JP5946822B2 - タンパク質の選択的改変 - Google Patents
タンパク質の選択的改変 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5946822B2 JP5946822B2 JP2013505398A JP2013505398A JP5946822B2 JP 5946822 B2 JP5946822 B2 JP 5946822B2 JP 2013505398 A JP2013505398 A JP 2013505398A JP 2013505398 A JP2013505398 A JP 2013505398A JP 5946822 B2 JP5946822 B2 JP 5946822B2
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Classifications
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- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
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Description
(a)式(I)の化合物(「標的化試薬」):
Pは、5〜20、または5〜19、または5〜18、または5〜17、または5〜16、または5〜15個のアミノ酸を含むホーミングペプチドであり、
Lは、リンカーであり、
Xは、直接結合またはNHであり、
Gは、後に改変することができる置換基(G1)または標的タンパク質の血漿半減期を増加させることができる置換基(G2)であり、
qは、1〜9の整数であり、ここでqが1より大きい場合、それぞれのGは同じであるか、または異なる)
と接触させて、標的化試薬をタンパク質に結合させる工程;ならびに
(b)タンパク質上の結合部位の近くの部分を、標的化試薬と反応させることによって、標的化試薬中に存在するエステル基からのアシル基のタンパク質への移動を介して置換基Gをタンパク質上に移動させる工程
を含む前記方法を提供する。
- ホーミングペプチドが非置換ε-アミノ基を有するリシン残基を含まない方法;
- 標的タンパク質が少なくとも1個の表面に露出したリシンを含む方法;
- 標的タンパク質がホーミングペプチドの結合部位の近く(例えば、約100Å、50Å、または25Åの距離内など)に少なくとも1個の表面に露出したリシンを含む方法;
- 標的化試薬が合成的(完全に合成的または半合成的)に調製される方法;
- 標的化試薬の総質量が3000Da、2500Da、2000Da、1500Da、1000Da、または500Daを超えない方法;
- タンパク質上のホーミングペプチドのための結合部位の近くで置換され、上記で定義された方法により取得できるタンパク質;
- 上記で定義された式(I)の標的化試薬;
- 上記で定義されたタンパク質を選択的に改変するための上記で定義された式(I)の標的化試薬の使用;および
- 上記で定義されたタンパク質と、製薬上許容し得る希釈剤または担体とを含む医薬組成物
を提供する。
配列番号1〜44は、本発明のポリペプチド配列を提供する。配列番号42は、化合物1、2、4、5、9、10、18〜20の標的化試薬中に存在する。配列番号40は、化合物7、8および17中に存在する。
開示された方法の様々な用途は、当業界における特定の必要性に合わせることができることが理解されるべきである。また、本明細書で用いられる用語は、本発明の特定の実施形態のみを説明するためのものであり、限定を意図するものではないことも理解されるべきである。
本発明は、タンパク質中に好適な部位で置換基を選択的に導入する方法に関する。特に、前記方法は、タンパク質を標的化試薬と接触させることを含む。標的化試薬は、ホーミングペプチド(P)、リンカー部分(L)および1つまたは複数の置換基(G)を含む。ホーミングペプチド(P)とリンカー(L)との間の結合は、典型的にはアミド結合である。前記置換基またはそれぞれの置換基(G)は、以下に示されるように、エステルまたはカルバメート結合を介してリンカーに結合されている:
本発明の技術および方法は、任意のタンパク質中に置換基を選択的に導入するのに好適である。しかしながら、本発明は、特に大きいタンパク質に適用可能である。かくして、タンパク質は典型的には50〜3000kDa、好ましくは100〜3000kDa、より好ましくは150〜3000kDaの質量を有する。
