JP5910439B2 - 電力制御装置 - Google Patents
電力制御装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5910439B2 JP5910439B2 JP2012216063A JP2012216063A JP5910439B2 JP 5910439 B2 JP5910439 B2 JP 5910439B2 JP 2012216063 A JP2012216063 A JP 2012216063A JP 2012216063 A JP2012216063 A JP 2012216063A JP 5910439 B2 JP5910439 B2 JP 5910439B2
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Description
このように、従来の二次電池を備えた電力制御システムでは、燃料電池の劣化抑制とエネルギー消費率の改善とを両立させることが困難であるという課題がある。
なお、この目的に限らず、後述する発明を実施するための形態に示す各構成により導かれる作用効果であって、従来の技術によっては得られない作用効果を奏することも本件の他の目的として位置づけることができる。
また、前記燃料電池の許容起動回数の残余値に相当する残存起動回数を推定する推定手段と、前記推定手段で推定された前記残存起動回数に基づき、前記二次電池の非充電時における前記燃料電池の状態を前記二つの非発電状態の何れか一方に制御する制御手段とを備える。
かみ砕いていえば、許容起動回数の残余値とは、燃料電池を廃棄又は交換するまでにあと何回起動させる予定であるか、を表す回数である。
(3)また、前記消費速度推定手段が、前記二次電池の充電時における前記燃料電池の発電量及び前記二次電池の充電量に基づいて前記電力量消費速度を算出し、前記制御手段が、前記二次電池の充電完了時に前記燃料電池の状態を前記二つの非発電状態の何れか一方に制御することが好ましい。
この場合、前記制御手段は、前記推定起動回数が前記残存起動回数より大きい場合に、前記燃料電池の非発電状態をアイドル状態とし、前記推定起動回数が前記残存起動回数以下である場合に、前記燃料電池の非発電状態を停止状態とすることが好ましい。
かみ砕いていえば、許容起動時間の残余値とは、燃料電池を廃棄又は交換するまでの時間があとどのくらい残っているのか、を表す時間である。
本実施形態の電力制御装置1が適用された車両20を図1に示す。この車両20は、電動式のモーター4(電気機器)と、モーター4の走行用バッテリーとしての二次電池2及び燃料電池3とを搭載したハイブリッド燃料電池車両である。
燃料電池3は、発電燃料としての水素と空気中の酸素との電気化学反応を利用して電力を取り出す発電装置であり、例えば固体高分子形燃料電池やリン酸形燃料電池等である。燃料電池3で発生する電力は、モーター4等の電気機器に供給されるほか、二次電池2の充電に使用される。燃料電池3の燃料(例えば、水素ガス,水素を含むガス等)は、燃料タンク5内に貯留される。
図2は、モーター4の駆動回路の模式図である。ここでは、モーター4及びインバーター7間の回路と車載充電器8及びインレット21間の回路とが三相交流回路であって、その他が直流回路であるものを示す。
図2の直流回路は、二次電池2,コンバーター6,インバーター7及び車載充電器8のそれぞれが、制御回路9を介して相互に接続された構造を持つ。制御回路9は、それぞれの装置間で授受される電力の大きさや給電方向を統括的に管理するための回路であり、その動作は電子制御装置10によって制御される。
燃料電池3が発電していない非発電状態での制御モードには、アイドルモードと停止モードとの二種類がある。
図2に示すように、電子制御装置10には、残り起動回数推定部11,電力量消費速度推定部12,消費時間推定部13,目標残存時間推定部14,起動回数推定部15及び制御部16が設けられる。これらの各要素は、電子回路(ハードウェア)によって実現してもよく、あるいはソフトウェアとしてプログラミングされたものとしてもよいし、あるいはこれらの機能のうちの一部をハードウェアとして設け、他部をソフトウェアとしたものであってもよい。
図4(a),(b)を使って、二次電池2の充電完了時に燃料電池3の制御モードの判定を実施する場合の演算手順を説明する。
時刻t1に二次電池2の充電率SOCが下限充電率SOCMINまで低下すると燃料電池3が起動し、燃料電池3の発電電力が二次電池2とモーター4とに供給される。このとき、残り起動回数推定部11では累積起動回数NFCSTに1が加算されるとともに、生涯起動回数NLIFEから累積起動回数NFCSTが減算されて残存起動回数NREMが推定される。また、消費時間推定部13では、充電時間T3の実測が開始される。さらに、目標残存時間推定部14ではこの時点までの車両20の累積運転時間ΣTVEHICLEが決定されるとともに、使用年数TLIFEから累積運転時間ΣTVEHICLEが減算されて残存時間TREMが演算される。
