JP5945321B2 - 肝細胞増殖因子の遺伝子と、塩基性ヘリックスループヘリックスモチーフを有する神経原性転写因子の遺伝子とを導入した成体幹細胞株、及びその使用 - Google Patents
肝細胞増殖因子の遺伝子と、塩基性ヘリックスループヘリックスモチーフを有する神経原性転写因子の遺伝子とを導入した成体幹細胞株、及びその使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
(a)配列番号1のヌクレオチド配列を有する肝細胞増殖因子をコードする遺伝子と、配列番号2のヌクレオチド配列を有するニューロゲニン1をコードする遺伝子とを培養成体幹細胞に導入する工程と、
(b)肝細胞増殖因子をコードする遺伝子及びニューロゲニン1をコードする遺伝子の両方が導入された改変成体幹細胞株を選択する工程と、
(c)選択した改変成体幹細胞株を培養する工程と、
を含み得る。
実施例1−1:MSCの単離
4mLのHISTOPAQUE 1077(Sigma)及び骨髄バンク(韓国骨髄バンク、KMDP)から入手した4mLの骨髄を、滅菌した15mL容の試験管に入れ、遠心分離機を用いて室温及び400×gで30分間遠心分離を行った。遠心分離後、パスツールピペットを用いて相間に位置する0.5mLのバフィーコートを慎重に採取し、10mLの滅菌リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)の入った試験管に移した。移したバフィーコートを250×gで10分間遠心分離して上清を除去し、10mLのリン酸緩衝液を添加して懸濁液を得て、250×gで10分間遠心分離した。
実施例1−1で単離したMSCを、2日おきにMSC培地(10%FBS+10ng/mLのbFGF(Sigma)+1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(Gibco)+89%DMEM)を交換しながら、37℃に維持したCO2インキュベーター内でインキュベートした。細胞がおよそ80%のコンフルエンスに達した時点で、0.25%トリプシン/0.1mM EDTA(GIBCO)を用いて細胞を採取し、培地で20倍に希釈した後、新たな皿で継代培養した。このようにして得られた細胞の残りを、10%DMSOを含有する培地中で冷凍保存し、脂肪細胞、軟骨細胞及び骨細胞に分化する可能性を以下のように検査した。
MSCをMSC培地中で規定の期間にわたって培養した後、脂肪細胞分化誘導培地(1μMデキサメタゾン(Sigma)、0.5μMメチルイソブチルキサンチン(Sigma)、10μg/mLのインスリン(GIBCO)、100nMインドメタシン(Sigma)及び10%FBSを含有するDMEM培地)中で48時間培養した。得られた混合物を続いて脂肪細胞分化維持培地(10μg/mLのインスリン及び10%FBSを含有するDMEM培地)中で1週間インキュベートし、オイルレッドOで染色した(図1a)。図1aは、オイルレッドOで染色したMSCから分化した脂肪細胞の写真である。図1aに示されるように、赤色に染色された脂肪滴が細胞内に観察され、MSCが脂肪細胞に首尾よく分化したことが示唆される。
MSCをMSC培地中で規定の期間にわたって培養し、トリプシンを用いて2×105個の細胞を採取して試験管に移し、遠心分離した後、0.5mLの無血清軟骨細胞分化誘導培地(50mLの高グルコースDMEM(GIBCO)、0.5mLの100×ITS(0.5mg/mLのウシインスリン、0.5mg/mLのヒトトランスフェリン、0.5mg/mLのセレン酸ナトリウム(Sigma))、50μLのリノレン酸アルブミン(Sigma)、0.2mM 100nMデキサメタゾン及び10ng/mLのTGF−β1(Sigma))中で、培地を3日おきに交換しながら3週間再インキュベートした。次いで、細胞を4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、ミクロトームを用いて切片を作製した後、アルシアンブルーで染色した(図1b)。図1bは、アルシアンブルーで染色したMSCから分化した軟骨細胞の写真である。図1bに示されるように、細胞外軟骨基質が青色に染色されて、軟骨小腔中に軟骨細胞の存在が観察され、MSCが軟骨細胞に分化したことが示唆される。
