JP5875007B2 - 腸細胞の製造方法 - Google Patents
腸細胞の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5875007B2 JP5875007B2 JP2012541844A JP2012541844A JP5875007B2 JP 5875007 B2 JP5875007 B2 JP 5875007B2 JP 2012541844 A JP2012541844 A JP 2012541844A JP 2012541844 A JP2012541844 A JP 2012541844A JP 5875007 B2 JP5875007 B2 JP 5875007B2
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Description
(1) 多能性幹細胞から胚性内胚葉細胞を分化誘導する工程(A);及び
前記胚性内胚葉を(2'Z,3'E)-6-ブロモインジルビン-3'-オキシム(BIO)及びN‐[(3,5‐ジフルオロフェニル)アセチル]‐L‐Ala‐2‐フェニル‐L‐Gly‐tert‐ブチル‐OH(DAPT)の存在下で培養することにより、前記胚性内胚葉から腸細胞を分化誘導する工程(B):
を含む、腸細胞の製造方法。
(2) E-カドヘリン(ECD)及びCXCR4に対する蛍光標識抗体を用いたフローサイトメトリーにより、工程(A)において得られた細胞培養物から胚性内胚葉細胞を分離し、工程(B)において該分離した胚性内胚葉細胞を用いる、(1)に記載の方法。
(3)工程(A)において、支持細胞の存在下、かつアクチビン及び/又はbFGFの存在下で前記多能性幹細胞を培養することにより、該多能性幹細胞から胚性内胚葉細胞を分化誘導する、(1)又は(2)に記載の方法。
(4) 支持細胞が、中胚葉に由来する細胞である、(3)に記載の方法。
(5) 支持細胞が、M15細胞、MEF細胞又はST2細胞である、(3)又は(4)に記載の方法。
(6) 工程(B)において、前記胚性内胚葉をM15細胞又はMEF細胞の存在下で培養する、(1)〜(5)の何れか1項に記載の方法。
(7) 前記多能性幹細胞が、胚性幹細胞、又は人工多能性幹細胞である、(1)〜(6)の何れか1項に記載の方法。
(8) 前記多能性幹細胞が、ヒト胚性幹細胞またはマウス胚性幹細胞である、(1)〜(7)の何れか1項に記載の方法。
(9) (1)から(8)の何れか1項に記載の方法により得られる、多能性幹細胞から分化誘導された腸細胞。
(10) (1)から(8)の何れか1項に記載の方法によって多能性幹細胞から腸細胞へと分化誘導する際に、被験物質の存在下で多能性幹細胞を培養し、被験物質の非存在下で多能性幹細胞を培養した場合における腸細胞への分化誘導の程度と、被験物質の存在下で多能性幹細胞を培養した場合における腸細胞への分化誘導の程度とを比較することを含む、多能性幹細胞から腸細胞へと分化誘導を促進又は阻害する物質をスクリーニングする方法。
(11) 被験物質が成長因子又は低分子化合物である、(10)に記載のスクリーニング方法。
(12) 腸細胞で発現するマーカー転写産物の量もしくは蛋白量、またはその両方を指標として、腸細胞へと分化誘導の程度を測定する、(10)又は(11)に記載のスクリーニング方法。
本発明で用いる胚性(ES) 細胞は、哺乳動物由来のES細胞であればよく、その種類などは特に限定されず、例えば、マウス、サル又はヒト由来のES細胞などを使用することができる。ES細胞としては、例えば、その分化の程度の確認を容易とするために、Pdx1遺伝子付近にレポーター遺伝子を導入した細胞を用いることができる。例えば、Pdx1座にLacZ遺伝子を組み込んだ129/Sv由来ES細胞株又は、Pdx1プロモーター制御下のGFPレポータートランスジーンをもつES細胞SK7株などを使用することができる。あるいは、Hnf3β内胚葉特異的エンハンサー断片制御下のmRFP1レポータートランスジーン及びPdx1プロモーター制御下のGFPレポータートランスジーンを有するES細胞PH3株を使用することもできる。また、本発明では、マウス由来のものであればマウスES細胞株R1、ヒト由来のものであればヒトES細胞株であるKhES-1、 KhES-2、 及びKhES-3を用いることができ、このうち、マウスES細胞株R1又はヒトES細胞株KhES-3を好ましく用いることができる。
本発明で用いる人工多能性幹細胞(iPS)細胞は、体細胞を初期化することにより製造することができる。ここで用いる体細胞の種類は特に限定されず、任意の体細胞を用いることができる。即ち、本発明で言う体細胞とは、生体を構成する細胞の内生殖細胞以外の全ての細胞を包含し、分化した体細胞でもよいし、未分化の幹細胞でもよい。体細胞の由来は、哺乳動物、鳥類、魚類、爬虫類、両生類の何れでもよく特に限定されないが、好ましくは哺乳動物(例えば、マウスなどのげっ歯類、またはヒトなどの霊長類)であり、特に好ましくはマウス又はヒトである。また、ヒトの体細胞を用いる場合、胎児、新生児又は成人の何れの体細胞を用いてもよい。
(i)Oct遺伝子、Klf遺伝子、Sox遺伝子、Myc遺伝子
(ii)Oct遺伝子、Sox遺伝子、NANOG遺伝子、LIN28遺伝子
(iii)Oct遺伝子、Klf遺伝子、Sox遺伝子、Myc遺伝子、hTERT遺伝子、SV40 large T遺伝子
(iv)Oct遺伝子、Klf遺伝子、Sox遺伝子
本発明において、「胚性内胚葉細胞」(definitive Endoderm)とは、食道、胃、小腸および大腸を含む全腸管、並びに肺、肝臓、胸腺、副甲状腺、甲状腺、胆嚢、および膵臓などの腸管に由来する器官に分化し得る細胞を意味し、具体的には、マーカー遺伝子となるE−カドヘリン(E-cadherin;ECD)及びCXCR4、あるいはE-カドヘリンおよびCD55が陽性である内胚葉細胞を言う(Shiraki N, Harada S, Ogaki S, Kume K. and Kume S. Identification of DAF1/CD55, a novel definitive endoderm marker. Cell Struct. Funct. 35, 73-80, 2010;特願2009-225758)。
M15 (mouse, mesonephros)
