JP6302764B2 - wheelchair - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a wheelchair.

  Wheelchairs are used by many people who have difficulty walking on their own, such as disabled people, elderly people, and injured people. Many wheelchairs are equipped with armrests. The armrest is located on the left and right sides of the wheelchair. The armrest supports the user's arm. The armrest supports the user's body and suppresses the posture from collapsing. There is a wheelchair in which the height of the armrest can be adjusted according to the user's body shape. Moreover, an armrest partitions between a seat surface and a wheel. The armrest suppresses the user's body from protruding outward from the wheelchair.

  The user may get on and off the side of the wheelchair. For example, when the user moves to the bed, the user moves from the side of the wheelchair to the bed. Conversely, when moving from the bed to the wheelchair, the user moves from the side to the wheelchair. The armrest gets in the way when the user moves between the wheelchair and the bed through the side of the wheelchair. There is a wheelchair in which the armrest can be lowered to the height of the seat surface by adjusting the height of the armrest so that the armrest does not get in the way.

  Japanese Patent No. 4606446 describes a wheelchair equipped with a reclining mechanism. The seat of this wheelchair consists of a front seat and a rear seat. The rear seat surface is rotatable with respect to the front seat surface. In this wheelchair, the rear seat surface is inclined rearward together with the back surface. Thereby, when it is made to recline, it is suppressed that a user's buttocks slip | deviates. By providing this reclining mechanism, an unnatural posture of the user is suppressed when reclining.

Japanese Patent No. 4606446

  FIG. 6 shows a prototype wheelchair 2. FIG. 6 shows a posture in which the wheelchair 2 is reclined. In the wheelchair 2, the rear seat surface 6 is rotatable with respect to the front seat surface 4. An armrest 8 is attached to the wheelchair 2. In the wheelchair 2, the vertical position of the armrest 8 can be adjusted according to the body shape of the user.

  As shown in FIG. 6, in the wheelchair 2, the rear seat surface 6 is lowered downward with respect to the front seat surface 4. Even when the armrest 8 is lowered to the vertical position equivalent to the front seat surface 4, a part of the armrest 8 protrudes upward from the rear seat surface 6. The armrest 8 becomes an obstacle when the user moves from the side surface of the wheelchair 2 to the bed.

  If the armrest 8 is lowered below the rear seat surface 6, the armrest 8 may interfere with the ground. For this reason, the adjustment stroke of the vertical position of the armrest 8 is limited. Moreover, it can be considered that the armrest 8 is changed to a configuration in which the armrest 8 is attached to the rear seat surface 6 so as to be vertically movable. Even if the configuration is changed in this way, a part of the armrest 8 protrudes above the front seat surface 4. This changed armrest 8 also becomes an obstacle when the user moves from the side surface of the wheelchair 2 to the bed.

  An object of the present invention is to provide a wheelchair that can be easily boarded and alighted from the side.

  The wheelchair according to the present invention has a front seat frame on which a front seat surface for supporting the user's thigh is formed, a rear seat frame on which a rear seat surface for supporting the buttocks is formed, and a backrest surface for supporting the back. A back frame and armrests located on the left and right side surfaces of the thigh and the buttocks. The rear seat frame is rotatable in a direction in which the rear end thereof is lowered downward with respect to the front end with the left-right direction as a rotation axis. The armrest is rotatable about the left-right direction as a rotation axis.

  Preferably, the position of the rotation center of the rotation shaft of the armrest is at least one of a position below the front seat surface, a position below the rear seat surface, and a position behind the backrest surface.

  Preferably, the armrest is rotatable together with one or both of the rear seat frame and the back frame.

  Preferably, the wheelchair includes a guide panel. This guide panel is attached to the armrest. The guide panel partitions the inner side and the outer side of the rear seat surface at the left and right ends of the rear seat surface.

  In the wheelchair according to the present invention, it is avoided that the armrest protrudes above the seat surface in the reclining posture. In this wheelchair, the user can easily get on and off from the side of the wheelchair in a reclining posture.

