JP6169700B2 - エステル化コポリマーおよびジエンゴムコポリマーを含む潤滑組成物 - Google Patents
エステル化コポリマーおよびジエンゴムコポリマーを含む潤滑組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6169700B2 JP6169700B2 JP2015528550A JP2015528550A JP6169700B2 JP 6169700 B2 JP6169700 B2 JP 6169700B2 JP 2015528550 A JP2015528550 A JP 2015528550A JP 2015528550 A JP2015528550 A JP 2015528550A JP 6169700 B2 JP6169700 B2 JP 6169700B2
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- copolymer
- lubricating composition
- monomer
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
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- C10M2203/1025—Aliphatic fractions used as base material
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- C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
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- C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
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Description
例示的な実施形態は、エステル化コポリマーおよびジエンゴムコポリマーを含む潤滑組成物に関する。この潤滑組成物は、クランクケース油などのエンジンオイルにおいて具体的な用途が見出される。また、この潤滑組成物の方法および使用も開示される。
粘度調整剤(粘度指数(VI)向上剤としても公知である)はしばしば、潤滑剤の粘度指数を改善するために潤滑油組成物に添加される。粘度調整剤は、具体的な用途に応じて、潤滑油組成物中で、例えば分散剤、清浄剤(detergent)、摩擦調整剤、腐食防止剤、流動点降下剤などの他の性能添加剤と合わせて基油と一緒にされる。典型的な粘度調整剤には、アルキルメタクリレートのポリマー、アルキルアクリレートのポリマー、オレフィン(エチレンとプロピレンとのコポリマーなど)のポリマー、スチレンと共役ジエンのコポリマーおよび無水マレイン酸とαオレフィンまたはスチレンとのコポリマーならびにそれらのエステル化誘導体が含まれる。エステル基を含む粘度調整剤は、ペンダント/グラフト化/分枝状基中にエステル官能基を取り込む傾向がある。エステル官能基は、1〜40個の炭素原子を有する直鎖状または分枝状アルキルアルコールから誘導することができる。そうしたポリマーの例は、米国特許第5,435,928号、同第6,174,843号、同第6,419,714号、同第6,544,935号および同第7,254,249号;ならびに国際出願第07/133999号および同第2010/014655号に開示されている。
ジエンゴムを含む潤滑組成物を提供し、エンジン部品の耐久性のために良好なHTHSを提供し、同時に、低い動粘性率を提供して摩擦を減少させ、燃料経済性を改善することを合わせてもたらすことが望ましい。
例示的な実施形態の1つの態様では、潤滑組成物は、(A)ビニルモノマーから誘導される単位(A1)およびカルボン酸モノマーから誘導される単位(A2)を含むエステル化コポリマーであって、そのビニルモノマーがビニル脂肪族モノマーを含み、そのカルボン酸モノマーが第一級アルコール(直鎖状または分枝状)でエステル化されたエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸またはその誘導体を含む、エステル化コポリマー;ならびに(B)共役ジエンモノマーから誘導される少なくとも第1のブロック(B1)およびビニル芳香族モノマーから誘導される少なくとも第2のブロック(B2)を含むジエンゴムコポリマーを含む。潤滑組成物中のジエンゴムコポリマーとエステル化コポリマーとの重量での比(B:A)は0.01〜0.9である。
一実施形態において、例えば、以下の項目が提供される。
(項目1)
A.ビニルモノマーから誘導される単位(A1)およびカルボン酸モノマーから誘導される単位(A2)を含むエステル化コポリマーであって、前記ビニルモノマーがビニル脂肪族モノマーを含み、前記カルボン酸モノマーが第一級アルコールでエステル化されたエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸またはその誘導体を含む、エステル化コポリマーと、
B.共役ジエンモノマーから誘導される少なくとも第1のブロック(B1)およびビニル芳香族モノマーから誘導される少なくとも第2のブロック(B2)を含むジエンゴムコポリマーと
を含む潤滑組成物であって、
前記潤滑組成物中の前記ジエンゴムコポリマーと前記エステル化コポリマーとの重量での比(B:A)が0.01〜0.9である、潤滑組成物。
(項目2)
前記潤滑組成物における前記ジエンゴムコポリマーと前記エステル化コポリマーとの前記比(B:A)が0.2〜0.85である、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目3)
