JP5827830B2 - Method and apparatus for measuring low water permeable material and water-stopping material - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for measuring low water permeable material and water-stopping material Download PDFInfo
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 185
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 72
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 106
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 90
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 210000000352 storage cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009530 blood pressure measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 33
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 33
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000611 regression analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011041 water permeability test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011158 quantitative evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002522 swelling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明は、低透水性材料の測定方法及び測定装置並びに止水材に関する。低透水性材料とは、主として１×10−８〜１×10−１２（ｍ／ｓ）の範囲の透水性を有する材料をいう。 The present invention relates to a measuring method and measuring device for a low water-permeable material, and a water-stopping material. The low water-permeable material mainly refers to a material having water permeability in the range of 1 × 10 −8 to 1 × 10 −12 (m / s).
従来の測定方法は、水供給部から試料収納部を経て流量測定部へ至る流路を含む透水性測定装置を用いて、その試料収納部の上流側及び下流側の水圧の圧力差を計測することで行っている。圧力の計測のために上記上流側及び下流側に大気圧に開放された開口部を設け、各開口部での水頭差を測定できるようにしている（非特許文献１）。 The conventional measurement method measures the pressure difference between the water pressure upstream and downstream of the sample storage unit using a water permeability measuring device including a flow path from the water supply unit through the sample storage unit to the flow rate measurement unit. Is going on. In order to measure the pressure, openings that are open to the atmospheric pressure are provided on the upstream side and the downstream side so that the water head difference at each opening can be measured (Non-Patent Document 1).
近年、コンクリートやセメント系改良土などの低透水性材料の透水性を正確に求めることが要求されている。外部に漏れてはならない物質を密閉する場合に、従来では実質的に非透水性と見なされていた材料で周囲を囲って密閉していた。しかしながら、こうした材料でも透過性が０ではないため、透水性の定量評価の必要性が指摘されている。 In recent years, it has been required to accurately determine the water permeability of low water permeability materials such as concrete and cementitious improved soil. When a substance that should not leak to the outside is sealed, it has been sealed with a material that has been regarded as substantially non-permeable in the past. However, the permeability of these materials is not zero, and the necessity of quantitative evaluation of water permeability has been pointed out.
上記材料の透水性は非常に小さいので、非特許文献１の方法で測定しようとすると膨大な時間を要する。試験時間を合理的な範囲で短くするためには、試料への載荷圧力を大きくすることが考えられるが、それでも水位管理方式で所定の圧力を得ようとすると、試料収納セルの上流側に非常に高い水柱を立てなければならず、実用的ではない。 Since the water permeability of the above material is very small, an enormous amount of time is required for measurement by the method of Non-Patent Document 1. In order to shorten the test time within a reasonable range, it is conceivable to increase the loading pressure on the sample. It is impractical to set up a high water column.
こうした低透水性材料の合理的な測定方法はこれまで確立されていない。例えば特許文献１は、低透水性測定材料の透水性測定に関して２種類の方法（定水位透水測定方法及び変水位測定方法）で測定が可能なことを特徴とする測定装置を提案しており（段落0034〜0035,0040）、また試料収納セルと試料との間に止水材としてベントナイトを用いることやベントナイトと試料との膨張率を同じとすることなども開示されている（段落0014）。 The rational measurement method of such a low water permeability material has not been established until now. For example, Patent Document 1 proposes a measuring device characterized by being capable of measuring by two kinds of methods (constant water level permeation measuring method and variable water level measuring method) regarding the water permeability measurement of a low water permeability measuring material ( (Paragraphs 0034 to 0035, 0040), and the use of bentonite as a water-stopping material between the sample storage cell and the sample, and making the expansion coefficient of bentonite and the sample the same (paragraph 0014) are also disclosed.
しかしながら、大量の低透水性材料の試験体を適正に一定の時間に処理するためにはどうすればよいかということには開示していない。 However, it does not disclose how to treat a large amount of the low water-permeable material specimen properly in a certain time.