FIG. 1 is an explanatory view showing a wheelchair according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing a part of the frame of the wheelchair of FIG. FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing a use state of the wheelchair of FIG. FIG. 4A is an explanatory view showing another use state of the wheelchair of FIG. 1, and FIG. 4B is an explanatory view showing still another use state of the wheelchair. FIG. 5A is a side view showing a part of a wheelchair according to another embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 5B shows a part of the wheelchair according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5C is a side view showing a part of a wheelchair according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is an explanatory view showing a prototype wheelchair.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail based on preferred embodiments with appropriate reference to the drawings.

  FIG. 1 shows a wheelchair 12 according to the present invention. In FIG. 1, the arrow X indicates the forward direction in the front-rear direction, the arrow Y indicates the left direction in the left-right direction, and the arrow Z indicates the upward direction in the vertical direction.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the wheelchair 12 includes a pair of left and right base frames 14, a cross member pair 16, a pair of left and right rear seat frames 18, a back frame 20, a pair of left and right armrests 22, and a pair of left and right front wheels. 24 and a pair of left and right rear wheels 26. This wheelchair 12 is made substantially symmetrical.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the pair of left and right base frames 14 includes an upper pipe 28, a front pipe 30, and a lower pipe 32, respectively. A front portion 28a of the upper pipe 28 extends in the front-rear direction. The rear portion 28b of the upper pipe 28 extends from the front to the rear so as to incline downward from the top. The upper pipe 28 is bent between the front part 28a and the rear part 28b. The front pipe 30 extends in the vertical direction. The upper end of the front pipe 30 is fixed to the front portion 28a. The lower pipe 32 extends in the front-rear direction. The front end of the lower pipe 32 is fixed to the lower part of the front pipe 30. The rear end of the lower pipe 32 is fixed to the rear portion 28 b of the upper pipe 28.

  The cross member pair 16 includes cross members 34 and 36. The cross member 34 includes a front seat pipe 38, a rotating pipe 40, and a connecting pipe 42. The front seat pipe 38 extends in the front-rear direction along the front portion 28 a of the upper pipe 28 of the left base frame 14. The front seat pipe 38 is detachably supported by the upper pipe 28. The rotating pipe 40 extends in the front-rear direction along the lower pipe 32 of the right base frame 14. The rotating pipe 40 is rotatably supported by the lower pipe 32. The connecting pipe 42 extends from the front seat pipe 38 to the rotating pipe 40. The front seat pipe 38, the rotating pipe 40, and the connecting pipe 42 are integrated.

  The cross member 36 includes a front seat pipe 44, a rotating pipe 46, and a connecting pipe 48. The front seat pipe 44 extends in the front-rear direction along the front portion 28 a of the upper pipe 28 of the right base frame 14. The front seat pipe 44 is detachably supported by the upper pipe 28. The rotating pipe 46 extends in the front-rear direction along the lower pipe 32 of the left base frame 14. The rotating pipe 46 is rotatably supported by the lower pipe 32. The connecting pipe 48 extends from the front seat pipe 44 to the rotating pipe 46. The front pipe 44, the rotating pipe 46, and the connecting pipe 48 are integrated.

  The connecting pipe 42 of the cross member 34 and the connecting pipe 48 of the cross member 36 are rotatably connected to each other at the center in the longitudinal direction. The cross member 34 and the cross member 36 rotate relative to each other so that the interval between the left and right base frames 14 can be changed. By providing this cross member pair 16, the space | interval of the left-right base frame 14 is narrowed, and it can be folded.

  Each of the left and right rear seat frames 18 extends in the longitudinal direction in the front-rear direction. The front end of the rear seat frame 18 is rotatably connected to the upper end portion of the rear portion 28b of the upper pipe 28. The rear seat frame 18 is rotatable about the left-right direction as a rotation axis. The rear end of the rear seat frame 18 is rotatable about the front end.

  The back frame 20 includes a pair of left and right vertical pipes 50, a pair of left and right handles 52, and a pair of seat mounting portions 54. The pair of left and right vertical pipes 50 extend upward from the rear end of the rear seat frame 18. The vertical pipe 50 is integrated with the rear seat frame 18. The handle 52 extends rearward from the upper part of the vertical pipe 50. The seat attachment portion 54 includes a rod body 54a and a connecting rod 54b. The rod body 54 a extends along the longitudinal direction of the vertical pipe 50. The rod body 54 a is located in front of the back frame 20. The connecting rod 54 b connects and fixes the rod body 54 a to the vertical pipe 50.