ECACC 95102517
Morphology: Epithelial
Mouse mesonephric epithelium, polyoma virus large T transformed
Depositor: Prof V van Heyningen, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK (Originator)
No restrictions. Patent: None Specified By Depositor
Properties: Products: WT1 (expressed gene) Applications: Gene expression and protein studies connected to kidney development and Wilms' tumourigenesis.
Available in the following LABORATORY:
CAMR Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research (ECACC, Salisbury, Wiltshire)
DMEM + 2mM Glutamine + 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). Split confluent cultures 1:5 to 1:10 i.e. seeding at 5x1,000 to 1x10,000 cells/cm2 using 0.25% trypsin or trypsin/EDTA; 5% CO2; 37C [cell growth impaired at lower densities]. Karyotype: Hyperdiploid
Hazard: CZ-II
The WT1-expressing mesonephric cell line M15 (alias Meso15) was established from mouse mesonephros transgenically expressing the large T protein of polyoma virus under the control of the early viral enhancer. As a tumour suppresser gene with a key role in urogenital development, WT1 is implicated as predisposition gene in the pathogenesis of Wilms' tumour (WT).
Further information
Research council deposit: Yes
Price_code: C
Bibliographic references:
Cell 1995;81:391
By Beatrice...
TITLE:M15
DATE:2005/04/24 00:32
URL:http://www.biotech.ist.unige.it/cldb/cl3312.html
European Collection of Cell Cultures,
Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
June Poulton
European Collection of Cell Cultures
Health Protection Agency,
Porton Down
SP40JG Salisbury, Wiltshire UK
Phone: +44-1980-612512
Fax: +44-1980-611315
E-mail: ecacc@hpa.org.uk
URL: http://www.ecacc.org.uk/
本発明の工程(B)では、 (2'Z,3'E)-6-ブロモインジルビン-3'-オキシム((2'Z,3'E)-6-Bromoindirubin-3′-oxime)(BIO)、及びN‐[(3,5‐ジフルオロフェニル)アセチル]‐L‐Ala‐2‐フェニル‐L‐Gly‐tert‐ブチル‐OH((3,5-Difluorophenylacetyl)-Ala-Phg-Obu')(DAPT)の存在下で、工程(A)で得られた胚性内胚葉細胞を培養することにより、胚性内胚葉細胞から腸細胞を分化誘導する。具体的には、BIO及びDAPTの存在下で、胚性内胚葉細胞を、数日間(例えば、1〜30日間、1〜20日間、1〜16日間)培養すると、Cdx2、Ifabp、Isx、Villin 1(ビリン1)、ラクターゼ(Lactase)、Glut2などの腸細胞マーカー遺伝子の発現が認められる細胞が出現する。すなわち、本発明の工程(B)によれば、各種腸細胞マーカー遺伝子の発現が認められる腸細胞の分化誘導が可能となる。培地中のBIO及びDAPTの濃度は、胚性内胚葉細胞から腸細胞が分化誘導できる範囲であればよく、特に限定されるものではない。培地中のBIOの濃度は、例えば1〜500μMの範囲、好ましくは1〜100μM、より好ましくは1〜50μM、さらに好ましくは1〜20μM、さらにより好ましくは1〜10μMの範囲とすることができる。一方、培地中のDAPTの濃度は、例えば1〜500μMの範囲、好ましくは1〜100μM、より好ましくは1〜50μM、さらに好ましくは1〜20μMの範囲とすることができる。また、工程(B)において、BIO及びDAPTに加えて、胚性内胚葉細胞から腸細胞への分化誘導を活性化するさらなる物質を培地中に添加することもできる。このような物質の例としては、FGFシグナル伝達を活性化する物質、BMPシグナル伝達を活性化する物質、ヘッジホッグ(Hh)シグナル伝達を活性化する物質などが挙げられる。FGFシグナル伝達を活性化する物質の具体例としてはFGF2、BMPシグナル伝達を活性化する物質の具体例としてはBMP4、ヘッジホッグ(Hh)シグナル伝達を活性化する物質の具体例としてはSAG(Smoothened Agonist;N-Methyl-N′-(3-pyridinylbenzyl)-N′-(3-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1,4-diaminocyclohexane, SAG1.3)がそれぞれ挙げられる。これらの物質は、マウスES細胞を出発材料とした場合に特に腸細胞への分化誘導を促進できることから、マウスES細胞を出発材料として用いた場合にこれらの物質を用いることが好ましく、その場合それらの物質を単独又は組合せて用いることができる。
