JP5847717B2 - 脳に治療剤を送達するためのカニューレ配置の最適化 - Google Patents
脳に治療剤を送達するためのカニューレ配置の最適化 Download PDFInfo
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Description
定位送達:脳における地点の正確な位置決定のためのコンピューターベースのモダリティー。定位法は、脳アトラスを利用してもよく、そのいくつかはデジタル形式で入手可能である。例えば、Talairach−Tournoux(TT)アトラス(総説については、Nowinski、(2005)、Neuroinformatics、3、293〜300ページを参照のこと)は電子形式で入手可能である。このアトラスは、画像を素早く無意識に読み取れるように、脳の三次元表示を提供している。
本発明の方法では、脳の標的領域への治療剤の送達を改善するための配置座標が提供される。この座標は、送達カニューレを正確にポジショニングするために、定位法と共に使用される。カニューレ配置および送達角度にこの座標を利用することにより、脳の標的領域における注入剤の再現可能な分布が達成され、これにより、脳への治療剤のより有効な送達が可能になる。標的化の対象領域としては、限定するものではないが、被殻、視床、脳幹などが挙げられる。本発明の方法は、脳の漏出経路から適当な距離のある標的領域ゾーンである「グリーンゾーン」に薬剤を送達するためのガイダンスを提供する。
ヒトおよび非ヒト霊長動物における、画像誘導による治療剤の対流強化送達のための被殻の最適な領域
材料および方法
実験対象および試験デザイン。13匹の正常な成体のNHP(11匹のアカゲザル(7匹がオス、4匹がメス、年齢8〜18歳、平均年齢11.9歳、体重4〜9.4kg)および2匹のカニクイザル(1匹がオス、1匹がメス、両方とも年齢は7歳、体重はそれぞれ5kgおよび7kg)を含む)が本試験の対象であった。実験作業は、国立衛生研究所(National Institutes of Health)のガイドライン、ならびに、カリフォルニア大学サンフランシスコ校(University of California San Francisco)(San Francisco、CA)およびValley Biosystems(Sacramento、CA)の施設内動物実験委員会(Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)により承認されたプロトコールに従って実施した。13匹の動物は、被殻中へのGDL(2mM)または遊離ガドテリドール(2mM、Prohance、Bracco Diagnostics、Princeton、NJ)の延べ25回の頭蓋内注入を行った。注入は、NHPについてこれまでに確立されたCED手法(Bankiewicz、Eberlingら、2000)により実施した。これまでに記載されたとおりにGDLを調製した(Fiandaca、Varenikaら、2008)(Krauze、McKnightら、2005)。
この試験では、13匹のNHPが25回の被殻注入を行った。NHPの脳のリアルタイムMR画像を各RCDから得て、ガドテリドール分布を評価し、被殻におけるカニューレステップからCC、ICおよびECまでの距離を、カニューレステップの位置を基準に測定した。本出願人らは、何回かの注入では、結果として、トレーサーが被殻内にあまり封入されず、脳梁(CC)ならびに時に内包(IC)および外包(EC)といった近接する白質路(WMT)中に著しく分布したのに対し、トレーサーが被殻中にのみ分布した注入もあったことを観察した(表1)。被殻内の注入トレーサー封入率(%)を各変数に対してプロットすると(図1)、カニューレに沿った逆流が被殻(PUT)中への注入剤の分布の急激な減少と相関することは明らかである(図1A)。95%を超えるトレーサーの被殻(PUT)内封入率が達成可能であり、逆流は約5mm未満であった。この実験における先端長さは3mmであった。続いて、PUT被覆率と解剖学的座標との間を相関させたところ、もう1つの重要な変数は脳梁(CC)からカニューレステップまでの距離であるらしいことも明らかになった(図1B)。被殻封入率が95%を超えた8回の注入では、カニューレステップからCCまでの範囲は3.14mm〜3.76mm、平均距離は3.35±0.08mm、ステップからICまでの範囲は2.13mm〜5.65mm、平均距離は4.01±0.42mm、ステップ−ECの範囲は1.98mm〜3.28mm、平均距離は2.75±0.17mmであった。
磁気共鳴画像法による、非ヒト霊長動物の視床および脳幹中へのガドテリドール送達のリアルタイム可視化および特徴付け
この試験では、6匹のNHPが、視床および脳幹中への22回の注入を行った。NHPの脳のリアルタイムMR画像を各RCDから得てGd分布を評価し、カニューレステップの位置を基準に、視床または脳幹におけるカニューレステップから正中、外側境界まで、および、カニューレ進入点から標的構造までの距離を、それぞれ測定した。
6匹の正常な成体のNHP(4匹のカニクイザル(2匹がオス、2匹がメス、年齢7〜8歳、平均年齢8.2歳、体重5〜12.8kg)および2匹のアカゲザル(1匹がオス、年齢10歳、体重12.2kg;1匹がメス、年齢8歳、体重6kg)を含む)を本試験に登録した。実験は、国立衛生研究所のガイドラインに従い、カリフォルニア大学サンフランシスコ校(San Francisco、CA)およびValley Biosystems(Sacramento、CA)の施設内動物実験委員会により承認されたプロトコールの下で実施した。これらの動物は、視床および脳幹中へのガドテリドール(Gd、2mM)の延べ22回の頭蓋内注入を行った。注入は、NHPについてこれまでに確立されたCED手法により実施した。
CED中の視床におけるガドテリドール分布。視床において実施した14回の注入のうち、優れたGd分布は、8ケース(57.1%)において達成され、GdのVdは159.1〜660.3mm3の範囲であり平均容積は405.6±66.6mm3であった。図6は、視床におけるGdのVd対視床およびWMTにおける合計Vdの比率(%)を示すものであるが、この値が全8ケースにおいて100%であったことから、GdはWMT中に漏出しなかったことが示唆される。
MRIは、AAV2−GDNFの対流強化送達後のNHPの脳におけるGDNF分布を予測する
