JP6010631B2 - 原子力発電所からの有害排出ガスの濾過方法 - Google Patents
原子力発電所からの有害排出ガスの濾過方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6010631B2 JP6010631B2 JP2014551695A JP2014551695A JP6010631B2 JP 6010631 B2 JP6010631 B2 JP 6010631B2 JP 2014551695 A JP2014551695 A JP 2014551695A JP 2014551695 A JP2014551695 A JP 2014551695A JP 6010631 B2 JP6010631 B2 JP 6010631B2
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Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/02—Treating gases
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/0027—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions
- B01D46/0036—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions by adsorption or absorption
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B23/00—Noble gases; Compounds thereof
- C01B23/001—Purification or separation processes of noble gases
- C01B23/0036—Physical processing only
- C01B23/0052—Physical processing only by adsorption in solids
- C01B23/0057—Physical processing only by adsorption in solids characterised by the adsorbent
- C01B23/0068—Zeolites
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D1/00—Details of nuclear power plant
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D3/00—Control of nuclear power plant
- G21D3/04—Safety arrangements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/10—Single element gases other than halogens
- B01D2257/11—Noble gases
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/20—Halogens or halogen compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
- B01D53/225—Multiple stage diffusion
- B01D53/226—Multiple stage diffusion in serial connexion
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
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- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Emergency Management (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
Description
の勧告に従い、希ガスとの呼称を用いる。これらの廃棄物は通常は低放射能であり、これらの廃棄物に含まれる放射能核種は高い毒性を有さず、一般的にはその周期は短い。ここで特筆すべきなのは、放出ガスには固体粒子および液体粒子が含まれていることである。放射能特性を有するこの固体粒子や液体粒子は、粒度に大きなばらつきを有するエアロゾルを形成し、浮遊している微粒子に核分裂現象が生じることにより、たとえばハロゲン、稀ガス、トリチウムおよび炭素14等の放射能核種が生成される。このようにして形成されたエアロゾルの組成および放射能は、リアクタの種類と放出ルートとに大きく依存する。
・無差別に放射性ガスを捕捉する砂濾過システム。重大事故の発生時には、原子炉建屋の格納容器内の圧力の多かれ少なかれ迅速な上昇を許容できる。砂濾過システムを始動させることにより、ガス‐蒸気混合気の一部を制御して放出することが可能になる。これにより、格納容器の過剰加圧が回避されると同時に、放射性物質の放出を著しく制限することができる。主にフランスで使用されているこの砂濾過器は、ガス流に含まれる有害成分の約50%をフィルタリング、保持することができるが、希ガスには機能しない。図1に、砂濾過器20と、ガス放出煙突15から上流に設置された廃棄物測定ユニット25とを備えた発電所10を示す。
・選択的脱ガスを行うことができない散布による脱ガスシステム。この回路では、当該回路内にて循環する水の一部が、特に空気冷却塔を通過するときに、蒸気となって大気中に逃げていき、他の一部は、非蒸発性生成物の濃度が過度に高くなるのを抑えるために周辺中に戻される。特にドイツおよびスウェーデンで用いられるこのシステムは、濾過されるガス流に含まれる有害成分の約75%を保持することができるが、これもまた、希ガスには機能しない。この脱ガスシステムは非常に大型であり(>100m3)、使用および保守が非常に困難であるため、使用コストおよび保守コストが高くなる。
・原子力発電所の、混合気を含む排出ガスを準備するステップ。
・少なくとも1つの膜を介してふるい分け、吸着および/または拡散により行われる膜分離により、前記排出ガスの有害成分を、特に放射性成分を濾過するステップ。
・濾過した前記有害成分を貯蔵器にて貯蔵するステップ。
・処理された前記排出ガスを大気中へ放出するステップ。
・特に排出放射能を低減するための金属プリフィルタを用いた第1の全量濾過(ダイレクトフロー濾過ともいう。)ステップと、
・処理対象の排出物から空気、CO2、CO、蒸気および残留水を分離するための第2のタンジェンシャル濾過(クロスフロー濾過ともいう。)ステップと、
・たとえば有機ヨウ素や無機ヨウ素、希ガス等の有害成分を分離および貯蔵し、かつ、残りの空気、CO2およびCOを煙突へ放出するための、ガス拡散による第3の濾過ステップと、