(A)材料及び方法
(1)細胞株
本実施例では、マウスのES細胞として、R1細胞株を使用した。R1細胞株を、白血病抑制因子(LIF)、10%ウシ胎児血清(FBS)、100μM非必須アミノ酸(NEAA)、2mM L-Gln、50単位/mLペニシリン及び50μg/mlストレプトマイシン(PS)、ならびに100μMβ-メルカプトエタノールが添加された2000mg/LグルコースDMEM中のマウス胎仔由来線維芽細胞(MEF)のフィーダー上で維持した。
MEFは、胎生期(E)12.5〜14.5のマウス胎児から単離した。
ES細胞を、10%ウシ胎児血清及び4500mg/mlグルコースを含むDMEM培地中で20ng/mlアクチビン及び50ng/ml bFGFを加えたM15細胞上で5日間にわたり培養し、胚性内胚葉(definitive endoderm)についてフローサイトメトリーを使用して分析した。腸分化のために、ES細胞を、M15細胞又はMEF細胞上で、BIO及びDAPTの存在で、又はBIO及びDAPTを伴わず、しかし、bFGFを伴い、10%KSRを伴う培地中で、グルコース濃度2000mg/mlでさらに培養した。
ヒトES細胞(KhES-3)(PMID:16707099)は、中辻博士と末盛博士(京都大学)から分与されたものであり、日本政府のhES細胞ガイドラインに従って使用した。未分化hES細胞を、MEFのフィーダー層上で、20%KSR、L-Gln、NEAA、及びβ-MEが添加されたKnockout DMEM/F12(Invitrogen)中で、3%CO2下で維持した。hES細胞を継代するために、hES細胞コロニーを、20% KSR及び1mM CaCl2を含むPBS中の0.25%トリプシン及び0.1mg/mlコラーゲナーゼIVを用いて、それらを37℃で5分間処理し、続いて培養液を加え、穏やかに数回ピペット操作することによりES細胞塊を小片(5〜20個の細胞)に脱凝集させることによりフィーダー層から剥離させた。
分化誘導では、ヒトES細胞を、Y27632(Wako)を用いて24時間にわたり前処理し、予めM15細胞でコーティングされた24ウェルプレートにおいて、1ウェル当たり50,000個の細胞をプレーティングした。ES細胞を0.25%トリプシン-EDTA(Invitrogen)を用いて分離し、ES維持培地を含むY27632中で1日間培養した。プレーティングから1日後、細胞をPBSにより洗浄し、培地を分化培地に変えた。細胞を、第1の分化培地[2%B27(Invitrogen)、NEAA、L-Gln、PS、及びβ-MEが添加されたRPMI1640(Invitrogen)]中で0〜10日目に培養し、第2の分化培地(10%KSR、NEAA、L-Gln、PS、及びβ-MEが添加されたDMEM)に10日目に切り替え、35日目まで培養した。アクチビンA(100ng/ml)を分化の0〜10日目に加え、BIO及びDAPTを10〜35日目に加えた。培地を、2日ごとに、増殖因子が添加された新鮮培地と交換した。
特記なき場合、以下の濃度を使用した。BIO(Calbiochem)5μM;DAPT(Peptide Inst.)10μM;組換えヒトアクチビンA(R&D Systems)、20ng/ml。ヒトbFGF(Peprotech)、U0126(Sigma)、LY294002(Calbiochem)、SU5402(Calbiochem)、10μg/ml;FGF2(ヒトbFGF)(Peprotech)、256ng/ml;FGF4(Peprotech)、FGF5(Sigma)、FGF7(R&D Systems)、FGF8(Cosmo Bio)、FGF9(Peprotech)、FGF10(R&D Systems)、及びFGF18(Sigma)、50ng/ml。
細胞をCell Dissociation Buffer(Invitrogen)を用いて分離し、1×106個細胞/50μlに調整し、適切な抗体で染色した。抗体として、ビオチン又はAlexa 488抱合抗Eカドヘリンモノクローナル抗体ECCD2、フィコエリトリン(PE)抱合抗Cxcr4 mAb 2B11(BD Pharmingen)を使用した。染色された細胞を、FACS Aria(BD Pharmingen)を用いて精製した。データをBD FACSDivaソフトウェアプログラム(BD Pharmingen)を用いて記録し、Flowjoプログラム(Tree Star)を用いて分析した。
RNAを、TRI Reagent(Sigma)又はRNeasyマイクロキット(Qiagen)を使用してES細胞から抽出し、次にDNase(Sigma)を用いて処理した。3μgのRNAを、MMLV逆転写酵素(Toyobo)及びオリゴdTプライマー(Toyobo)を用いて逆転写した。プライマー配列及びサイクル数を表1に示す。各サイクルのPCR条件は、最初は96℃で1分間の変性、2サイクル目からは、96℃で30秒間の変性、60℃で2秒間のアニーリング、そして72℃で20秒間の伸長とした。最終サイクルでは72℃で7分間の伸張とした。RT-PCR産物を5%非変性ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動により分離し、SYBR Green I(Molecular Probes)を用いて染色し、Gel Logic 200 Imaging System(Kodak)を使用して可視化した。
使用した抗体は以下の通りである。
・マウス抗Cdx2(BioGenex, San Ramon, CA)
・ラット抗マウスEカドヘリン(TaKaRa BIO INC., Japan)
・ヤギ抗HNF4a(Santa cruz Biotechnology Inc)
・マウス抗ビリン(BD Transduction Laboratories)
・ウサギ抗リゾチーム(Diagnostic Biosystems)
・ウサギ抗クロモグラニンA(Epitomics, Inc.)
・ビオチン抱合ドリコスマメ凝集素(DBA)レクチン(SIGMA)