対流強化送達(CED)を利用する遺伝子療法には、リアルタイムで薬物注入を厳密にモニターすること、および、薬物分布を正確に予測することが必要であろう。コントラスト(ガドテリドール、Gd)MRIを使用して、CED注入をモニターすると共に、グリア細胞株由来神経栄養因子(GDNF)をコードする治療剤アデノ随伴ウイルス2型(AAV2)ベクターの発現パターンを予測した。非ヒト霊長動物(NHP)の視床を注入のモデル化に利用して、臨床的に意義のある大容積の送達を可能にした。芳香族L−アミノ酸デカルボキシラーゼ(AADC)をコードする細胞内分子AAV2をAAV2−GDNF/Gdと同時注入して、AAV2形質導入と細胞外のGDNF拡散とを区別した。Gdの分布容積(Vd)はViと線形関係があり、平均Vd/Vi比は4.68±0.33であった。Gd分布とAAV2−GDNFまたはAAV2−AADC発現との間には優れた相関があり、GDNFまたはAADC対Gdの発現面積比は、両方とも1に近かった。本出願人らのデータは、CEDによるAAV2注入をモニターしAAV2形質導入の分布を予測するためのコントラスト(Gd)MRIの使用を支持する。
実験対象および試験デザイン。3匹の正常な成体のNHPが本試験の対象であった。実験作業は、国立衛生研究所のガイドラインと、カリフォルニア大学サンフランシスコ校(San Francisco、CA)の施設内動物実験委員会により承認されたプロトコールとに従って実施した。3匹のNHPは、視床中へのAAV2ベクターおよび遊離ガドテリドール(1mM、Gd、Prohance、Brancco Diagnostics、Princeton、NJ)の頭蓋内注入を行った。注入は、NHPについてこれまでに確立されたCED手法により実施した。
視床におけるGd分布。この試験では、3匹の霊長動物(アカゲザル)に、約150μL(Vi)のAAV2−GDNF/Gd(1〜1.2×1012vg/ml、n=5)を視床に注入したが、これらの注入のうち3つは、AAV2−AADC(1×1012vg/ml、n=3)を含んでいた(表2)。注入前および注入中に磁気共鳴画像法(MRI)を実施し、1cmずつ離して冠状の脳画像を得て、Gd分布(Vd)を評価した。
Claims (19)
- 霊長動物の脳の標的領域に治療剤を送達するシステムであって、
逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレ;及び
前記逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレの先端及びステップのポジションを漏出経路から少なくとも3mm離間させるように調節する手段を含み、
前記漏出経路が、脳梁(CC)、前交連(AC)、外包(EC)および内包(IC)から選択される軸索路である、システム。 - 前記治療剤が対流強化送達により送達される、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記霊長動物が非ヒト霊長動物である、請求項1または2に記載のシステム。
- 前記霊長動物がヒトである、請求項1または2に記載のシステム。
- 前記脳の前記標的領域が大脳内にある、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記漏出経路が、血管、血管周囲腔および心室空間から選択される1種または2種以上を更に含む、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記脳の前記標的領域が、線条体、尾状核、被殻、淡蒼球、側坐核、中隔核および視床下核から選択される、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記標的領域が被殻である、請求項7に記載のシステム。
- 前記脳の標的領域が視床または視床下部である、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレ先端の配置が、進入点から少なくとも2.5mm、側面境界から少なくとも1.8mm、および正中から少なくとも4.5mmであるように選択される、請求項9に記載のシステム。
- 前記逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレ先端の配置が、進入点から少なくとも3mm、側面境界から少なくとも2.2mm、および正中から少なくとも5mmであるように選択される、請求項9に記載のシステム。
- 前記脳の標的領域が脳幹内にある、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記送達カニューレ先端の配置が、進入点から少なくとも2.8mm、側面境界から少なくとも2.5mm、および正中から少なくとも1.25mmであるように選択される、請求項12に記載のシステム。
- 前記逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレ先端の配置が、進入点から少なくとも3.5mm、側面境界から少なくとも2.92mm、および正中から少なくとも1.6mmであるように選択される、請求項12に記載のシステム。
- 前記標的領域が、黒質、赤核、橋、オリーブ核および脳神経核から選択される、請求項14に記載のシステム。
- 中枢神経系障害を治療するために使用される、請求項1から15のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレの先端及びステップのポジションを調節する手段が、脳における地点の正確な位置決定のためのコンピューターベースのモダリティー及び前記逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレをポジショニングするための座標セットを含む定位固定システムを含み、当該座標セットが、前記霊長動物の前記標的領域において注入剤の定量的な封入をもたらす、請求項1から16のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレポジショニングのための、霊長動物の脳の標的領域におけるグリーンゾーンを決定するためのシステムであって、前記逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレが前記グリーンゾーン内にポジショニングされたときに前記標的領域における注入剤の定量的な封入をもたらし、当該システムが、
前記逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレを通して前記脳の標的領域に造影剤を送達する手段、
注入された造影剤の分布を決定する手段、及び、
前記逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレの挿入部位を所望の注入された前記造影剤の分布とを相関させて、最適な配置のための座標セットを得る手段を含み、
前記最適な配置が、そのゾーン内に前記逆流防止機能付きステップ型送達カニューレが配置され、そこからの送達が適切に封入された注入剤をもたらすグリーンゾーンを決定するシステム。 - 前記脳の標的領域について異なる霊長動物種におけるグリーンゾーンを三次元モデル化することにより決定する手段をさらに含む、請求項18に記載のシステム。
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