本明細書で用いられる用語「ホーミングペプチド」とは、改変しようとするタンパク質に結合することができるペプチドを指す。ホーミングペプチドは、好ましくは合成ペプチドである。かくして、ホーミングペプチドは親和性リガンドである。あるいは、ホーミングペプチドを、標的化リガンドと記載することもできる。タンパク質へのホーミングペプチドの結合は、当業者には公知の技術によって容易に決定することができる。本発明のホーミングペプチドは典型的には、ホーミングペプチドではない別のタンパク質に結合するよりも高い親和性で標的タンパク質に結合する。典型的には、標的タンパク質に対するホーミングペプチドの結合親和性(Kd)は、1000nM未満、好ましくは100nM未満およびより好ましくは10nM未満である。
1. RQ7HVYRQ
2. 1R2HGGYQ4RV
3. RHYRVHFQGR
4. 1H2RWQQQLDR
5. VQ2RQ3VQYHR
6. VR6VRQLRR83SH
7. VR4Q2QRLQS
8. VRLR7QQR7QH
9. RR4GQ68VFH
10. HR4SQV2R5DR
11. 1RFRQS7RVYQV
12. RQ48G5R2HQ
13. 8R2V5RDYQQ
14. W6VRH6HR5RQ
15. RQYW86RR6RQ
16. RR6VR78RV2VH
17. 1R6V56R8
18. HQ7R6VSYRR
19. 186V6Q8R6HR
20. R66V5HR
21. RS6VGR68Q
22. HR5L68R
23. 1RLHHR4VRV68V
24. DRLPHR6SV868R
25. RGYVH68R21H
26. RR4GQ68VFH
27. R1686VYRH
28. DH68HYRRG5QV
29. 1HYRWVRPL8G
30. VHYGRPLRQ2V8
31. 1V2HPYRPLR1
32. 1Q2RPYSSH7HH
33. RQYRPH6VWHH
34. 1P3RRF7HH
35. RRWQRHWV6V1
36. R8YLRRLHR
37. HR5SFR2VH
38. QR5HV6RVS6G1
39. 1R2 PRF8RVFPG
40. 1RFGPRFQ2VS
41. RR6QYD8R2RR
42. R86L5RH
43. SYEWSQYE
44. SV2QFRPGFR1
一覧中、
1 = Aib(2-アミノイソ酪酸)
2 = L-Nal2(L-2-ナフチルアラニン)
3 = L-Tic(L-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロイソキノリン-3-カルボン酸)
4 = L-Sty(スチリルアラニン)
5 = L-Bip(L-ビフェニルアラニン)
6 = Pya3(L-3-ピリジルアラニン)
7 = L-Dip(L-ジフェニルアラニン)
8 = L-Hph(L-ホモフェニルアラニン)
である。
本明細書で用いられる用語「リンカー」は、ホーミングペプチド(P)を、置換基(G)に結合したエステルまたはカルバメート基に接続することができる任意の部分を指す。リンカーは、好ましくは比較的化学的に不活性であり、従って本発明の方法の間の任意の点で化学的に改変されない。リンカーは、好ましくは50〜2000の分子量を有する。qが2以上である場合、リンカーは、G-C(O)-O-部分を結合させることができる2個以上の部位を有する必要がある。かくして、qが1である場合、リンカーLはジラジカルであり、qが2である場合、リンカーLはトリラジカルであり、より高いqの値についても同様である。
・L1は1つまたは複数の-O-、-NH-、-C(O)-または
・L2は直接結合または前記直鎖状もしくは分枝状C1〜C25アルキレン鎖を表し、
・P'は直接結合または1〜20個のアミノ酸を含むペプチドを表し、
・Aは直接結合または式(III):
の基を表し、
・Bは直接結合または式(IVa)もしくは(IVb):
・mは1〜3の整数であり、ならびに
・nは1〜3の整数である)
の基である。
・L2、P'およびBが直接結合であり、Aが直接結合ではなく、mおよびnが両方とも1である場合に提供される。その場合、リンカー(L)は:-AL1-により表される。
・L2およびBが直接結合であり、AおよびP'が直接結合ではなく、mおよびnが両方とも1である場合に提供される。その場合、リンカー(L)は:-AP'L1-により表される。
・Bが直接結合であり、A、L2およびP'が直接結合ではなく、mおよびnは両方とも1である場合に提供される。その場合、リンカー(L)は:-AL2P'L1-により表される。
・BおよびL2が直接結合であり、P'が直接結合ではなく、nが2であり、mが1である場合に提供される。その場合、リンカー(L)は:(AP')2-L1-により表される。
・L2、P'およびAが直接結合であり、Bが直接結合ではなく、nが1であり、mが2である場合に提供される。その場合、リンカー(L)は:
・P'が直接結合であり、Bが直接結合ではなく、nが1であり、mが3である場合に提供される。かくして、このリンカー中には3個の分枝が存在し、2個は直接結合としてAおよびL2を有し、1個は直接結合でないものとしてAおよびL2を有する。その場合、リンカー(L)は:
・L2、P'およびAが直接結合であり、Bが直接結合ではなく、nが2であり、mが2である場合に提供される。その場合、リンカー(L)は:
置換基(G)は、(i)後に改変することができる置換基(G1)、または(ii)タンパク質の血漿半減期を増加させる置換基(G2)のいずれかを指す。
後に改変することができる置換基(G1)は、該置換基G1を有するタンパク質を、さらなる置換基(R)を有する改変試薬と反応させることにより、置換基Rを前記タンパク質に選択的に導入するのに用いられる置換基である。置換基G1および置換基Rを有する改変試薬の反応性は、置換基Rを有する改変試薬が置換基G1を有するタンパク質と反応する場合、置換基Rを有する改変試薬のみがタンパク質上の置換基G1と反応するように選択される。結果として、置換基Rは、典型的には置換基G1が存在するタンパク質の領域中にのみ導入され、置換基Rは典型的には該タンパク質の任意の他の領域に導入されない。換言すれば、置換基Rは典型的には標的タンパク質上のホーミングペプチドの結合部位の近くの部位にのみ導入される。
Dは非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子により置換された直鎖状もしくは分枝状C1〜C10アルキレン;または非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子、C1〜C6アルキル、C1〜C6アルコキシもしくはニトロ基により置換されたC6〜C10アリーレンを表し;および
Eは水素、非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子により置換された直鎖状もしくは分枝状C1〜C10アルキル;または非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子、C1〜C6アルキル、C1〜C6アルコキシもしくはニトロ基により置換されたC6〜C10アリールを表す)
の飽和ケトンである。
D'は非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子により置換された直鎖状もしくは分枝状C2〜C10アルキレンを表し、E'は水素、非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子により置換された直鎖状もしくは分枝状C1〜C6アルキル、-C(O)-(C1〜C6アルキル)または非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子、C1〜C6アルキル、C1〜C6アルコキシもしくはニトロ基により置換されたC6〜C10アリールを表す;または
D'は-(CH2)2〜10-N-部分を表し、E'はC=Oを表し、Dの窒素はE'に結合して、例えば、D'が-(CH2)2-N-である場合:
の基である。
の基である。
Q1は非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子により置換された直鎖状もしくは分枝状C1〜C10アルキル、または非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子、C1〜C6アルキル、C1〜C6アルコキシもしくはニトロ基により置換されたC6〜C10アリールを表し;
Q2は水素原子、非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子により置換された直鎖状もしくは分枝状C1〜C10アルキル、または非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子、C1〜C6アルキル、C1〜C6アルコキシもしくはニトロ基により置換されたC6〜C10アリールを表し;または
Q1およびQ2は一緒になって、非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子により置換された直鎖状C2〜C5アルキレンを形成し、該アルキレン部分は-O-C-O-部分と一緒になって環状構造を形成し;
Q3は水素原子、非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子により置換された直鎖状もしくは分枝状C1〜C10アルキル、または非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子、C1〜C6アルキル、C1〜C6アルコキシもしくはニトロ基により置換されたC6〜C10アリールを表し;ならびに