・ヤギ抗ソマトスタチン(Santa cruz Biotechnology Inc.)
・マウス抗Muc2(visionbiosystems novocastra)
・ウサギ抗Sox9(Millipore)
・ウサギ抗クローディン7(Abcam)
・ウサギ抗Glut-2(Chemicon)
培養細胞を4%パラホルムアルデヒド中で10分間固定した。0.1% Tween-20(TBST)を含むリン酸緩衝食塩水で20分間洗浄後、発色反応を、NTMT(100mMTris-HCl[pH 9.5]、100mM NaCl、50mM MgCl2、0.1% Tween-20、2mMレバミソール)中の35μg/mlニトロブルーテトラゾリウム(NBT)、17.5μg/ml 5-ブロモ-4-クロロ-3-インドリルリン酸を用いて行った。
培養細胞を4%パラホルムアルデヒド中で10分間固定した。PAS染色溶液(Muto Pure Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan)又はAlucianブルー8GX(SIGMA)を製造業者の説明書に従って使用した。
(1)古典的Wntシグナル伝達(canonical Wnt signaling)の活性化及びNotchシグナル伝達の阻害によって、M15細胞上でのES細胞の腸分化が増強される。
本発明者らは、以前に、M15細胞上でES細胞を培養した際、ESが胚性内胚葉運命(definitive endoderm fate)に、次に胚性内胚葉系統の種々の細胞型(Caudal型ホメオボックス2(Cdx2)発現腸細胞を含む)に分化することを示した。Cdx2は、腸特異的転写因子の一種であり、腸細胞のマーカー遺伝子として有用である(Silberg, D. G., Swain, G. P., Suh, E. R. and Traber, P. G. (2000). Cdx1 and cdx2 expression during intestinal development. Gastroenterology 119, 961-71.)。
誘導された腸細胞が胚性内胚葉に由来するか否かを検証するために、フローサイトメトリーにより、分化の4日目に胚性内胚葉を回収し(図2A)、これらの細胞を15日目まで再培養した。胚性内胚葉細胞は、さらに、BIO及びDAPTの添加時に、Cdx2又はビリン発現腸細胞に分化した(図2B)。この結果により、Cdx2及びビリン発現腸細胞が、胚性内胚葉に由来するものであることが明らかとなった。
次に、M15細胞に対して、MEF細胞又はPA6細胞上での胚性内胚葉の培養を比較することにより、それぞれの支持細胞について腸分化の効果を試験した。ES細胞をM15細胞上で、かつアクチビン及びbFGFの存在下で4日間にわたり培養することにより、胚性内胚葉細胞を得て、次いでフローサイトメトリーにより選別した。選別した胚性内胚葉細胞を、BIO及びDAPTの存在下で、M15細胞、MEF細胞、又はPA6細胞上で15日目まで再培養した(図3A)。Cdx2を発現する分化細胞が、MEF細胞を使用した場合にも観察されたが、PA6細胞では認められなかった(図3B)。RT-PCR分析によって、M15細胞の場合と比較した結果、MEF細胞上で増殖させた場合には、誘導される腸マーカーのさらに強い発現が認められた(図3C)。Cdx2の発現が、分化の12日目から高レベルで検出された(図3D)。他のマーカーとして、トレフォイルファクター3(Tff3、杯細胞マーカー);リゾチーム(Lyz1、パネート細胞マーカー);ソマトスタチン(Sst、腸内分泌マーカー);及びLctなども12日目又は15日目から検出された(図3E)(Hocker, M. and Wiedenmann, B. (1998). Molecular mechanisms of enteroendocrine differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 859, 160-74.; Schonhoff, S. E., Giel-Moloney, M. and Leiter, A. B. (2004). Minireview: Development and differentiation of gut endocrine cells. Endocrinology 145, 2639-44.)。
次に、ES細胞から分化した腸細胞型について調査した。Cdx2発現腸細胞は、Eカドヘリン(上皮マーカー)の発現により示される上皮細胞である(Lugo-Martinez, V. H., Petit, C. S., Fouquet, S., Le Beyec, J., Chambaz, J., Pincon-Raymond, M., Cardot, P. and Thenet, S. (2009). Epidermal growth factor receptor is involved in enterocyte anoikis through the dismantling of E-cadherin-mediated junctions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296, G235-44.)。Cdx2発現細胞は、また、肝細胞核因子4アルファ(HNF4a)(内胚葉マーカー)(Cattin, A. L., Le Beyec, J., Barreau, F., Saint-Just, S., Houllier, A., Gonzalez, F. J., Robine, S., Pincon-Raymond, M., Cardot, P., Lacasa, M. et al. (2009). Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, a key factor for homeostasis, cell architecture, and barrier function of the adult intestinal epithelium. Mol Cell Biol 29, 6294-308.)