MSCをMSC培地中で規定の期間にわたって培養した後、骨細胞分化誘導培地(10mM β−グリセロールリン酸(Sigma)、0.2mMアスコルビン酸−2−リン酸(Sigma)、10nMデキサメタゾン及び10%FBSを含有するDMEM)中で、培地を3日おきに交換しながら2週間培養した。次いで、細胞をパラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、フォンコッサ及びアルカリホスファターゼ(AP)で染色した(図1c及び図1d)。図1c及び図1dは、それぞれアルカリホスファターゼ及びフォンコッサで染色した、MSCから分化した骨細胞の写真である。図1c及び図1dに示されるように、ヒドロキシアパタイトの形態でのカルシウム鉱物の細胞外蓄積及び細胞内アルカリホスファターゼ活性の増大から、MSCが骨細胞に分化したことが示唆される。
実施例2−1:ヒトニューロゲニン1を発現するレトロウイルスベクターの構築
U63842遺伝子配列中のコード領域(55bp〜768bp)に相当する配列番号2の配列を、T4 DNAリガーゼ(Roche)を用いてpMSCV−puroベクター(Clontech)にライゲーションした後、大腸菌DH5αに形質転換して、最終的にヒトニューロゲニン1(hNgn1)遺伝子がpMSCV−puroベクターに挿入されたpMSCV−puro/hNgn1ベクターを構築した。構築したpMSCV−puro/hNgn1ベクターをリン酸カルシウム沈殿によって293T細胞に導入し、発現をウエスタンブロット法によって検査した(図2)。図2は、hNgn1遺伝子を含有するレトロウイルスベクター(上パネル)を導入した293T細胞におけるhNgn1の発現を示すウエスタンブロット法の結果(下パネル)である。
pMSCV−puro/hNgn1ベクターを、リン酸カルシウム沈殿法に従ってレトロウイルスパッケージング細胞PA317(ATCC CRL−9078)又はPG13(ATCC CRL−10686)に導入した。48時間後、培養液を採取し、0.45μm膜で濾過して、レトロウイルス溶液を得た。レトロウイルス溶液を使用するまで−70℃で維持した。
実施例3−1:MSCへのニューロゲニン1の導入
MSCを100mm培養皿内で70%コンフルエンスまで培養した。最終濃度が8μg/mLとなるまでポリブレン(Sigma)と混合した、実施例2−2で得られたニューロゲニン1レトロウイルス溶液を4mL添加し、8時間インキュベートした。次いで、レトロウイルス溶液を除去し、MSCを10mLのMSC培地中で24時間培養した後、レトロウイルスの再感染を行った。上記の手順を1回〜4回繰り返した。次いで、トリプシンを用いてMSCを採取し、培地で20倍に希釈した。得られた細胞を、2μg/mLのピューロマイシン(Sigma)を添加した培地中で2週間継代培養して、レトロウイルスが感染した生存細胞を選択した。最終的に、ピューロマイシン耐性を有するMSCをニューロゲニン1発現細胞として使用した。
ニューロゲニン1遺伝子が移植率及び神経分化を増大させるか否かを検査するために、hNgn1遺伝子を導入したMSCにGFP発現アデノウイルスを感染させた。
移植は、成体スプラーグドーリーアルビノ雌性ラット(250g)(Dae Han Bio Link Co., Ltd)を用いて以下のように行った。