止水材に関しては、ベントナイトは膨潤性が大きいので、膨潤による試料との体積変化の差により試料から止水材が外れることを防止するために両者の膨張率を同じにするということを提案しているだけであって、低透水性材料を測定する場合に好適な止水材の性能に関しては開示していない。 Regarding water-stopping materials, bentonite is highly swellable, so we proposed that the expansion coefficient of both be the same in order to prevent the water-stopping material from coming off the sample due to the difference in volume change from the sample due to swelling. However, it does not disclose the performance of a water-stopping material suitable for measuring a low water-permeable material.
本発明の第１の目的は、合理的な時間の範囲内で低透水性材料の透水性を精度よく測定することが可能な測定方法を提案することである。 The first object of the present invention is to propose a measurement method capable of accurately measuring the water permeability of a low water permeable material within a reasonable time range.
本発明の第２の目的は、給水圧力の調整によって１×10−８〜１×10−１２（ｍ／ｓ）の低透水性領域内で透水係数が高い材料から低い材料まで対応可能な範囲が広い測定装置を提案することである。 The second object of the present invention is a range in which a material having a high water permeability can be used in a low water permeability region of 1 × 10 −8 to 1 × 10 −12 (m / s) by adjusting the feed water pressure. Is to propose a wide measuring device.
本発明の第３の目的は、ベントナイトの高膨潤性を利用して正確な透水流量を求めることができる止水材を提案することである。 The third object of the present invention is to propose a water-stopping material capable of obtaining an accurate water permeation flow rate by utilizing the high swellability of bentonite.
第１の手段は、低透水性材料の透水性測定方法の発明であり、
高圧水供給部から試料収納部を経て流量測定部へ至る流路を含むとともに試料収納部への載荷圧力を測定するための圧力測定部を有する透水性測定装置を用いて、透水性が１×10−８〜１×10−１２（ｍ／ｓ）である低透水性材料の透水性の測定に適した方法であって、
同じ試料の透水性を所定の載荷圧力で測定する一回以上のメインステップで構成され、
各メインステップは、
予め設定された一定の基準圧力を載荷して上述の流量測定操作を３回以上繰り返す第１のサブステップと、
第１のサブステップで測定された流量の測定値のばらつきを評価する第２のサブステップと、
上記第２のサブステップにおいての各測定値のばらつきの程度が基準値以下であるときにそれらの複数の測定値を最終の測定値として採用し、ばらつきの程度が基準値以上であるときには、当該ステップの基準圧力よりも大きな新たな基準圧力を採用して、次のメインステップに移行することを決定する第３のサブステップと
を含む。
The first means is an invention of a water permeability measurement method for a low water permeability material,
Permeability is 1 × using a water permeability measuring device that includes a flow path from the high pressure water supply unit to the flow rate measurement unit through the sample storage unit and has a pressure measurement unit for measuring the loading pressure on the sample storage unit. 10 −8 to 1 × 10 −12 (m / s), a method suitable for measuring the water permeability of a low water permeability material,
Consists of one or more main steps to measure the permeability of the same sample at a given loading pressure,
Each main step is
A first sub-step in which a constant reference pressure set in advance is loaded and the above-described flow measurement operation is repeated three or more times;
A second sub-step for evaluating variations in measured values of the flow rate measured in the first sub-step;
When the degree of variation of each measurement value in the second sub-step is less than or equal to the reference value, the plurality of measurement values are adopted as the final measurement value, and when the degree of variation is greater than or equal to the reference value, And adopting a new reference pressure larger than the reference pressure of the step and determining to move to the next main step.