前記潤滑組成物における前記ジエンゴムコポリマーと前記エステル化コポリマーとの前記比(B:A)が0.3〜0.8である、項目2に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目4)
前記潤滑組成物における前記ジエンゴムコポリマーと前記エステル化コポリマーとの前記比(B:A)が少なくとも0.4である、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目5)
前記エステル化コポリマーが、前記組成物の1〜22wt%、または2〜15wt%または3〜10wt%である、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目6)
前記ジエンゴムコポリマーが、前記組成物の0.01〜18wt%である、項目1に記載の組成物。
(項目7)
前記ジエンゴムコポリマーの前記少なくとも第1のブロック(B1)が誘導される元となる前記ジエンモノマーが、ブタジエンまたはイソプレンの少なくとも1つを含む、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目8)
前記ジエンゴムコポリマーの前記少なくとも第2のブロック(B2)が誘導される元となる前記ビニル芳香族モノマーが、スチレン、αメチルスチレン、核メチルスチレン、エチルスチレン、イソプロピルスチレン、tert−ブチルスチレン、クロロスチレン、ジクロロスチレンまたはビニルナフタレンの少なくとも1つを含む、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目9)
前記ジエンゴムコポリマー(B)が、少なくとも30,000の重量平均分子量を有する、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目10)
前記共役ジエンモノマーから誘導される前記少なくとも第1のブロック(B1)が、少なくとも10,000の重量平均分子量を有する、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目11)
前記ビニル芳香族モノマーから誘導される前記少なくとも第2のブロック(B2)が、少なくとも3,000の重量平均分子量を有する、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目12)
前記ジエンゴムコポリマー(B)が、ポリ(スチレン−co−ブタジエン)、ポリ(スチレン−co−ブタジエン−co−イソプレン)またはポリ(スチレン−co−イソプレン)の少なくとも1つを含む、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目13)
前記エステル化コポリマー(A)が、少なくとも5000、または最大で50,000の重量平均分子量を有する、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目14)
ビニルモノマーから誘導される前記単位(A1)が、ビニル芳香族モノマーから誘導される単位をさらに含む、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目15)
前記ビニル脂肪族モノマーがαオレフィンを含む、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目16)
前記αオレフィンが少なくとも6個の炭素原子を有する、項目15に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目17)
前記コポリマー中のビニルモノマー単位とカルボン酸モノマー単位とのモル比が、1:3〜3:1または1:2〜2:1または0.6:1〜1:1または0.7:1〜1:1.1である、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目18)
前記エステル化コポリマーが、β位またはより高位で分枝した第一級アルコールでエステル化されている、項目1に記載の組成物。
(項目19)
前記カルボン酸モノマーが無水マレイン酸を含む、項目1に記載の組成物。
(項目20)
前記エステル化コポリマー(A)が窒素含有基を含む、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目21)
前記カルボン酸モノマーから誘導される前記単位(A2)の少なくともいくつかが、窒素含有化合物でのアミノ化、アミド化およびイミド化の少なくとも1つを施されている、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目22)
前記窒素含有化合物が、モルホリン、イミダゾリジノン、アミノアミド、β−アラニンアルキルエステル、脂肪族アミン、芳香族アミン、脂肪族ポリアミン、芳香族ポリアミンおよびその混合物からなる群から選択されるアミン含有化合物である、項目20に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目23)
前記潤滑油が、少なくとも3cStの100℃での動粘性率を有するポリαオレフィンAPIグループIV油を含む、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目24)
前記潤滑組成物が、少なくとも9.3cStまたは最大で12.5cStの100℃での動粘性率を有する、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目25)
前記潤滑組成物が、少なくとも6.1cStまたは最大で9.3cStの100℃での動粘性率を有する、項目1に記載の潤滑組成物。
(項目26)
エンジンオイルとしての、前記項目1〜24のいずれかに記載の潤滑組成物の使用。