移植の2週間後、アルビノラットを75mg/kgのケタミン及び5mg/kgのランパンの腹腔内注射で麻酔した。開胸し、左心室から生理食塩水を用いて灌流ウォッシュアウト(wash-out)を行った。0.1Mリン酸緩衝溶液(pH7.4)中のパラホルムアルデヒドを用いて灌流固定を行った。脳を摘出し、4℃で16時間、同じ固定溶液中で後固定した。後固定した脳を30%スクロースに24時間浸漬し、スライディングミクロトームを用いて35μm厚で切片を作製した。このようにして得られた切片をシランコーティングスライド(武藤化学株式会社、日本)に載せ、使用するまでPBS中4℃で保存した。スライドに載せた組織切片を、1×PBS/0.1%Triton X−100に30分間浸した。
初めに、非特異的相互作用を阻害するために、組織切片を10%正常ウマ血清(NHS)と室温で1時間反応させた後、各々200倍に希釈した一次抗体であるMAP2(微小管関連タンパク質2)抗体及びGFP抗体と4℃で16時間反応させた。1×PBS/0.1%Triton X−100で15分間の洗浄を3回行った後、切片をGFP一次抗体を検出するFITC結合抗マウスIgG(Vector、200倍)、又はMAP2一次抗体を検出するテキサスレッド結合抗マウスIgG(Vector、200倍)と反応させた(図3)。図3は、hNgn1遺伝子を導入したMSCにGFP発現アデノウイルスを感染させ、アルビノラットの線条体に移植した2週間後にMSCの神経発生分化を検査する、抗ニューロンマーカーTuJ1(βチューブリンIII)抗体を用いた免疫組織化学の結果である。図3に示されるように、GFP発現細胞とMAP2発現細胞とが重複し、ニューロゲニン1遺伝子を導入したMSCが神経細胞に分化したことが示唆される。
実施例4−1:HGFを発現するアデノウイルスベクターの構築
GenBankアクセッション番号NM_000601.4の遺伝子配列中のコード領域(166bp〜2352bp)に相当する配列番号1の塩基配列をpShuttle−CMVベクターに導入して、pShuttle−CMV−HGFを作製した。このベクター及びpAdEasy−1をエレクトロポレーションによって大腸菌(BJ 5183株)に同時形質転換し、カナマイシン(50μg/mL)を含有する培地中でコロニーが形成されるまで培養した。各々のコロニーからプラスミドが得られ、標準的な制限酵素消化によって候補コロニーを選択した。塩基配列を分析して、HGFを有するpAd−HGFベクターを得た。pAd−HGFを制限酵素PacIで切断することによって線状化し、CaCl2沈殿によってHEK293細胞に導入して、Adeno−HGFウイルスを含有する培養ブロスを得た。
HGF遺伝子を導入したアデノウイルスにおいてHGFが正常に発現されるか否かを検査するために、MSCにアデノウイルスを様々な濃度で2時間感染させ、産生されるHGFをウエスタンブロット法によって細胞内タンパク質(細胞溶解物)レベル及び細胞外タンパク質(馴化培地;CM)レベルで分析した(図4)。図4は、ヒトHGFを発現するアデノウイルスベクターを導入したMSCにおける細胞内(細胞溶解物)及び細胞外(馴化培地;CM)のHGFの発現を示すウエスタンブロット分析の結果である。図4に示されるように、細胞内HGFは、MSCに感染させたHGF発現アデノウイルスの濃度に比例して産生された。
HGFの細胞内発現を検査するために免疫細胞化学を行った。MSCにHGFを発現するアデノウイルスを様々な濃度で感染させ、4%ホルマリンで10分間固定し、10%正常ヤギ血清(NGS)と室温で1時間反応させて、非特異的相互作用を阻害した。200倍に希釈したHGF抗体を一次抗体として使用し、4℃で16時間反応させた後、1×PBS/0.1%Triton X−100で15分間の洗浄を3回行った。HGF一次抗体を検出するために、細胞を250倍に希釈したAlexa 488結合マウスIgG二次抗体(Invitrogen)で染色し、核をヘキストで同時染色した(図5)。図5は、段階希釈したヒトHGFを発現するアデノウイルスベクターを導入したMSCにおけるHGFの発現レベルを検査する免疫細胞化学の結果を示す写真である。図5に示されるように、細胞内HGFは、MSCに感染させたHGF発現アデノウイルスの濃度に比例して産生された。
実施例5−1:hNgn1遺伝子を導入したMSCへのHGF遺伝子の導入
