JP6141935B2 - 分子の解析と識別のための方法及び装置 - Google Patents
分子の解析と識別のための方法及び装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6141935B2 JP6141935B2 JP2015196592A JP2015196592A JP6141935B2 JP 6141935 B2 JP6141935 B2 JP 6141935B2 JP 2015196592 A JP2015196592 A JP 2015196592A JP 2015196592 A JP2015196592 A JP 2015196592A JP 6141935 B2 JP6141935 B2 JP 6141935B2
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Description
1970年代、コールター・カウンターの抵抗性パルス技法に基づき、DeBloisと同僚らは、粒子をそれらのサイズと電気泳動移動性によって特徴付ける場合の単一シングルサブミクロン直径孔の使用を実証することに成功した。その後、Deamerが、遺伝子配列決定のためにナノメートルサイズの孔を使用するという考えを提案した。彼と彼の同僚らは、一本鎖DNA(ssDNA)分子及び一本鎖RNA分子を操って孔形成タンパク質を通過させ、このナノ孔を通るイオン電流に及ぼす効果によってそれら分子を検出できることを実証した。最近実証された速い配列決定速度を前提とすると、ナノ孔ベース配列決定の進展は、迅速なゲノム解析のための大型ナノ孔アレイを作り出すための安価な並行書き込み式製作プロセスがないせいで大きく阻まれる。従来のリソグラフィー法の多くや、電子ミリング、イオンミリング、及びシリコンエッチバックは、リアルタイムゲノム解析にとって必要とされるナノ孔アレイを製造するのに実行可能な手段ではない。最近になってようやく、ヒューストン大学のDonnellyと同僚らは、さほどの制限なしに2nmナノ孔アレイを大量生産することのできるナノパントグラフィーの幾つかの実施形態を開発した。彼らのシミュレーション結果によれば、ナノパントグラフィーには、1nm程の小さいサイズのホール又はドットを画定する能力がある。マイクロ/ナノ流体工学の技術を取り入れることにより、ナノパントグラフィーは、リアルタイム又は近リアルタイムゲノム解析システムを実現する可能性を開く。
図4A−図4Eは、ナノ孔及び/又はナノ孔アレイを製作するための減法的方法の1つの実施形態を示している。図4Aを参照すると、窒化物420をSi(100)ウェーハ410上に堆積させている。図4Bでは、下側の導電材料422であるドープされたシリコン又は金属を堆積させ、これに続いて誘電体スペーサ424、そして上金属層426を堆積させている。次いで、多数のアインツェルレンズが画定される。図4Cを参照すると、導電材料422にナノパントグラフィーエッチングが施されてナノメートルホール430が画定されており、それらの孔が窒化物層420のナノ孔エッチングのためのハードマスクとして使用される。図4Dでは、アインツェルレンズが除去されている。次いで、ナノ孔430が保護のために酸化物435で被覆される。最終的に、図4Eでは、測定室の下キャビティ440が、化学的機械的研磨(CMP)、リソグラフィー技法、及び水酸化カリウム(KOH)エッチングによって、シリコン基板410の裏面に形成されている。次いで酸化物層435が除去されるとナノ孔430が露わになる。
図5A−図5Iは、ナノ孔及び/又はナノ孔アレイを製作するための加法的方法の1つの実施形態を示している。図5Aを参照すると、窒化物520をSi(100)ウェーハ510上に堆積させている。図5Bでは、下側の導電材料522であるドープされたシリコン又は金属、誘電体スペーサ524、そして上金属層526を堆積させている。次いで、複数のアインツェルレンズが画定される。図5Cでは、ナノロッド又はナノチューブ成長用のナノシード530を堆積させている。図5Dでは、ナノロッド又はナノチューブ535を成長させている。図5Eでは、酸化物層540を堆積させている。図5Fでは、ナノロッド又はナノチューブ535が除去されている。残った酸化物ナノメートルホール550が、導電層及び窒化物層のためのハードマスクとして使用される。図5Gでは、パターンが、酸化物層540から導電性層522に、次いで窒化物層520に転写されている。図5Hでは、アインツェルレンズが除去され、続いて酸化物層540が除去されている。ナノ孔が保護のために酸化物552で被覆される。最終的に、図5Iでは、測定室の下キャビティ560が、CMP、リソグラフィー技法、及びKOHエッチングによって、シリコン基板510の裏面に形成されている。次いで酸化物層552が除去されるとナノ孔565が露わになる。
減法的方法又は加法的方法の何れかを用いてナノ孔が形成された後、ナノ孔アレイウェーハ750は、図7に示されている様に、事前に製作されている集積回路720及びマイクロ流体チャネル730の上に貼り合わされることになる。これによって、測定室の下キャビティの形成が完了する。核酸サンプルは、所望に応じ、下ウェーハ側のマイクロ流体チャネルを通して生物チップから抽出される。