  The pair of left and right armrests 22 includes a guide panel 56 (see FIG. 1), a side frame 58, an elbow rest 60, a support 62, a support guide 64, and a lever 66. The side frame 58 is located between the elbow rest 60 and the rear seat frame 18. A rear end portion of the side frame 58 is rotatably attached to the back frame 20. The side frame 58 is rotatably attached to the back frame 20 behind the vertical pipe 50.

  Although omitted in FIG. 2 for convenience of explanation, as shown in FIG. 1, the guide panel 56 is attached to the side frame 58. The guide panel 56 is made of, for example, a plate-like resin. The guide panel 56 partitions the front seat pipe 38 (44), the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20, and the rear wheel 26. The left and right edges of the front seat pipe 38 and the rear seat frame 18 partition the inside and outside of the wheelchair 12 without any gaps.

  The elbow rest 60 extends in the longitudinal direction in the front-rear direction. The elbow rest 60 extends in parallel with the rear seat frame 18. The support column 62 extends downward from the elbow rest 60. The column 62 is supported by the column guide 64 so as to be slidable in the vertical direction. The column guide 64 is fixed to the side frame 58. The lever 66 is attached to the upper part of the column 62. By operating this lever 66, the vertical slide of the column 62 can be switched between locking and unlocking.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the front wheel 24 is attached below the front pipe 30 of the base frame 14. For example, a so-called caster is used for the front wheel 24. The front wheel 24 is rotatably mounted with the vertical direction as a rotation axis. The rear wheel 26 is attached to a rear portion 28 b of the upper pipe 28. The wheelchair 12 travels when the front wheels 24 and the rear wheels 26 are grounded and rolled.

  A front seat cloth 68 is bridged between the front seat pipe 38 and the front seat pipe 44 of the cross member pair 16. A rear seat cloth 70 is bridged between the pair of rear seat frames 18. A back cloth 72 is bridged between the pair of vertical pipes 50 (seat attachment portions 54) of the back frame 20. The front cushion 68 supports the thigh of the user who is seated. The front seat pipe 38 and the front seat pipe 44 are the front seat frame of the present invention. The front seat cloth 68 is a front seat surface 74 of the front seat frame. The back cushion 70 supports the user's buttocks. The rear seat cloth 70 is a rear seat surface 76 of the rear seat frame 18. A seating surface 77 of the wheelchair 12 includes a front seating surface 74 and a rear seating surface 76. The back cloth 72 supports the back of the user. The back cloth 72 is a backrest surface 78 of the back frame 20.

  In the wheelchair 12, the vertical position of the elbow rest 60 can be adjusted. The height of the elbow rest 60 is adjusted according to the body shape of the user. Specifically, the user operates the lever 66 shown in FIG. 2 to unlock the vertical slide of the column 62. The support 62 slides up and down with respect to the support guide 64. The height of the elbow rest 60 is adjusted to the height desired by the user. The user operates the lever 66 to lock the vertical slide of the column. In this way, the elbow rest 60 is adjusted to a desired height and fixed.

  In this elbow rest 60, the lever 66 is operated to lock and unlock the upper and lower slides, but a slide pin may be used instead of the lever 66. The lock and unlock may be performed by a slide pin and a hole with which the tip of the slide pin engages. Although not shown, for example, a slide pin is slidably supported by the support guide 64. A spring as an elastic body urges the slide pin toward the support 62 in a direction approaching the support guide. A plurality of holes arranged in the vertical direction are formed in the support column 62. The tip of the slide pin is engaged with this hole, and the vertical slide is locked. The engagement between the hole and the slide pin is released, and the upper and lower slides are unlocked. The tip of the slide pin engages with one of the plurality of holes, and the vertical position of the elbow rest 60 is adjusted.