hNgn1遺伝子を導入したMSCを、細胞がおよそ70%のコンフルエンスに達するまで100mm培養プレート内で培養した。実施例4で得られたHGF発現アデノウイルス溶液を50MOIで2時間添加することにより、トランスフェクションを行った。MSCをPBSで3回洗浄した後、トリプシンを用いてMSCを培養プレートから分離した。
体重200g〜250gの成体雄性SDラットを、70%のN2O及び30%のO2を含有する5%イソフルランガスで麻酔した。頸部腹側正中切開によって右総頸動脈(CCA)、右外頸動脈(ECA)及び右内頸動脈(ICA)を露出させ、およそ20mm〜22mmの4−0ナイロン縫合糸をCCAからICAへと挿入し、右中大脳動脈(MCA)を閉塞した。120分後、ナイロン縫合糸を除去した。手術の間中、ラットの体温を37.8℃に維持し、全ての手術器具を使用前に滅菌した。
脳卒中誘導の4週間後に、アルビノラットを定位固定装置内に入れ、5.0×105個のHGF遺伝子とhNgn1遺伝子とを導入したMSCを、25ゲージのHamilton製シリンジを用いて0.5μL/分の速度でブレグマのAP=+0.5mm、ML=3.5mm、DV=5.0mm及びAP=−1.0mm、ML=3.0、DV=2.5mmの位置に移植した。
実施例6−1:脳卒中動物モデルにおけるMSCの有効性の評価基準の確立
脳損傷を受けた動物に移植したMSCの有効性を評価するために、MRI及び行動試験を行った。中大脳動脈閉塞によってアルビノラットに脳卒中を誘導した。4週間後に、3.0T MRI及び行動試験を行い、一様な脳損傷を受けた動物を選択し、HGF遺伝子とhNgn1遺伝子とを導入したMSCを移植した。
脳卒中誘導の4週間後に、行動試験及びMRIを行い、一様な脳損傷を受けた動物を選択した。脳卒中動物モデルに対照群PBS、正常MSC、HGF遺伝子を導入した正常MSC及びhNgn1を導入したMSC、並びにHGF遺伝子とhNgn1遺伝子とを導入したMSCを含む合計で5つの細胞群を移植した。脳卒中動物モデルにおけるMSCの有効性を、行動試験及びMRIに基づいて評価した(図6)。図6は、脳卒中動物モデルにおけるヒトHGF遺伝子とhNgn1遺伝子とを導入したMSCの治療有効性を評価する、接着剤除去試験(左パネル)及びロータロッド試験(右パネル)の動物行動試験の結果を示すグラフである。図6に示されるように、脳卒中誘導の4週間後にPBS、HGF遺伝子を導入した正常MSC及びhNgn1遺伝子を導入したMSCを移植した場合、治療有効性は観察されなかった。これに反し、HGF遺伝子とhNgn1遺伝子とを導入したMSCを移植した場合、治療有効性が明らかに観察された。
梗塞領域に対するHGF遺伝子とhNgn1遺伝子とを導入したMSCの治療有効性の機序を検査するために、組織片を作製し、免疫組織化学によって分析した。
移植の8週間後に、アルビノラットを実施例3−4と同様に麻酔し、脳を摘出した。脳を4℃で16時間、固定溶液中で後固定した。後固定した脳の切片を2mm厚で作製し、自動組織処理装置内で脱水し、キシレン及びパラフィンを浸透させた。パラフィンを浸透させた組織をパラフィン包埋し、回転式ミクロトーム(Leica)を用いて5μm厚の切片を作製し、シランコーティングスライドに載せた。組織抗原性を回復する免疫組織化学の第一段階として、組織を10mMクエン酸ナトリウムに浸し、99℃で10分間マイクロ波加熱し、室温で20分間冷却した。
実施例7−1で作製した組織片を、1×PBS/0.1%Triton X−100に30分間浸した。免疫組織化学の第一段階として、組織片を正常ヤギ血清と室温で1時間反応させ、非特異的相互作用を阻害した。一次抗体として、200倍に希釈したMAP2抗体及びGFP抗体を使用し、4℃で16時間反応させた。1×PBS/0.1%Triton X−100で15分間の洗浄を3回行った後、切片をMAP2一次抗体を検出するAlexa 488結合抗マウスIgG二次抗体(Invitrogen、250倍)と反応させ、GFP一次抗体を検出するAlexa 568結合抗マウスIgG二次抗体(Invitrogen、250倍)と反応させた。