ナノ孔ベース配列決定器は、持ち運びできるゲノム検出解析システムを提供している。幾つかの実施形態では、ナノ孔ベース配列決定器は、2大構成要素、即ち、ハードウェアとソフトウェアを含んでいる。高水準アーキテクチャ及びサブユニットの幾つかの実施形態を以下に論じる。
幾つかの実施形態では、ナノ孔ベース配列決定器のハードウェアシステムは、2大ユニット、即ち、計算通信制御ユニット及びナノ孔ベース配列決定生物チップインターフェースユニットと、各種モジュールを含んでいる。高水準アーキテクチャの1つの実施形態が図14に示されている。諸部分の詳細事項を以下に更に詳しく説明する。
1つの実施形態では、ハードウェアシステム1400は、ディスプレイデバイスを有する持ち運びできるコンピューティングシステム1410を含んでいる。これは、タブレット、ラップトップ、ネットブック、オールインワン型デスクトップコンピュータ、スマートフォン、携帯情報端末(PDA)、又は何らかの手持ち式コンピューティングデバイスなど、を使用して実装されていてもよい。それは、オペレーティングシステム(OS)を稼働させ、データ解析ソフトウェアを実行し、データを記憶し、ナノ孔ベース配列決定生物チップの作動を制御し、ナノ孔ベース配列決定生物チップからデータを収集するための中枢ユニットである。
幾つかの実施形態では、ナノ孔ベース配列決定(nSeq)生物チップインターフェースユニット1450は、nSeq電子モジュール1460、流体制御モジュール1470、化学薬品貯蔵及び流体I/O接続モジュール1480、及びnSeq流体制御及びサンプルI/O接続モジュール1490に連結している。nSeq電子モジュール1460は、核酸分配モジュールを制御し、ナノ流体チャネルの流量を制御し、測定データを収集し、データを計算通信制御ユニットに出力する。
図15は、ナノ孔ベース配列決定器の1つの実施形態におけるオペレーティングシステム及びゲノム解析ソフトウェアのためのソフトウェア及び関係のあるハードウェア構成要素の高水準アーキテクチャを示している。示されているソフトウェアアーキテクチャ内の各種論理処理モジュールは、コンピュータ可読媒体に具現化されている命令を実行する処理デバイス(例えば図14の持ち運びできるコンピューティングシステム1410など)により実装することができる。コンピュータ可読媒体には、コンピュータ(例えば、サーバ、パソコン、ネットワークデバイス、携帯情報端末、製造工具、1つ又はそれ以上のプロセッサのセットを備えた何らかのデバイスなど)がアクセスできる様式で情報を提供(即ち、記憶及び/又は送信)するあらゆるメカニズムが含まれる。例えば、コンピュータ可読媒体には、追記型/非追記型媒体(例えば、読取専用メモリ(ROM)、ランダムアクセスメモリ(RAM)、磁気ディスク記憶媒体、光学記憶媒体、フラッシュメモリデバイスなど)などが含まれる。
120 ナノ孔ベース配列決定生物チップ
410 ウェーハ、シリコン基板
420 窒化物
422 導電材料
424 誘電体スペーサ
426 上金属層
430 ナノメートルホール
435 酸化物
440 下キャビティ
510 ウェーハ
520 窒化物
522 導電材料
524 誘電体スペーサ
526 上金属層
530 ナノシード
535 ナノロッド又はナノチューブ
540 酸化物層
550 酸化物ナノメートルホール
560 下キャビティ
565 ナノ孔
610 ナノスリット
620 ナノリング
720 集積回路
730 マイクロ流体チャネル
750 ナノ孔アレイウェーハ
800 3層ウェーハ構造
810 上ウェーハ
820 集積回路
830 流体チャネル
840 ナノ孔ウェーハ
850 下ウェーハ
910 電圧バイアススキーム
920 電流感知回路
1010 マイクロ流体チャネル
1013 ナノ流体チャネル
1015、1017 サンプル案内電極
1020 受け入れ溜め
1023 サンプル取込口コネクタ
1025 緩衝剤取込口
1027 緩衝剤排出口
1030、1040 測定室
1101 一本鎖核酸分子
1205 感知電極
1225 ナノ孔
1230 上駆動電極
1235 下駆動電極
1305、1307 感知電極
1310 印加AC感知電圧
1325 ナノ孔
1327 ナノスリット
1400 ハードウェアシステム
1410 持ち運びできるコンピューティングシステム
1420 ネットワーク通信モジュール
1430 入力デバイス
1440 入力/出力(I/O)ポート
1450 ナノ孔ベース配列決定(nSeq)生物チップインターフェースユニット
1460 nSeq電子モジュール
1470 流体制御モジュール
1480 化学薬品貯蔵及び流体I/O接続モジュール
1490 nSeq流体制御及びサンプルI/O接続モジュール
1510 入力/出力(I/O)ポート
1520 グラフィカルユーザーインターフェース(GUI)
1530 データビューア
1540 ゲノムデータ解析部インターフェース
1550 ゲノムデータ解析部
1560 ゲノムデータベース
1570 I/Oポート
1580 入力デバイス
1590 nSeq生物チップインターフェース
Claims (18)
- ナノスリットベース配列決定の方法であって、