  FIG. 3 shows the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20 in the sitting posture. In the sitting position, the back frame 20 is raised. The rear frame 18 has a longitudinal direction in the front-rear direction. In the wheelchair 12, the axis of the rear seat frame 18 and the axes of the front seat pipe 38 and the front seat pipe 44 as the front seat frame are substantially parallel. The upper surface of the rear seat frame 18 and the upper surfaces of the front seat pipe 38 and the front seat pipe 44 are substantially flush.

  FIG. 3 shows the armrest 22 in the use posture. In this use posture, the elbow rest 60 extends in the longitudinal direction in the front-rear direction. In the use posture, the armrest 22 partitions the front seat pipe 38, the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20, and the rear wheel 26. In this use posture, the rotation of the armrest 22 is locked. For example, one of the side frame 58 and the rear seat frame 18 of the armrest 22 is provided with a convex portion such as a lock pin, and the other is provided with a concave portion such as a hole or a groove with which the convex portion engages. The convex portion and the concave portion are engaged to lock the rotation of the armrest 22. Thereby, the armrest 22 is fixed to the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20. The convex portion and the concave portion may be provided on the armrest 22 and the back frame 20.

  FIG. 4A shows the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20 in the reclining posture. In FIG. 4A, the armrest 22 is in a use posture. In the reclining posture, the back frame 20 is inclined rearward. The rear seat frame 18 is also inclined rearward. The rear seat frame 18 has its rear end lowered downward relative to its front end. In the wheelchair 12, the extension line of the axis of the rear seat frame 18 intersects the extension lines of the axis of the front seat pipe 38 and the front seat pipe 44 as the front seat frame.

  FIG. 4B shows the armrest 22 in the flip-up posture. The armrest 22 is rotated to the rear of the back frame 20. In FIG. 4B, the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20 are in a reclining posture. A two-dot chain line Lf in FIG. 4B indicates the front seat surface 74 of the front seat frame. A two-dot chain line Lr indicates the rear seat surface 76 of the rear seat frame 18. A two-dot chain line Lb indicates a backrest surface 78 of the back frame 20.

  The procedure of descending from the side surface of the wheelchair 12 will be described with reference to FIGS. 1, 3, 4A, and 4B. A user is seated on the wheelchair 12 in the sitting posture shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. The user's thigh is supported by the front cushion 68. The buttocks are supported by the back cushion 70. The back and the back of the head are supported by the back cloth 72. A headrest may be attached above the back frame 20 and the back of the head may be supported by the headrest.

  Although not shown, the rotation lock of the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20 is released. The assistant pushes down the handle 52 downward. The rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20 rotate backward. The rotation of the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20 is locked. In this way, the wheelchair 12 is set to the reclining posture of FIG. Although the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20 rotate integrally, it is not always necessary to rotate integrally. When the back frame 20 is tilted, the rear seat frame 18 may be tilted in conjunction with it. The rear seat frame 18 may be rotated in the same direction as the back frame 20, and the magnitude of the rotation angle may be different.

  When the seating posture is changed to the reclining posture, the rear seat frame 18 is inclined to prevent the user's buttocks from shifting. In the wheelchair 12, the user is prevented from having an unnatural posture. The user does not need to sit back after being in the reclining position. The user can maintain a comfortable posture by setting the wheelchair 12 to the reclining posture.

  In the wheelchair 12 in FIG. 4A, the assistant unlocks the rotation of the armrest 22. An assistant rotates the armrest 22 backward. The armrest 22 rotates from the front to the back of the back frame 20. As shown in FIG. 4 (b), the armrest 22 is in a flip-up posture. The armrest 22 is in a flip-up posture, and the user gets off from the side of the wheelchair 12. For example, the user moves from the wheelchair 12 to a bed or the like.

  As shown in FIG. 4B, the armrest 22 is not positioned above the front seat surface 74 and the rear seat surface 76. The armrest 22 is not positioned in front of the backrest surface 78. The armrest 22 does not protrude above the front seat surface 74, the rear seat surface 76, and the backrest surface 78 in the flip-up posture. The armrest 22 does not get in the way when moving from the wheelchair 12 to a bed or the like. The wheelchair 12 can easily get on and off from the side of the wheelchair 12 without returning to the sitting posture.