(1)このように、上記の電力制御装置1では、残存起動回数NREMの推定値に基づいて、発電を停止した燃料電池3がアイドル状態か停止状態かに制御される。ここで、アイドル状態が選択された場合には、例えば燃料電池3に併設された関連補機類などの電源がオンの状態のままとされるため、僅かに二次電池2の電力が消費され続けることになる。しかしながら、アイドル状態を継続することで、燃料電池3の停止,再起動に伴って電極に高電位が発生することを防止することができ、例えばカーボン担体(カーボンブラック等)の腐食を抑制することができる。また、担体の状態が健全化されることから、金属触媒の粗大化も生じにくくなり、燃料電池3の劣化を効率的に抑制することができる。これにより、車両20の使用年数TLIFEの間に燃料電池3の生涯起動回数NLIFEを確実に達成することができる。
したがって、上記の電力制御装置1によれば、二次電池2のエネルギー消費量を削減しつつ、燃料電池3の劣化を抑制することができる。
上述した実施形態に関わらず、それらの趣旨を逸脱しない範囲で種々変形して実施することができる。本実施形態の各構成は、必要に応じて取捨選択することができ、あるいは適宜組み合わせてもよい。
また、上述の実施形態では、モーター4に電力を供給する二次電池2及び燃料電池3を含むシステムを例示したが、電力の供給先はこれに限定されず、少なくとも電力で作動する電気機器であればよい。
また、上述の実施形態では、二次電池2の個数が一個の場合について詳述したが、二次電池2の個数は複数であってもよい。例えば、燃料電池3が複数の二次電池2のうちの何れかに対して充電を行ったときに上記の演算を実施し、充電の完了時に上記の非充電状態の選択を実施する。この場合、別の二次電池2に対して再び充電が実施されるときまで、その非充電状態を維持するような制御構成とすればよい。
2 二次電池
3 燃料電池
4 モーター(電気機器)
5 燃料タンク
6 コンバーター
7 インバーター
8 車載充電器
9 制御回路
10 電子制御装置
11 残り起動回数推定部(推定手段)
12 電力量消費速度推定部(消費速度推定手段)
13 消費時間推定部
14 目標残存時間推定部
15 起動回数推定部(起動回数推定手段)
16 制御部(制御手段)
20 車両
Claims (5)
- 電気機器に接続された二次電池と、
燃料供給を受けたまま発電を休止するアイドル状態と燃料供給を遮断されて発電を停止する停止状態との二つの非発電状態を有し、前記電気機器及び前記二次電池の各々に対して接続された燃料電池と、
前記燃料電池の許容起動回数の残余値に相当する残存起動回数を推定する推定手段と、
前記推定手段で推定された前記残存起動回数に基づき、前記二次電池の非充電時における前記燃料電池の状態を前記二つの非発電状態の何れか一方に制御する制御手段と、
を備えたことを特徴とする、電力制御装置。 - 前記電気機器による前記二次電池の電力量消費速度を推定する消費速度推定手段を備え、
前記制御手段が、前記残存起動回数と前記電力量消費速度とに基づき、前記非発電状態を制御する
ことを特徴とする、請求項1記載の電力制御装置。 - 前記消費速度推定手段が、前記二次電池の充電時における前記燃料電池の発電量及び前記二次電池の充電量に基づいて前記電力量消費速度を算出し、
前記制御手段が、前記二次電池の充電完了時に前記燃料電池の状態を前記二つの非発電状態の何れか一方に制御する
ことを特徴とする、請求項2記載の電力制御装置。 - 前記電力量消費速度に基づき、前記燃料電池の許容起動時間の残余値に相当する残存時間内で前記燃料電池を起動させうる回数の推定値としての推定起動回数を推定する起動回数推定手段を備え、
前記制御手段は、
前記推定起動回数が前記残存起動回数より大きい場合に、前記燃料電池の非発電状態をアイドル状態とし、
前記推定起動回数が前記残存起動回数以下である場合に、前記燃料電池の非発電状態を停止状態とする
ことを特徴とする、請求項2又は3記載の電力制御装置。 - 前記制御手段が、前記二つの非発電状態の何れか一方の状態を前記二次電池の充電開始時まで継続させる
ことを特徴とする、請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載の電力制御装置。
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