Q4は非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子により置換されたC1〜C10アルキレンを表す)
の基である。
の化合物である。JがC1〜C10アルキレン基を表す場合、-N3は末端または非末端炭素原子、好ましくは末端炭素原子に結合する。好ましくは、Jは非置換C1〜C6アルキレン基または非置換であるか、または1つもしくは複数のハロゲン原子により置換されたフェニレン基を表す。最も好ましくは、Jはパラ位にある非置換フェニレン基および-N3を表す:
の基である。Kは好ましくは、非置換直鎖状または分枝状C1〜C6アルキレン基である。ピリジルジスルフィド基は、アルキレン基中の末端または非末端炭素原子、好ましくは末端炭素に結合する。
の基である。Wは好ましくは、非置換直鎖状または分枝状C1〜C6アルキレン基である。アルコキシアミン基は、アルキレン基中の末端または非末端炭素原子、好ましくは末端炭素に結合する。
後に改変することができる置換基(G1)を用いて、標的タンパク質上のホーミングペプチドの結合部位の近くにある部位で、タンパク質中にさらなる置換基(R)を導入することができる。置換基(R)は、好ましくは標的タンパク質の血漿半減期を増加させる置換基である。
を含むラジカルまたはジラジカルを意味する。
により表される。上記で説明したように、S'がメチルオキシを示し、T'が存在しないこの式の化合物を、mPEGとも呼ぶ。
代替的な実施形態においては、本発明は、標的タンパク質の血漿半減期を直接増加させる置換基を導入するのに用いられる。用語「血漿半減期を増加させる」は上記で定義された通りである。置換基G2は、好ましくはビスホスホナート、血小板もしくは内皮細胞に結合する置換基、抗体、親水性ポリマー(例えば、ポリシアル酸(PSA)、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)、ヒドロキシルエチルスターチ(HES)など)、アルブミン、Fcドメイン(必要に応じて、エフェクター機能の低下をもたらす突然変異を含む)、または例えば、脂肪酸もしくは脂肪酸誘導体などのアルブミン結合剤を含み、ここでこれらの用語は上記で定義された通りである。好ましくは、置換基G2はPEGを含み、かくして、一実施形態においては、本発明はタンパク質を選択的にPEG化する方法を提供する。
上記の試薬および技術を用いて改変されたタンパク質は一般に、本質的な生物学的活性が影響されたかどうかを確認するためにその後のスクリーニングを受ける。好ましくは、本発明の改変タンパク質は、親タンパク質と実質的に同じ活性を有する。「タンパク質活性」は、タンパク質の本質的な生物学的活性を実行する能力と定義され、そのような活性は当業者には周知である。例えば、「FVIII活性」は、凝固カスケード中で機能し、活性化された血小板上での第IXa因子との相互作用により第Xa因子の形成を誘導し、血栓の形成を支援する能力と定義される。
本発明の方法により得られる改変タンパク質は、ヒトまたは動物の身体の治療において有用である。かくして、本発明はまた、本発明の方法により得られるタンパク質を含む医薬組成物に関する。典型的には、前記医薬組成物はさらに、製薬上許容し得る担体または希釈剤を含む。
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy、第19版補遺、1995に対する参照を行う。
(ホーミングペプチドの同定)
1ビーズ1ペプチド法に基づく固相ライブラリーを、1〜2時間、インキュベーションバッファー(0.5%BSA、25mM TRIS、pH=7.4、0.15M NaCl、0.05%Tween20)中の0.1〜10μg/mlのビオチン化FVIIIを用いてスクリーニングした。インキュベーション後、ライブラリーを洗浄バッファー(25mM TRIS、pH=7.4、0.15M NaCl、0.05%Tween20)を用いて、2倍樹脂容量に相当する容量で約5〜6回洗浄した。
例1〜20は、標的化試薬の調製に関する。これらの標的化試薬がタンパク質中に導入する置換基は後に改変することができる置換基(G1)または改変することができる置換基(G2)ではないため、これらの標的化試薬のいくつかを「参考」と命名した。むしろ、ビオチンおよびピレンから誘導されたこれらの置換基は、置換基が付加されたタンパク質の領域を標識した。
リンカー中に分枝またはペプチド(P')を有さない以下の標的化試薬(化合物1〜10)を調製した。
LC-MS: 802(M+H)2+。
LC-MS: 1522(M+H)+