総合すると、HGF遺伝子とニューロゲニン1遺伝子とを導入したMSCは慢性脳損傷に対する治療効果を示した(図9)。図9は、細胞移植時間に応じた、脳卒中動物モデルにおけるヒトHGF遺伝子とhNgn1遺伝子とを導入したMSCの治療有効性をまとめた図(上パネル)及びグラフ(下パネル)である。図9に示されるように、細胞移植時間に応じた、脳卒中動物モデルにおけるニューロゲニン1遺伝子を導入したMSCの治療有効性を検査したところ、脳損傷の3日後(急性)及び2週間後(亜急性)に移植した場合、PBS群と比較して運動機能の改善が観察され、脳損傷の4週間後に移植した場合に有効性は観察されなかった。しかしながら、ニューロゲニン1遺伝子とHGF遺伝子とを導入したMSCは、脳卒中の4週間後(慢性)に移植した場合であっても高い治療有効性を示した。
Claims (11)
- 肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)をコードする遺伝子と、ニューロゲニン1及びその活性フラグメントからなる群より選択される1つ又は複数の転写因子をコードする遺伝子とを間葉系幹細胞に導入することによって改変した間葉系幹細胞。
- 骨髄、血液、臍帯血、脂肪組織、及び胎盤からなる群から選択される1つ又は複数の組織に由来する幹細胞である、請求項1に記載の間葉系幹細胞。
- 前記転写因子がニューロゲニン1である、請求項1に記載の間葉系幹細胞。
- 前記ニューロゲニン1が配列番号2のヌクレオチド配列を含む、請求項3に記載の間葉系幹細胞。
- 前記HGF遺伝子が配列番号1のヌクレオチド配列を含む、請求項1に記載の間葉系幹細胞。
- 前記HGF遺伝子がアデノウイルスベクターを用いて前記間葉系幹細胞に導入される、請求項1に記載の間葉系幹細胞。
- 改変間葉系幹細胞を作製する方法であって、
(a)配列番号1のヌクレオチド配列を有する肝細胞増殖因子をコードする遺伝子と、配列番号2のヌクレオチド配列を有するニューロゲニン1をコードする遺伝子とを培養間葉系幹細胞に導入する工程と、
(b)前記肝細胞増殖因子をコードする遺伝子及び前記ニューロゲニン1をコードする遺伝子の両方が導入された前記改変間葉系幹細胞を選択する工程と、
(c)選択した前記改変間葉系幹細胞を培養する工程と、
を含む、方法。 - 前記肝細胞増殖因子をコードする遺伝子と、前記ニューロゲニン1をコードする遺伝子との導入を順に又は逆の順序で又は同時に行う、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記間葉系幹細胞が骨髄、血液、臍帯血、脂肪組織、及び胎盤からなる群から選択される1つ又は複数の組織に由来する幹細胞である、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 神経疾患の予防又は治療用の組成物であって、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の改変間葉系幹細胞、又は請求項7〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法によって生成される改変間葉系幹細胞を活性成分として含む、組成物。
- 前記神経疾患がパーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、ハンチントン舞踏病、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、癲癇、統合失調症、急性脳卒中、慢性脳卒中及び脊髄損傷、並びに脳卒中後の慢性機能障害を含む神経疾患からなる群から選択される1つ又は複数である、請求項10に記載の組成物。
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