、及びGlut2(吸収腸細胞マーカー)(Gouyon, F., Caillaud, L., Carriere, V., Klein, C., Dalet, V., Citadelle, D., Kellett, G. L., Thorens, B., Leturque, A. and Brot-Laroche, E. (2003). Simple-sugar meals target GLUT2 at enterocyte apical membranes to improve sugar absorption: a study in GLUT2-null mice. J Physiol 552, 823-32.)、又はクローディン7(タイトジャンクションマーカー)(Fujita, H., Chiba, H., Yokozaki, H., Sakai, N., Sugimoto, K., Wada, T., Kojima, T., Yamashita, T. and Sawada, N. (2006). Differential expression and subcellular localization of claudin-7, -8, -12, -13, and -15 along the mouse intestine. J Histochem Cytochem 54, 933-44.)を共発現する(図4A〜C)。さらに、他のマーカーについても検証した。パネート細胞(リゾチーム発現)、及び、クロモグラニンA及びソマトスタチンなどの内分泌マーカーを発現する細胞が誘導された(図4D)。これらの細胞は、また、ムチン2(van Klinken, B. J., Einerhand, A. W., Duits, L. A., Makkink, M. K., Tytgat, K. M., Renes, I. B., Verburg, M., Buller, H. A. and Dekker, J. (1999). Gastrointestinal expression and partial cDNA cloning of murine Muc2. Am J Physiol 276, G115-24.)及びレクチンDBA(ドリコスマメ凝集素)(杯細胞マーカー)(Kandori, H., Hirayama, K., Takeda, M. and Doi, K. (1996). Histochemical, lectin-histochemical and morphometrical characteristics of intestinal goblet cells of germfree and conventional mice. Exp Anim 45, 155-60.)、並びに転写調節因子Sox9(パネート細胞マーカー)(Mori-Akiyama, Y., van den Born, M., van Es, J. H., Hamilton, S. R., Adams, H. P., Zhang, J., Clevers, H. and de Crombrugghe, B. (2007). SOX9 is required for the differentiation of paneth cells in the intestinal epithelium. Gastroenterology 133, 539-46.)を発現し、分化したES細胞中でも検出された(図5E、F)。腸細胞がアルカリホスファターゼ活性により特徴付けられた(図5G)。杯細胞は、PAS陽性(図5H)及びAlucianブルー染色(図5I)により特徴付けられた。これらの特徴は全て、本実施例の培養中で生成されたES細胞由来の腸細胞において確認される。これらの結果は、ES細胞が、腸細胞系統の全ての細胞型(腸細胞の吸収細胞及びパネート細胞の分泌細胞、杯細胞、ならびに内分泌細胞を含む)に分化誘導されることを示している。
次に、ヒトES細胞が、マウスES細胞と同様に、BIO及びDAPTの添加により腸細胞に方向付けることができるか否かを調べた。この試験例では、khES-3(ヒトES細胞株)(Suemori, H., Yasuchika, K., Hasegawa, K., Fujioka, T., Tsuneyoshi, N. and Nakatsuji, N. (2006). Efficient establishment of human embryonic stem cell lines and long-term maintenance with stable karyotype by enzymatic bulk passage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 345, 926-32.)を使用した。アクチビン(100μM)を用いてKhES-3を10日間にわたり培養した後、khES-3が胚性内胚葉に分化した。次に、KhES-3の培養物にBIO及びDAPTを加え、35日目まで培養を続けた。次いで、免疫組織化学的解析又はRT−PCRによりアッセイした。Cdx2を発現するkhES-3が、免疫組織化学的解析(図6A)により25日目に、及びRT−PCR(図6B)により15日目という早期に検出された。RT-PCRにより、腸細胞(hVillin、hIfabp、hIsx)、杯細胞(hTff3)(Suemori, S., Lynch-Devaney, K. and Podolsky, D. K. (1991). Identification and characterization of rat intestinal trefoil factor: tissue- and cell-specific member of the trefoil protein family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88, 11017-21.)、パネート細胞(hLyz)(Ouellette, A. J. (1997). Paneth cells and innate immunity in the crypt microenvironment. Gastroenterology 113, 1779-84.)、内分泌細胞(ガストリン、hGast;シナプトフィシン、hSyp;ソマトスタチン、hSst)(Hocker, M. and Wiedenmann, B. (1998). Molecular mechanisms of enteroendocrine differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 859, 160-74.;Schonhoff, S. E., Giel-Moloney, M. and Leiter, A. B. (2004). Minireview: Development and differentiation of gut endocrine cells. Endocrinology 145, 2639-44.)の分子マーカーも検出され、これら分子マーカーの発現が誘導されることも明らかとなった(図6B)。分化したkhES-3細胞はPAS染色陽性であり、機能的な杯細胞が誘導されることが明らかとなった。