a.持ち運びできる分子解析器への分子サンプルの入力に関連する測定データを、前記持ち運びできる分子解析器におけるナノスリットベース配列決定チップから受信するステップと、
b.前記測定データの分析を実行し、前記サンプルにおける分子を識別するステップと、
を含み、
前記ナノスリットベース配列決定チップは、前記サンプルの分子の一又は二以上の電気特性を測定するように構成され、そして、少なくとも一組の埋め込み感知電極をそれぞれが含む複数のナノスリットを定義するナノスリットアレイウェーハを含み、前記埋め込み感知電極の各組が前記ナノスリットの反対側に位置する、方法。 - 前記ナノスリットベース配列決定チップは、前記測定データを、前記少なくとも一組の埋め込み感知電極を用いて、前記複数のナノスリットの少なくとも一つにおける抵抗の変化、静電容量の変化、位相の変化、又は、電流の変化を検出することによって得る、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電流は、トンネル電流を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記複数のナノスリットそれぞれは、1つ又はそれ以上のナノ流体チャネル及び1つ又はそれ以上のマイクロ流体チャネルと流体で伝達を行う、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノスリットベース配列決定チップは、前記測定データを、前記少なくとも一組の埋め込み感知電極を用いて、電圧閉じ込めを行い、前記ナノスリットを介して前記分子の移送の速度を制御することによって得る、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノスリットベース配列決定チップは、前記測定データを、前記少なくとも一組の埋め込み感知電極を用いて、交流電流を印加し、前記ナノスリットを介した前記分子の移送の間、電気信号を検出することによって得る、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノスリットベース配列決定チップは、前記測定データを、前記複数のナノスルットの外部の電極を用いて、前記複数のナノスリットの少なくとも一つに電位を印加することによって得る、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の配列決定の方法を実行するための携帯型分子解析器であって、
a.サンプルを受けるよう構成されたサンプル取込口と、
b.前記サンプルの1つ又はそれ以上の電気特性を測定するよう構成されたナノスリットベース配列決定チップであって、前記サンプル取込口と流体で伝達を行い、少なくとも一組の埋め込み感知電極をそれぞれが含む複数のナノスリットを定義するナノスリットアレイウェーハを含むナノスリットベース配列決定チップと、
を備え、
前記埋め込み感知電極の各組が前記ナノスリットの反対側に位置する、携帯型分子解析器。 - 前記複数のナノスリットそれぞれは、異なる材料で作成される複数の層を含む、請求項8に記載の携帯型分子解析器。
- 前記埋め込み感知電極の各組は、第1の電極及び第2の電極を有し、前記第1の電極及び前記第2の電極は、少なくとも一つの前記ナノスリットの長さに沿ってと同じ深さである、請求項8に記載の携帯型分子解析器。
- 前記複数の埋め込み感知電極は、少なくとも一つの前記ナノスリットの少なくとも二つの層に形成される、請求項8に記載の携帯型分子解析器。
- 前記複数の埋め込み感知電極は、少なくとも一つの前記ナノスリットにおける抵抗の変化、静電容量の変化、位相の変化、又は、電流の変化を検出するよう構成されている、請求項8に記載の携帯型分子解析器。
- 前記電流は、トンネル電流を含む、請求項12に記載の携帯型分子解析器。
- 前記携帯型分子解析器は、前記複数のナノスリットの少なくとも一つの上で前記携帯型分子解析器に取り付けられた上電極と、少なくとも一つの前記ナノスリットの下で前記携帯型分子解析器に取り付けられた下電極とを備え、少なくとも一つの前記ナノスリットは、前記上電極と前記下電極との間の電気伝達のための経路を提供する、請求項8に記載の携帯型分子解析器。
- 前記下電極又は前記上電極は、集積回路と電気的に伝達を行う、請求項14に記載の携帯型分子解析器。
- 前記集積回路は、電圧バイアススキーム又は電流感知回路を含む、請求項15に記載の携帯型分子解析器。
- 前記ナノスリットベース配列決定チップは、1つ又はそれ以上のナノ流体チャネル及び1つ又はそれ以上のマイクロ流体チャネルと流体でそれぞれが伝達を行う複数のナノスリットを画定しているナノスリットアレイウェーハを備える、請求項8に記載の携帯型分子解析器。
- 前記1つ又はそれ以上のマイクロ流体チャネルは、前記1つ又はそれ以上のマイクロ流体チャネルに沿ってサンプルを導くよう構成された案内電極を備え、前記1つ又はそれ以上のナノ流体チャネルは、前記1つ又はそれ以上のナノ流体チャネルに沿ってサンプルを導くよう構成された案内電極を備えている、請求項17に記載の携帯型分子解析器。
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