・ガス浸透により窒素等のキャリアガスを回収して再利用するための、または戻り管路を介して格納容器内部を希釈化するための第4の濾過ステップと
を有する。
を含めた複数の研究所が、原子力発電所における水素のリスクを制御することを目的としたプログラムの中で実験を行い、特に触媒式再結合装置の振舞いを観察した結果、固体金属ヨウ化物の解離によって揮発性のヨウ素を生成する物理化学的反応を検出できることが分かった。
・エアロゾルの場合、本方法の浄化係数は1,000を上回る。
・無機ヨウ素(I2)の場合、浄化係数は1,000を上回る。
・有機ヨウ素(ICH3)の場合、浄化係数は100を上回る。
・本方法は有利には、非常に高い浄化係数を示し、特に希ガスでは1,000を上回る高い浄化係数を示した。
・四酸化ルテニウム(RuO4)では、本方法の浄化係数は100を上回る。
・本方法はまた、空気を含む放射性ガスを処理することにより、時間をかけて格納容器内部の放射能を希釈化することも目的とする。
特に排出放射能を低減するための金属プリフィルタを用いた、第1の全量濾過と、
処理対象の排出物から空気、CO2、CO、蒸気および残留水を分離するための第2のタンジェンシャル濾過と、
たとえば有機ヨウ素や無機ヨウ素、希ガス等の有害成分を分離および貯蔵し、かつ、残りの空気、CO2およびCOを煙突150へ放出するための、ガス拡散による第3の濾過と、
ガス浸透により窒素等のキャリアガスを回収して再利用するための、または戻り管路130を介して格納容器100内部を希釈化するための第4の濾過と
を有する。
・選択性、
・透過性、
・たとえば圧力、温度、モジュールにおける流れの構成等である動作パラメータ。
Claims (13)
- 原子力発電所の有害な排出ガスの濾過方法において、
原子力発電所の、複数のガスの混合気を含む排出ガスを供給するステップと、
処理された排出ガスを生成するために、少なくとも1つの膜を介して、ふるい分け、吸着および拡散のうちの少なくとも一つによる膜分離により、前記排出ガスの成分を濾過するステップと、
濾過した前記成分を貯蔵器に貯蔵するステップと、
処理後の前記排出ガスを大気中に放出するステップと
を有する、濾過方法において、
前記濾過するステップが、
排出放射能を低減するための金属プリフィルタを用いた第1の全量濾過を提供するステップと、
前記排出ガスから空気、CO2、CO、蒸気および残留水を分離するための第2のタンジェンシャル濾過を提供するステップと、
空気、CO2およびCOを煙突へ放出しつつ、放射性成分、有機ヨウ素、無機ヨウ素、および、希ガスを分離するための、膜分離による第3の濾過を提供するステップと、
ガス浸透によりキャリアガスを回収して再利用するための、または戻り管路(130)を介して格納容器(100)内部を希釈化するための第4の濾過を提供するステップと
を有する、
ことを特徴とする濾過方法。 - 処理対象である前記排出ガスは、事故後の前記格納容器(100)のガス雰囲気により構成され、
前記排出ガスは、固体粒子と、蒸発した状態の液体のフラクションとを含む、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 処理対象である前記排出ガスは、通常動作時の前記格納容器(100)のガス雰囲気により構成される、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 処理対象である前記排出ガスは、換気システムから取り出される、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 処理対象である前記排出ガスは、火炎による煙霧を含む、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 処理対象である前記排出ガスは、核分裂生成物により生じたエアロゾルを含む、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 処理対象である前記排出ガスの温度は、前記原子力発電所の外部の周辺温度より高く、40℃を上回る、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 処理対象である前記排出ガスの処理流量は1kg/sを上回る、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 処理対象である前記排出ガスの圧力は1バールより高い、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 前記貯蔵器は、ゼオライトを含むガス貯蔵器である、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 少なくとも1つの前記膜は、セラミック、ケブラー、ポリマー、又は、それらの組み合わせをベースとして形成されている、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 処理対象である前記排出ガスの特定の成分をそれぞれ濾過する複数の膜(210,220,230・・・)を使用する、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。 - 前記濾過方法は、外部エネルギーの供給無しのパッシブ動作型であり、
前記排出ガス中に含まれる希ガスに対する前記濾過方法の浄化係数は、少なくとも100である、
請求項1記載の濾過方法。
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FR1200074A FR2985595A1 (fr) | 2012-01-10 | 2012-01-10 | Procede de filtration d'effluents gazeux nocifs d'une centrale nucleaire |
US201261659705P | 2012-06-14 | 2012-06-14 | |
US61/659,705 | 2012-06-14 | ||
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US20160225470A1 (en) * | 2015-02-03 | 2016-08-04 | Westinghouse Electric Company Llc | Apparatus for degassing a nuclear reactor coolant system |
KR20180050450A (ko) * | 2016-11-04 | 2018-05-15 | 한국화학연구원 | 철강산업의 부생가스로부터 일산화탄소의 분리 및 회수공정 |
JP6881829B2 (ja) * | 2017-01-11 | 2021-06-02 | フラマトム ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | 接触式再結合器及びフィルタ装置 |
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