M15細胞及びMEF細胞の両方が実質的なレベルでFGF2(bFGF)を発現することは既に公知である。したがって、次に、腸分化に対するFGF2(bFGF)の効果を試験した。フローサイトメトリーにより回収した胚性内胚葉細胞を、BIO及び DAPTの代わりに、FGF2(bFGF)の存在下で再培養した。RT−PCRによる分析によって、BIO及びDAPTの存在下で培養した場合には、腸細胞(Ifabp、Isx)、杯細胞(Tff3)、パネート細胞(Lyz1)、及び腸内分泌細胞(Sct(Gouyon, F., Caillaud, L., Carriere, V., Klein, C., Dalet, V., Citadelle, D., Kellett, G. L., Thorens, B., Leturque, A. and Brot-Laroche, E. (2003). Simple-sugar meals target GLUT2 at enterocyte apical membranes to improve sugar absorption: a study in GLUT2-null mice. J Physiol 552, 823-32.)、Syp、Sst、Gast)の分子マーカーが発現されることが証明された。しかし、BIO及びDAPTなしに、FGF2(bFGF)だけの存在下で培養した場合には、これらのマーカーはずっと低いレベルで誘導された。従って、コレシストキニン(Cck)を除く腸細胞の大半の分化マーカーを誘導するために、BIO及びDAPTの同時添加はFGF2(bFGF)よりも効果がある(図7A)。
腸上皮では、腸幹細胞(ISC)及び陰窩中に存在する前駆細胞が、活発に増殖し、分化細胞を提供する。腸細胞、絨毛中に存在する杯細胞及び腸内分泌細胞、ならびに陰窩基底部に位置するパネート細胞など、4種類の非増殖性の最終分化した上皮細胞が存在する(Barker, N., van de Wetering, M. and Clevers, H. (2008). The intestinal stem cell. Genes Dev 22, 1856-64.)。
実施例2は、本発明の方法において、BIO及びDAPTに加えて各種シグナル伝達系の阻害剤又は活性化剤をさらに添加した例を示す。
マウスES細胞を出発材料として用いた場合において、BIO及びDAPTに加えて、さらにどのようなメカニズムにより腸分化が誘導されているのかを明らかにするために、各種シグナル伝達系の阻害剤を添加して、腸マーカーであるCdx2遺伝子の発現が下がる条件について検討を行った。
その結果、ノギン(Noggin)、ドルソモルフィン(dorsomorphin)又はKAAD−シクロパミン(KAAD-Cyclopamine)を添加することによりCdx2の発現が低下した。すなわち、マウスES細胞を出発材料とした場合には、BMPシグナル伝達系、及びヘッジホッグ(Hh)シグナル伝達系が腸分化を促進的に制御していることが示唆された。
上記阻害剤を用いた実験により、FGFシグナル伝達系(SU5402添加実験)や、BMPシグナル伝達系ないしHhシグナル伝達系が腸への分化に関与していることが判明した。
そこで、次はFGFシグナル伝達系、BMPシグナル伝達系、及びHhシグナル伝達系の活性化実験を行った。マイクロアレイデータにおいてMEF細胞ではFGF2及びBMP4が発現していることを考慮して、FGFシグナル伝達系及び BMPシグナル伝達系の活性化のためにFGF2(PEPROTECH) 50ng/mL、及びBMP4(R&D systems) 25 ng/mLを用いた。Hhシグナル伝達系の活性化については、;SAG(MERCK)(smoothend agonist;smo)300nMを用いた。
ヒトES細胞について、同様に無フィーダー系でFGF2、BMP4及び/又はSAGを添加することによりCDX2陽性細胞への分化効率が改善するかの検討を行った。
高濃度のFGF2がヒトES細胞からCDX2陽性細胞への分化に重要であるという過去の報告があることから、同様の結果が得られるかについて試験した。最終濃度250ng/mLのFGF2を用いた。試験例3の方法に準じて、ゼラチン・コート・ディッシュ上でヒトES細胞を内胚葉まで分化誘導した後(培養7日目)に、BIO(5μM)及びDAPT(10μM)に加えて、FGF2を0、50、及び250 ng/mLでそれぞれ添加し、9日目、あるいは20日目まで培養し、フローサイトメトリーによりCdx2陽性細胞の割合を評価した。フローサイトメトリー(FACS)解析は、BD Cytofix /CytopermTM Kit (BD Biosciences) を用い、製造元のマニュアルに従って行った。その結果を図10に示す。
Claims (11)
- 多能性幹細胞から胚性内胚葉細胞を分化誘導する工程(A);及び
前記胚性内胚葉を(2’Z,3’E)−6−ブロモインジルビン−3’−オキシム(BIO)及び(N−[(3,5−ジフルオロフェニル)アセチル]−L−Ala−2−フェニル−L−Gly−tert−ブチル−OH(DAPT)の存在下で培養することにより、前記胚性内胚葉から腸細胞を分化誘導する工程(B):