(項目27)
(A)エステル化コポリマーを、(B)ジエンゴムコポリマー、(C)潤滑粘度の油および(D)任意選択で、1つまたは複数の他の性能添加剤と混合するステップを含む、潤滑組成物を調製するためのプロセスであって、
前記エステル化コポリマーがビニルモノマーから誘導される単位(A1)およびカルボン酸モノマーから誘導される単位(A2)を含み、前記ビニルモノマーがビニル脂肪族モノマーを含み、前記カルボン酸モノマーが第一級アルコールでエステル化されたエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸またはその誘導体を含み、
前記ジエンゴムコポリマーが、共役ジエンモノマーから誘導される少なくとも第1のブロック(B1)およびビニル芳香族モノマーから誘導される少なくとも第2のブロック(B2)を含み、
前記潤滑組成物中での前記ジエンゴムコポリマーと前記エステル化コポリマーとの重量での比(B:A)が0.01〜0.9である、プロセス。
(項目28)
(1)(i)ビニルモノマーを、(ii)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸またはその誘導体を含むカルボン酸モノマーと反応させてコポリマーを形成させるステップと、
(2)ステップ(1)の前記コポリマーを、エステル化条件下でアルコールまたはアルコールの混合物と反応させてエステル化コポリマーを形成させるステップと、
(3)任意選択で、ステップ(1)または(2)の前記コポリマーを、少なくとも0.01wt%の窒素を有するエステル化コポリマーを提供する量で、窒素含有化合物と反応させるステップと
を含む前記エステル化コポリマーを形成させるステップをさらに含む、項目26に記載のプロセス。
潤滑組成物の粘度指数(VI)を決定する方法は、ASTM D2270、「Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index From Kinematic Viscosity at 40 and 100℃」、ASTM International、West Conshohocken、PA、DOI:10.1520/D2270−10E01に概要が示されている手順による。
I.粘度調整剤(A)
A.粘度調整剤のビニルモノマー単位
B.粘度調整剤のカルボン酸単位
C.カルボン酸単位のエステル化のためのアルコール
(BB)は、カルボン酸モノマー単位およびビニルモノマー単位から誘導されるコポリマー骨格、すなわち、カルボキシル基を含まない炭素骨格であり;
Xは、(i)炭素および少なくとも1個の酸素もしくは窒素原子を含むか、または(ii)コポリマー骨格と( )y中に含まれる分枝状ヒドロカルビル基を連結する1〜5個の炭素原子を有するアルキレン基(一般に−CH2−)であるかのいずれかの官能基であり;
wは、2〜2000または2〜500または5〜250の範囲であってよい、コポリマー骨格と結合しているペンダント基の数であり;
yは0、1、2または3であり、ただし、ペンダント基の少なくとも1モル%においてyはゼロではなく;ただし、yが0である場合、Xは、Xの原子価を満足させるのに十分な様式で末端基と結合しており、その末端基は、水素、アルキル、アリール、金属(一般にエステル反応の中和の際に導入される。適切な金属には、カルシウム、マグネシウム、バリウム、亜鉛、ナトリウム、カリウムまたはリチウムが含まれる)またはアンモニウムカチオンおよびその混合物から選択され;
pは1〜15(または1〜8または1〜4)の範囲の整数であり;
R3およびR4は独立に直鎖状または分枝状ヒドロカルビル基であり、R3およびR4の中に存在する炭素原子の合計数は少なくとも12(または少なくとも16または少なくとも18または少なくとも20)である)
の( )w内で表されるようなペンダント基を提供するために使用することができる。
D.粘度調整剤の窒素含有基
の物質およびその異性体変形体が含まれる。
X=−OHまたはNH2であり;
Hy”は水素またはヒドロカルビル基(典型的にはアルキルまたはC1〜4−アルキルまたはC2−アルキル)であり;
Hyはヒドロカルビレン基(典型的にはアルキレンまたはC1〜4−アルキレンまたはC2−アルキレン)であり;
Q=>NH、>NR、>CH2、>CHR、>CR2または−O−(典型的には>NHまたは>NR)であり、
RはC1〜4アルキルである)
の化合物から誘導することができる。
E.エステル化コポリマー(A)の形成
(1)(i)ビニルモノマーと(ii)α,β−エチレン性不飽和ジカルボン酸またはその誘導体を含むカルボン酸モノマーを反応させてコポリマー骨格を形成させるステップであって、そのカルボン酸モノマーが任意選択でエステル基を有する、ステップと、
(2)任意選択で、ステップ(1)のコポリマー骨格をエステル化してエステル化コポリマーを形成するステップと、
(3)任意選択で、ステップ(1)または(2)のコポリマーを、少なくとも0.01wt%窒素を有するエステル化コポリマーを提供する量の窒素含有化合物と反応させ;それによって、得られるコポリマー(A)を(1)、(2)および(3)の少なくとも1つにおいてエステル化するステップ
を含む方法によって形成させることができる。
1.コポリマー骨格の形成
理解されるように、得られる骨格コポリマーはnおよびmのランダムな変動を有していてよい。
2.コポリマー骨格のエステル化
3.コポリマー骨格上での窒素含有基の形成
II.ジエンゴムコポリマー(B)
A.ジエンゴムコポリマーのジエンモノマー
B.ジエンゴムコポリマーのビニル芳香族モノマー
Ar−C(R)5CH2