本手段は、一定の圧力で透水性試験を繰り返すメインステップを少なくとも一回以上行い、かつ２回以上のメインステップを実施する場合には、図１に示す如くその回を経るごとに試料への載荷圧力を階段状に高くしていく方法を提案している。例えば試験時間Ｔ内に試験結果を得なければならない場合に、その試験時間Ｔを想定するメインステップの数ｎで等分割して、さらに各メインステップ内での測定操作の数ｍ（３以上の適当数とする）で割って個々の測定時間とする。そして各測定時間内に得られた測定流量のばらつきを評価する。ばらつき量が小さいときには測定結果を良として試験を終了し、ばらつき量が大きいときには測定結果を不良とし、載荷圧力を上げて次のメインステップを繰り返す。測定数を３以上とした理由は、図２に示す如く回帰分析を行うときに測定点が２点だけでは試験時間と流量との関係を表す直線が決まるだけでばらつき量が測定できないからである。 This means performs the main step of repeating the water permeability test at a constant pressure at least once, and when two or more main steps are performed, the sample is applied to the sample every time as shown in FIG. A method of increasing the loading pressure stepwise is proposed. For example, when the test result must be obtained within the test time T, the test time T is equally divided by the number n of main steps assuming the test time T, and the number of measurement operations m in each main step (3 or more). Divide by (appropriate number) to obtain the individual measurement time. And the dispersion | variation in the measurement flow volume obtained within each measurement time is evaluated. When the amount of variation is small, the measurement result is judged good and the test is terminated. When the amount of variation is large, the measurement result is judged bad, the loading pressure is increased, and the next main step is repeated. The reason for setting the number of measurements to 3 or more is that when performing regression analysis as shown in FIG. 2, if only two measurement points are used, the amount of variation cannot be measured simply by determining the straight line representing the relationship between the test time and the flow rate. .
「ばらつき量」は実施形態では回帰分析の決定係数Ｒ２で評価しているが、これに限られるものではない。ばらつき量が大きいことの原因の一つは、試験固有の測定誤差に比べて測定値（流量）が小さ過ぎるからである。換言すれば誤差が大き過ぎるので、こういう場合には時間をかけても良好な結果は得られない。他の原因は、試料の粒子が内部で移動することで水みちができたりして、流れの状態が変化することである。この場合も流量自体を大きくして流れの状態が安定しないと信頼性のある試験結果が得られない。ゆえにばらつき量が大きい場合に測定結果を不良と判断している。 "Variation amount" is evaluated by the coefficient of determination R 2 of the regression analysis in the embodiment but not limited thereto. One of the reasons for the large variation is that the measured value (flow rate) is too small compared to the measurement error inherent to the test. In other words, the error is too large, and in such a case, a good result cannot be obtained even if time is spent. Another cause is that the state of the flow is changed due to the movement of water inside the sample particles. Also in this case, a reliable test result cannot be obtained unless the flow rate itself is increased to stabilize the flow state. Therefore, when the amount of variation is large, the measurement result is determined to be defective.
第２の手段は、第１の手段を有し、かつ
透水性を測定する各メインステップの前に、上記試料収納部が有する流路の一部である周壁の内面と試料との間に試料より透水性が低い止水材を充填するメインステップを行う。
The second means includes the first means, and before each main step of measuring water permeability, the sample is placed between the inner surface of the peripheral wall that is a part of the flow path of the sample storage portion and the sample. The main step of filling a water-stopping material having lower water permeability is performed.
本手段は、図６に示すように試料収納部20の内面を止水材26でシールすることを提案している。これにより止水材に水みちなどが発生することを防止し、試料の透水性を精密に測ることができる。止水材の透水係数は試料の透水係数より低くするものとし、具体的には表２に従う。 This means proposes to seal the inner surface of the sample storage portion 20 with a water-stopping material 26 as shown in FIG. As a result, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of a water channel or the like in the water stop material, and to accurately measure the water permeability of the sample. The water permeability coefficient of the water-stopping material is assumed to be lower than the water permeability coefficient of the sample.