LC-MS: 1081(M+H)+
LC-MS: 825(M+H)2+
LC-MS: 847(M+H)2+
LC-MS: 1177(M+H)+
LC-MS: 1792(M+H)+
LC-MS: 1730(M+H)+
LC-MS: 1529(M+H)+
LC-MS: 1467(M+H)+
リンカー中にペプチド(P')を有するが、分枝を有さない以下の標的化試薬(化合物11〜15)を調製した。
LC-MS: 747(M+H)2+
LC-MS: 810(M+H)2+
LC-MS: 888(M+H)2+
LC-MS: 1344(M+H)+
LC-MS: 1280(M+H)+
リンカー中の第三級アミン部分により提供された分枝を有する以下の標的化試薬(化合物16)を調製した。
LC-MS: 1179(M+H)2+
リンカー中の酒石酸部分により提供された分枝を有する以下の標的化試薬(化合物17〜20)を調製した。
LC-MS: 977(M+H)2+
LC-MS: 846(M+H)2+
LC-MS: 1113(M+H)2+
LC-MS: 1025(M+H)2+
LC-MS: 970(M+H)2+
LC-MS: 1558(M+H)2+
樹脂を洗浄した。4-メチルベンジルで保護されたホスホナートを、NMP中のHOAt/HOBtと混合した(別紙参照)。混合物を樹脂に添加した。
LC-MS: 1768(M+H)+
(Bドメインが欠失したFVIII(N8)と化合物22とのインキュベーション)
Bドメインが欠失したFVIII(0.244mg/ml)を、下記バッファー:水中の20mMイミダゾール、10mM CaCl2、0.02%Tween 80、150mM NaCl、1Mグリセロール、pH7.3に溶解した。化合物1を、FVIIIを溶解したのと同じバッファー中に部分的に溶解した。カルバメートの保存溶液を、希釈率: 1(バイアルAについて)、10(バイアルBについて)、100(バイアルCについて)、および1000(バイアルDについて)を用いて作製した。FVIII溶液(9μl)および化合物23の溶液(5μl)を混合した。サンプルを25℃で20時間インキュベートした。結果を、Avidin-HRPに対するウェスタンブロッティングにより分析した。
レーン1:ビオチン化マーカー細胞シグナリング技術、2.5μl;
レーン2:N8 (50ng);
レーン3:バイアルA(50ng);
レーン4:バイアルB (50ng);
レーン5:バイアルC(50ng);
レーン6:バイアルD(50ng);
レーン7:バイアルA(100ng);
レーン8:バイアルB(100ng);
レーン9:バイアルC(100ng);および
レーン10:バイアルD(100ng)。
レーン1:ビオチン化マーカー細胞シグナリング技術、2μlおよびシーブルー2マーカー、3μl;
レーン2:N8バッチ7(300ng);
レーン3:バイアルA(300ng);
レーン4:バイアルB-障害(300ng);
レーン5:バイアルC(300ng);
レーン6:バイアルD(300ng);
レーン7:バイアルA + トロンビン予備処理(300ng);
レーン8:バイアルB + トロンビン予備処理(300ng);
レーン9:バイアルC + トロンビン予備処理(300ng);および
レーン10:バイアルD + トロンビン予備処理(300ng)。
Bドメインが欠失した(BDD)FVIIIを、下記バッファー:水中の50mM HEPES、10mM CaCl2、0.02%Tween 80、および0.50M NaCl、pH=7.5中の様々な濃度の化合物17と共に25℃で20時間インキュベートした。同じバッファー中の標識化合物1の様々な濃度の溶液を添加した。サンプルをバイアル中で4または18時間インキュベートした。化合物17、標識化合物1の量およびインキュベーション期間をTable 1(表2)に示す。
Bドメインが欠失した(BDD)FVIIIを、下記バッファー:水中の50mM HEPES、10mM CaCl2、0.02%Tween 80、および0.50M NaCl、pH=7.5中で様々な濃度の化合物17と共に25℃で20時間インキュベートした。
Bドメインが欠失した(BDD)FVIIIを、下記バッファー:水中の50mM HEPES、10mM CaCl2、0.02%Tween 80、および0.50M NaCl、pH=7.5中で様々な濃度の化合物19と共に25℃で3〜18時間インキュベートした。
BDD-FVIIIを、様々な濃度で化合物19、続いて20kDaのPEG-チオール(RAPP Polymereから)と共にインキュベートした。トロンビンで処理した後、得られた化合物をSDS-PAGE(7%Tris酢酸、1.0mm)により分析した。ゲルを150Vに60分間曝露した。