(式中、Rは水素またはアルキルであり、Arはアルキル、ハロまたはハロアルキル置換をもつかまたはもたない1〜3個の芳香族環を有する芳香族環構造であり、その任意のアルキル基はハロ、ニトロ、アミノ、ヒドロキシ、シアノ、カルボニルおよびカルボキシルなどの官能基でモノ置換もしくはマルチ置換されていてよい1〜6個の炭素原子を含む)のものである。一実施形態では、Arはフェニルまたはアルキルフェニル、ハロフェニル、アルキルフェニル、アルキルハロフェニル、ナフチル、ピリジニルまたはアントラセニルである。ビニル置換芳香族は一般に、8〜約20個の炭素または8〜12個の炭素原子、例えば8もしくは9個の炭素原子を含む。
C.ジエンゴムコポリマー(B)の形成
III.エンジンオイル潤滑組成物
A.潤滑組成物の形成
(1)上述したような、エステル化コポリマー(A)を形成させる(または得る)ステップと、
(2)(1)で形成したエステル化コポリマーを、ジエンゴムコポリマー(B)、潤滑粘度の油(C)ならびに任意選択でエステル化コポリマー(A)およびジエンゴムコポリマー(B)以外の1つまたは複数の性能添加剤と、潤滑組成物または潤滑剤濃縮物中のジエンゴムコポリマー(B)と例示的な粘度調整剤(A)成分の比(B:A)が0.01〜0.9または0.2〜0.85または0.3〜0.8または少なくとも0.4である潤滑組成物を提供するのに十分な量で混合するステップとを含む。
IV.潤滑粘度の油
V.性能添加剤
エステル化コポリマーの調製
5L反応フラスコに、490.3gの無水マレイン酸(MAA)、841.6gの1−ドデセンおよび860.2gのトルエンをチャージした。1−ドデセン:無水マレイン酸のモル比は1:1であった。フラスコに、PTFEガスケットと、オーバーヘッドスターラー、スターラーガイド、熱電対、窒素入口(250cm3/分窒素)、カニューレを介して取り付けた蠕動ポンプを備えたシリコンセプタムおよび水冷却器を装備した5ポートフランジふたを取り付けた。反応フラスコとその内容物を105℃に加熱した。
(実施例2)
例示的な潤滑組成物の調製
(実施例3)
例示的な潤滑組成物性能
a.炭化水素置換基、すなわち、脂肪族(例えば、アルキルまたはアルケニル)、脂環式(例えば、シクロアルキル、シクロアルケニル)置換基ならびに芳香族−置換芳香族置換基、脂肪族−置換芳香族置換基および脂環式−置換芳香族置換基、ならびに環状置換基[ここで、この環はその分子の他の部分を介して完成している(例えば、2つの置換基が一緒になって環を形成する)];
b.置換炭化水素置換基、すなわち、本発明の関連で、その置換基の支配的に炭化水素の性質を変えない非炭化水素基(例えば、ハロ(特にクロロおよびフルオロ)、ヒドロキシ、アルコキシ、メルカプト、アルキルメルカプト、ニトロ、ニトロソおよびスルホキシ)を含む置換基;
c.ヘテロ置換基、すなわち、本発明の関連で、支配的に炭化水素の特徴を有するが、その他は炭素原子で構成される環または鎖の中に炭素以外のものを含む置換基;および
d.ヘテロ原子は硫黄、酸素、窒素を含み、ピリジル、フリル、チエニルおよびイミダゾリルのような置換基を包含する。一般に、ヒドロカルビル基中に、2つ以下、一態様では、1つ以下の非炭化水素置換基が炭素原子10個ごとに存在することになり;
典型的には、ヒドロカルビル基に非炭化水素置換基は存在しないことになる。
Claims (28)
- A.ビニルモノマーから誘導される単位(A1)およびカルボン酸モノマーから誘導される単位(A2)を含むエステル化コポリマーであって、A1の前記ビニルモノマーの単位の少なくとも50%がビニル脂肪族モノマーから誘導され、前記カルボン酸モノマーが第一級アルコールでエステル化されたエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸またはその誘導体を含む、エステル化コポリマーと、
B.共役ジエンモノマーから誘導される少なくとも第1のブロック(B1)およびビニル芳香族モノマーから誘導される少なくとも第2のブロック(B2)を含むジエンゴムコポリマーと
を含む潤滑組成物であって、
前記潤滑組成物中の前記ジエンゴムコポリマーと前記エステル化コポリマーとの重量での比(B:A)が0.01〜0.9である、潤滑組成物。 - 前記潤滑組成物における前記ジエンゴムコポリマーと前記エステル化コポリマーとの前記比(B:A)が0.2〜0.85である、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記潤滑組成物における前記ジエンゴムコポリマーと前記エステル化コポリマーとの前記比(B:A)が0.3〜0.8である、請求項2に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記潤滑組成物における前記ジエンゴムコポリマーと前記エステル化コポリマーとの前記比(B:A)が0.4〜0.9である、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記エステル化コポリマーが、前記組成物の1〜22wt%である、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記ジエンゴムコポリマーが、前記組成物の0.01〜18wt%である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記ジエンゴムコポリマーの前記少なくとも第1のブロック(B1)が誘導される元となる前記ジエンモノマーが、ブタジエンまたはイソプレンの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記ジエンゴムコポリマーの前記少なくとも第2のブロック(B2)が誘導される元となる前記ビニル芳香族モノマーが、スチレン、αメチルスチレン、2−メチルスチレン、3−メチルスチレン、4−メチルスチレン、エチルスチレン、イソプロピルスチレン、tert−ブチルスチレン、クロロスチレン、ジクロロスチレンまたはビニルナフタレンの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記ジエンゴムコポリマー(B)が、少なくとも30,000の重量平均分子量を有する、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記共役ジエンモノマーから誘導される前記少なくとも第1のブロック(B1)が、少なくとも10,000の重量平均分子量を有する、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記ビニル芳香族モノマーから誘導される前記少なくとも第2のブロック(B2)が、少なくとも3,000の重量平均分子量を有する、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記ジエンゴムコポリマー(B)が、ポリ(スチレン−co−ブタジエン)、ポリ(スチレン−co−ブタジエン−co−イソプレン)またはポリ(スチレン−co−イソプレン)の少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記エステル化コポリマー(A)が、5000〜50,000の重量平均分子量を有する、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- ビニルモノマーから誘導される前記単位(A1)が、ビニル芳香族モノマーから誘導される単位をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記ビニル脂肪族モノマーがαオレフィンを含む、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記αオレフィンが少なくとも6個の炭素原子を有する、請求項15に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記コポリマー中のビニルモノマー単位とカルボン酸モノマー単位とのモル比が、1:3〜3:1である、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記エステル化コポリマーが、β位またはより高位で分枝した第一級アルコールでエステル化されている、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記カルボン酸モノマーが無水マレイン酸を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記エステル化コポリマー(A)が、窒素含有化合物から誘導される窒素含有基を含む、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記カルボン酸モノマーから誘導される前記単位(A2)の少なくともいくつかが、窒素含有化合物でのアミノ化、アミド化およびイミド化の少なくとも1つを施されている、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記窒素含有化合物が、モルホリン、イミダゾリジノン、アミノアミド、β−アラニンアルキルエステル、脂肪族アミン、芳香族アミン、脂肪族ポリアミン、芳香族ポリアミンおよびその混合物からなる群から選択されるアミン含有化合物である、請求項20に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記潤滑油が、少なくとも3cStの100℃での動粘性率を有するポリαオレフィンAPIグループIV油を含む、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記潤滑組成物が、9.3cSt〜12.5cStの100℃での動粘性率を有する、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- 前記潤滑組成物が、6.1cSt〜9.3cStの100℃での動粘性率を有する、請求項1に記載の潤滑組成物。
- エンジンオイルとしての、前記請求項1〜24のいずれかに記載の潤滑組成物の使用。
- (A)エステル化コポリマーを、(B)ジエンゴムコポリマー、(C)潤滑粘度の油および(D)任意選択で、1つまたは複数の他の性能添加剤と混合するステップを含む、潤滑組成物を調製するためのプロセスであって、
前記エステル化コポリマーがビニルモノマーから誘導される単位(A1)およびカルボン酸モノマーから誘導される単位(A2)を含み、前記ビニルモノマーがビニル脂肪族モノマーを含み、前記カルボン酸モノマーが第一級アルコールでエステル化されたエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸またはその誘導体を含み、
前記ジエンゴムコポリマーが、共役ジエンモノマーから誘導される少なくとも第1のブロック(B1)およびビニル芳香族モノマーから誘導される少なくとも第2のブロック(B2)を含み、
前記潤滑組成物中での前記ジエンゴムコポリマーと前記エステル化コポリマーとの重量での比(B:A)が0.01〜0.9である、
プロセス。 - (1)(i)ビニルモノマーを、(ii)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸またはその誘導体を含むカルボン酸モノマーと反応させてコポリマーを形成させるステップと、
(2)ステップ(1)の前記コポリマーを、エステル化条件下でアルコールまたはアルコールの混合物と反応させてエステル化コポリマーを形成させるステップと、
(3)任意選択で、ステップ(1)または(2)の前記コポリマーを、少なくとも0.01wt%の窒素を有するエステル化コポリマーを提供する量で、窒素含有化合物と反応させるステップと
を含む前記エステル化コポリマーを形成させるステップをさらに含む、請求項27に記載のプロセス。
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