  The procedure of getting on from the side of the wheelchair 12 may be reversed from the procedure of getting off from the side of the wheelchair 12. The armrest 22 does not get in the way when moving from the bed or the like to the wheelchair 12. In the wheelchair 12, the user can easily get on and off from the side of the wheelchair 12 even in the reclining posture.

  In the upper pipe 28, the rear portion 28b is positioned below the front portion 28a. As a result, the rear portion 28b is positioned below the rear seat frame 18 in the reclining posture. In the wheelchair 12, even in the reclining posture, the upper pipe 28 (base frame 14) does not get in the way when the user moves between the wheelchair 12 and the bed.

  A point Pa in FIG. 4B indicates the position of the rotation center of the armrest 22. In the wheelchair 12, the position of the rotation center of the armrest 22 is set behind the backrest surface 78 of the back frame 20. As a result, the armrest 22 can be retracted backward from the backrest surface 78. Thereby, the armrest 22 does not interfere with the movement of the user.

  In the wheelchair 12 of FIG. 4A, the guide panel 56 is located between the front seat surface 74, the rear seat surface 76, the backrest surface 78, and the wheel 26. The guide panel 56 partitions the inside and outside of the seating surface 77 at the left and right ends of the seating surface 77 of the wheelchair 12. This prevents the user's body and clothes from protruding outside the seat surface 77.

  In the wheelchair 12, an armrest 22 is attached to the back frame 20. The armrest 22 rotates together with the back frame 20. The guide panel 56 also rotates together with the back frame 20. Even if the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20 are rotated, the guide panel 56 does not cause a gap between the seat surface 77 and the wheel 26. The guide panel 56 can partition the inside and outside of the seating surface 77 with a minimum size. In this viewpoint, the armrest 22 may be attached to the rear seat frame 18 so as to be rotatable.

  The elbow rest 60 also rotates together with the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20. This elbow rest 60 can also rest on the elbow in the reclining posture even in the sitting posture. The elbow rest 60 has a minimum length and can rest the elbow in a sitting posture and a reclining posture.

  In the wheelchair 12, the seat attachment portion 54 is located in front of the back frame 20. The position of the pivot center of the armrest 22 is located behind the seat mounting portion 54. A dashed line in FIG. 4 (b) shows the posture in which the armrest 22 is flipped up with respect to the back frame 20 that does not include the seat attachment portion 54. As indicated by the alternate long and short dash line, the armrest 22 is retracted from the backrest surface 78, so that the rotation center Pa of the armrest 22 is moved rearward and downward of the wheelchair 12. A double-headed arrow X1 indicates a distance in the front-rear direction from the rearmost end of the armrest 22 in the flip-up posture to the front end of the upper pipe 28. A double-headed arrow X2 indicates the distance in the front-rear direction from the rearmost end of the armrest 22 in the flip-up position to the front end of the upper pipe 28 when the seat attachment portion 54 is not provided. Similarly, a double-pointed arrow Z1 indicates the vertical distance from the lowermost end of the armrest 22 in the flip-up posture to the lower end of the upper pipe 28. A double-headed arrow Z2 indicates the vertical distance from the lowermost end of the armrest 22 in the flip-up posture to the lower end of the upper pipe 28 when the seat attachment portion 54 is not provided.

  As shown in FIG. 4B, by providing the seat mounting portion 54, the distance in the front-rear direction of the wheelchair 12 in which the armrest 22 is in the flip-up posture can be reduced. When the back frame 20 is tilted backward, interference between the armrest 22 and the tire 26 is suppressed. From the same viewpoint, a seat attachment portion may be provided above the rear seat frame 18 in the same manner as the seat attachment portion 54. The center of rotation of the armrest 20 may be located below the seat mounting portion 54 provided above the rear seat frame 18.

  In this wheelchair 12, the base frame 14, the cross member pair 16, the rear seat frame 18, the back frame 20, and the armrest 22 are mainly made of hollow pipes from the viewpoint of weight reduction. Instead of these hollow pipes, a solid rod whose inside is not hollowed may be used.

