are included.

Claims (2)

An organic acid salt raw material is added to pure water at a weight ratio of 1: 100 to 1: 200 to obtain a first solution;
Diatomaceous earth is added to the first solution at a weight ratio of 1: 500 to obtain a protective liquid containing silicates;
The protective liquid is uniformly sprayed on the surface of the plant, preventing infestation of the plant by herbivorous insects and achieving a plant protection effect,
The organic acid salt raw material is selected from at least one of amino acid salts, fatty acid salts, and acetates,
A method in which an aqueous solution of organic acid salts is mixed and used for plant protection and insect control. The amino acid salt, alanine, phenylalanine, cysteine, cystine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, selenocysteine, and salt comprising pyrrolysine, aspartate, sodium glutamate, leucine salts , isoleucine salt, lysine salt, and at least one of methionine salts, proline sodium, arginine sodium, valine salts or complexes amino salts, the fatty acid salts, produced in vegetable fat or animal fat The component of the organic acid salt raw material is at least one of a potassium salt, a sodium salt, a calcium salt, a magnesium salt, or an ammonium salt. An aqueous solution of the described organic acid salt Methods used for epidemic prevention and insect of combined plants.

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