目的のFabフラグメントに結合することが知られるペプチドの誘導体(ホーミングペプチド)を、例えば、例18または21に従って調製する。ホーミングペプチドを、アシル化にとって好適と考えられるバッファー、例えば、Tween、ナトリウム/カルシウム塩を含有する、HEPESまたはリン酸バッファー、pH7〜9中、5〜40℃で前記抗体/フラグメントと共にインキュベートする。形成された改変タンパク質を、イオン交換クロマトグラフィー、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー、および親和性に基づくクロマトグラフィーなどの標準的な技術を用いて精製する。組込まれた置換基が標識/タグ(フルオロフォア、Hisタグなど)を含む場合、公知の分析技術を用いてそれを可視化することができる。
Claims (9)
- 第VIII因子タンパク質上のホーミングペプチド(P)のための結合部位の近くで前記タンパク質中に置換基(G)を選択的に導入する方法であって、
(a)第VIII因子タンパク質を式(I)に示される標的化試薬:
Pは、以下のアミノ酸配列(配列番号22、40及び44):
22. HR5L68R
40. 1RFGPRFQ2VS
44. SV2QFRPGFR1
(一覧中、
1 = Aib(2-アミノイソ酪酸)
2 = L-Nal2(L-2-ナフチルアラニン)
5 = L-Bip(L-ビフェニルアラニン)
6 = Pya3(L-3-ピリジルアラニン)
8 = L-Hph(L-ホモフェニルアラニン)
である)
の一つを含むホーミングペプチドであり、
Lは、リンカーであり、
Xは、直接結合またはNHであり、
Gは、G 1 またはG 2 であり、G1が、アルデヒド、ケトン、アセタール、ヘミアセタール、アジド、アルキン、ピリジルジスルフィド、アルコキシアミンまたはその任意の誘導体を含み、G2が、ビスホスホナート、血小板もしくは内皮細胞に結合する置換基、抗体、親水性ポリマー、アルブミン、Fcドメイン、またはアルブミン結合剤を含み、
qは、1〜9の整数であり、ここでqが1より大きい場合、それぞれのGは同じであるか、または異なる)
と接触させる工程;ならびに
(b)前記タンパク質上の結合部位の近くの部分を標的化試薬と反応させることによって、標的化試薬中に存在するエステル基からのタンパク質へのアシル基の移動を介して置換基Gをタンパク質上に移動させる工程
を含み、
ホーミングペプチドが非置換ε-アミノ基を有するリシン残基を含まず、標的タンパク質が表面に露出したリシンを含み、標的化試薬の総質量が3000Daを超えない、方法。 - 親水性ポリマーが、ポリシアル酸(PSA)、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)、及びヒドロキシルエチルスターチ(HES)からなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- アルブミン結合剤が、脂肪酸もしくは脂肪酸誘導体からなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- リンカーLが、式(II):
・L1は、1つまたは複数の-O-、-NH-、-C(O)-または
・L2は、直接結合または前記直鎖状もしくは分枝状C1〜C25アルキレン鎖を表し、
・P'は、直接結合または1〜20個のアミノ酸を含むペプチドを表し、
・Aは、直接結合または式(III):
の基を表し、
・Bは、直接結合または式(IVa)もしくは(IVb):
・mは、1〜3の整数であり、
・nは、1〜3の整数である)
の基である、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記置換基Gの少なくとも1つが後に改変することができる置換基(G1)である、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- (c)結合部位の近くに置換基G1を有する得られたタンパク質を、置換基Rを含む改変試薬と反応させることによって、前記置換基Rを有するタンパク質を提供する工程
をさらに含む、請求項5に記載の方法。 - 置換基Rが、タンパク質の血漿半減期を増加させることができる置換基である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- Rが、ビスホスホナート、血小板もしくは内皮細胞に結合する置換基、抗体、親水性ポリマー、アルブミンまたはアルブミン結合剤を含む、請求項6または7に記載の方法。
- 前記親水性ポリマーがポリエチレングリコール(PEG)である、請求項8に記載の方法。
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