  From the standpoint that the armrest 22 does not interfere with getting on and off from the side of the wheelchair 12, the position of the pivot center of the armrest 22 may be lower than the front seat surface 74 of the front seat frame, or the rear seat surface of the rear seat frame 18 It may be made lower than 76. Specific examples thereof are shown in FIGS. 5A to 5C.

  FIG. 5 (a) shows another wheelchair 80 according to the present invention. In the wheelchair 80, the position of the pivot center Pa of the armrest 82 is set behind the backrest surface 78 of the back frame 20 and below the rear seat surface 76 of the rear seat frame 18. In the wheelchair 80, the back frame 20 is rotatable with respect to the rear seat frame 18. In this wheelchair 80 as well, the armrest 82 can be retracted from the rear seat surface 76 and the backrest surface 78 by rotating the armrest 82.

  Like the wheelchair 80, the rear seat frame 18 and the back frame 20 may be independently rotated. By independently rotating, the wheelchair 80 can appropriately respond to various postures of the user. Moreover, when the back frame 20 inclines, the backseat frame 18 may incline in conjunction. The rear seat frame 18 may rotate in the same direction as the back frame 20, and the magnitude of the rotation angle may be different. Thus, when the back frame 20 and the rear seat frame are tilted in conjunction with each other, it is possible to prevent the user's buttocks from shifting when the seating posture is changed to the reclining posture. The user does not need to sit down again. It is suppressed that a user becomes an unnatural posture. The user can maintain a comfortable and appropriate posture.

  FIG. 5B shows still another wheelchair 84 according to the present invention. In the wheelchair 84, the position of the rotation center Pa of the armrest 86 is set below the rear seat surface 76 of the rear seat frame 18. The position of the rotation center may be anywhere from the front end to the rear end of the rear seat frame 18 in the front-rear direction. Further, the rotation center Pa of the armrest 86 may be at the rotation center of the back frame 20 or the seat frame 18.

  FIG. 5C shows still another wheelchair 88 according to the present invention. In the wheelchair 88, the position of the pivot center of the armrest 90 is set below the front seat surface 74 of the front seat frame. The position of the rotation center Pa may be anywhere from the front end to the rear end of the front seat frame (front seat pipe 38) in the front-rear direction.

  The configuration described above can be widely applied to reclining wheelchairs equipped with armrests.

12, 80, 84, 88 ... wheelchair 14 ... base frame 16 ... cross member pair 18 ... rear seat frame 20 ... back frame 22, 82, 86, 90 ... armrest 34, 36 ... Cross member 38, 44 ... Front seat pipe 50 ... Vertical pipe 52 ... Handle 54 ... Seat mounting part 56 ... Guide panel 58 ... Side frame 60 ... Elbow rest 62... Support 64... Support guide 66... Lever 68. Front seat cloth 70 .. back seat cloth 72 .. back cloth 74 .. front seat surface 76. ..Seat surface 78 ... Backrest surface

Claims (4)

A front seat frame on which a front seat surface for supporting the user's thigh is formed, a rear seat frame on which a rear seat surface for supporting the buttocks is formed, a back frame on which a backrest surface for supporting the back is formed, Armrests located on the left and right sides of the thigh and buttocks,
This rear seat frame is pivotable in a direction that tilts backward, with the rear end lowered downward relative to the front end, with the left-right direction as the pivot axis,
This armrest is pivotable about the left and right direction as a pivot axis ,
The back frame is pivoted between a seated posture where the back frame is raised and a reclining posture inclined backward,
When the back frame rotates and tilts backward, the rear seat frame rotates in conjunction with the back frame and tilts backward,
A wheelchair in which the armrest is locked to the rear seat frame or the back frame and the armrest rotates together with the rear seat frame or the back frame in a use posture in which the armrest partitions the front seat frame, the rear seat frame, and the back frame and the rear wheel. .   The wheelchair according to claim 1, wherein the position of the rotation center of the rotation shaft of the armrest is at least one of a position below the front seat surface, a position below the rear seat surface, and a position behind the backrest surface.   The wheelchair according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the armrest is rotatable together with one or both of the rear seat frame and the back frame. It has a guide panel,
The wheelchair according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the guide panel is attached to an armrest, and the inner side and the outer side of the rear seat surface are partitioned by the left and right ends of the rear seat surface.

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