を含む、腸細胞の製造方法。 - E−カドヘリン(ECD)及びCXCR4に対する蛍光標識抗体を用いたフローサイトメトリーにより、工程(A)において得られた細胞培養物から胚性内胚葉細胞を分離し、工程(B)において該分離した胚性内胚葉細胞を用いる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 工程(A)において、支持細胞の存在下、かつアクチビン及び/又はbFGFの存在下で前記多能性幹細胞を培養することにより、該多能性幹細胞から胚性内胚葉細胞を分化誘導する、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 支持細胞が、中胚葉に由来する細胞である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 支持細胞が、M15細胞、MEF細胞又はST2細胞である、請求項3又は4に記載の方法。
- 工程(B)において、前記胚性内胚葉をM15細胞又はMEF細胞の存在下で培養する、請求項1〜5の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記多能性幹細胞が、胚性幹細胞、又は人工多能性幹細胞である、請求項1〜6の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記多能性幹細胞が、ヒト胚性幹細胞またはマウス胚性幹細胞である、請求項1〜7の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1から8の何れか1項に記載の方法によって多能性幹細胞から腸細胞へと分化誘導する際に、被験物質の存在下で多能性幹細胞を培養し、被験物質の非存在下で多能性幹細胞を培養した場合における腸細胞への分化誘導の程度と、被験物質の存在下で多能性幹細胞を培養した場合における腸細胞への分化誘導の程度とを比較することを含む、多能性幹細胞から腸細胞へと分化誘導を促進又は阻害する物質をスクリーニングする方法。
- 被験物質が成長因子又は低分子化合物である、請求項9に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- 腸細胞で発現するマーカー転写産物の量もしくは蛋白量、またはその両方を指標として、腸細胞へと分化誘導の程度を測定する、請求項9又は10に記載のスクリーニング方法。
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HUE049377T2 (hu) | 2013-03-14 | 2020-09-28 | Brigham & Womens Hospital Inc | Készítmények és eljárások epiteliális õssejtek expanziójára és tenyésztésére |
CN107073042A (zh) | 2014-09-03 | 2017-08-18 | 布里格海姆妇女医院公司 | 用于产生内耳毛细胞来治疗听力损失的组合物、系统和方法 |
WO2017069376A1 (ko) * | 2015-10-20 | 2017-04-27 | 전남대학교병원 | IKKε 억제제를 함유하는 염증질환의 치료용 조성물 |
JP2019506153A (ja) * | 2016-01-08 | 2019-03-07 | マサチューセッツ インスティテュート オブ テクノロジー | 分化した腸内分泌細胞およびインスリン産生細胞の作製 |
WO2017123806A1 (en) | 2016-01-12 | 2017-07-20 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | A method of non destructive monitoring of biological processes in microfluidic tissue culture systems |
CA3013357A1 (en) | 2016-02-01 | 2017-08-10 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Systems and methods for growth of intestinal cells in microfluidic devices |
US11260130B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2022-03-01 | Frequency Therapeutics, Inc. | Solubilized compositions for controlled proliferation of stem cells / generating inner ear hair cells using a GSK3 inhibitor: IV |
US10201540B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2019-02-12 | Frequency Therapeutics, Inc. | Solubilized compositions for controlled proliferation of stem cells / generating inner ear hair cells using GSK3 inhibitors: I |
US10213511B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2019-02-26 | Frequency Therapeutics, Inc. | Thermoreversible compositions for administration of therapeutic agents |
MA45479A (fr) * | 2016-04-14 | 2019-02-20 | Janssen Biotech Inc | Différenciation de cellules souches pluripotentes en cellules de l'endoderme de l'intestin moyen |
WO2018089386A1 (en) * | 2016-11-11 | 2018-05-17 | The Broad Institute, Inc. | Modulation of intestinal epithelial cell differentiation, maintenance and/or function through t cell action |
AU2017386417B2 (en) | 2016-12-30 | 2022-07-14 | Frequency Therapeutics, Inc. | 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione compounds and methods of using them to induce self-renewal of stem/progenitor supporting cells |
WO2018140647A1 (en) | 2017-01-25 | 2018-08-02 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | In vitro induction of mammary-like differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells |
WO2018151307A1 (ja) | 2017-02-20 | 2018-08-23 | 公立大学法人名古屋市立大学 | 人工多能性幹細胞由来腸管幹細胞の維持培養 |
US11767513B2 (en) | 2017-03-14 | 2023-09-26 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Neuromuscular junction |
US11414648B2 (en) | 2017-03-24 | 2022-08-16 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Methods and compositions for production of fallopian tube epithelium |
WO2018207714A1 (ja) | 2017-05-09 | 2018-11-15 | 公立大学法人名古屋市立大学 | 多能性幹細胞由来腸管オルガノイドの作製法 |
CA3092842A1 (en) * | 2018-03-02 | 2019-09-06 | Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated | Methods of enhancing stem cell differentiation into beta cells |
WO2019195800A1 (en) | 2018-04-06 | 2019-10-10 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Novel differentiation technique to generate dopaminergic neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells |
EP3831933A4 (en) * | 2018-07-27 | 2021-06-16 | FUJIFILM Corporation | METHOD FOR PRODUCING INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS |
EP3837351A1 (en) | 2018-08-17 | 2021-06-23 | Frequency Therapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and methods for generating hair cells by downregulating foxo |
AU2019321641A1 (en) | 2018-08-17 | 2021-04-15 | Frequency Therapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and methods for generating hair cells by upregulating Jag-1 |
EP3851518A4 (en) * | 2018-09-10 | 2022-06-22 | Tokyo Institute of Technology | METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF INTESTINAL CELLS FROM PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS |
JP7377486B2 (ja) * | 2018-09-10 | 2023-11-10 | 国立大学法人東京工業大学 | 多能性幹細胞から腸細胞の作製方法 |
EP3901250A4 (en) | 2018-11-02 | 2022-08-10 | Public University Corporation Nagoya City University | METHOD FOR PRODUCING AN INTESTINAL ORGANOID DERIVED FROM PLURIPOTENTE STEM CELLS |
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US20140199700A1 (en) | 2014-07-17 |
CN103459591A (zh) | 2013-12-18 |
CN103459591B (zh) | 2016-05-04 |
JPWO2012060315A1 (ja) | 2014-05-12 |
WO2012060315A1 (ja) | 2012-05-10 |
EP2636731A4 (en) | 2014-04-30 |
EP2636731B1 (en) | 2016-07-13 |
KR20130101557A (ko) | 2013-09-13 |
EP2636731A1 (en) | 2013-09-11 |
US9376665B2 (en) | 2016-06-28 |
CA2821562A1 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
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