第３の手段は、
高圧水供給部から試料収納部を経て流量計へ至る流路を含むとともに試料収納部への載荷圧力を測定するための圧力測定部を有し、透水性が１×10−８〜１×10−１２（ｍ／ｓ）である低透水性材料の透水性の測定に適した透水性測定装置であって、
高圧水供給部は、空気圧送器から制御弁付きの空気管を経て密閉水槽の上部へ高圧空気を送り込み、かつ密閉水槽内から試料収納部へ高圧水を供給するように形成しており、
上記試料収納部は、上記一端が上記高圧水供給部にかつ他端が水管を経由して流量計にそれぞれ連通されている周壁を有する試料収納セルとして形成され、試料収納部内にその周壁との間に間隙を存して試料を配置するとともに、これら試料の外面と周壁内面との間隙に止水材を充填しており、
圧力測定部は、少なくとも制御弁下流の空気管部分又は密閉水槽内の圧力を測定可能な第１圧力計を有し、
上記第１圧力計及び流量計の計測値に応じて、高圧水供給部が供給する水によって試料収納部に載荷圧力を調整するための制御部を有し、
この制御部は、一定の基準圧力の下で予め設定された測定時間内で流量計の出力を分析して流量測定操作を実行する機能と、ある測定時間内に測定された流量が基準値以上であれば当該測定値を記憶し、測定された流量が基準値未満であるときには上記基準圧力に予め設定された増加巾を加えて新たな基準圧力として、次の流量測定操作を繰り返す機能とを有する。
The third means is
It has a pressure measuring section for measuring the loading pressure on the sample storage section, including a flow path from the high pressure water supply section to the flowmeter through the sample storage section, and has a water permeability of 1 × 10 −8 to 1 × 10 6. A water permeability measuring device suitable for measuring the water permeability of a low water permeable material of -12 (m / s),
The high-pressure water supply unit is configured to send high-pressure air from the pneumatic feeder to the upper part of the sealed water tank via an air tube with a control valve, and to supply high-pressure water from the sealed water tank to the sample storage part.
The sample storage portion is formed as a sample storage cell having a peripheral wall having one end connected to the high-pressure water supply portion and the other end connected to a flow meter via a water pipe. A sample is placed with a gap in between, and a water-stopping material is filled in the gap between the outer surface of these samples and the inner surface of the peripheral wall.
The pressure measuring unit has a first pressure gauge capable of measuring at least the pressure in the air pipe portion downstream of the control valve or the sealed water tank,
In accordance with the measured values of the first pressure gauge and the flow meter, a control unit for adjusting the loading pressure in the sample storage unit with water supplied by the high-pressure water supply unit,
This control unit has a function to analyze the output of the flowmeter within a preset measurement time under a certain reference pressure and execute a flow measurement operation, and the flow rate measured within a certain measurement time exceeds the reference value. If this is the case, the measured value is stored, and when the measured flow rate is less than the reference value, a preset increase width is added to the reference pressure as a new reference pressure to repeat the next flow measurement operation. Have.
本手段は、図５に示す如く試料収納部20への載荷圧力を測定するための圧力測定部40を設け、かつエアコンプレッサーにより圧縮された空気を利用して試料収納部20の上流側の水を高圧化させる透水性測定装置を提案している。圧縮空気を利用して上流側の水を高圧化させるので加圧手段の負荷が過剰に高くなることがない。なお、圧力測定部40は試料収納部20の上流側及び下流側の双方の圧力を測定してもよいが、下流側の圧力計を省略してもよい。上流側に加わる圧力が高いからである。 As shown in FIG. 5, this means is provided with a pressure measuring unit 40 for measuring the loading pressure on the sample storage unit 20 and water on the upstream side of the sample storage unit 20 using air compressed by an air compressor. We have proposed a water permeability measuring device that increases the pressure of water. Since the upstream water is pressurized using compressed air, the load of the pressurizing means does not become excessively high. The pressure measurement unit 40 may measure both the upstream and downstream pressures of the sample storage unit 20, but may omit the downstream pressure gauge. This is because the pressure applied to the upstream side is high.
また本手段では、図５に示すように第１圧力計42及び流量計36の測定値に応じて測定方法及び圧力の制御を行う制御部50を提案する。その制御の特徴は、試料収納部20への載荷圧力を制御するために、流量（試料収納部20の下流側の流量）を用いることである。低透水性材料の透水性試験では、試料収納部20への載荷圧力として予め設定した基準圧力Ｐｎ（但しｎはｎ番目の流量測定操作の意味）が低過ぎると、水が殆ど流れないことがある。そこで流量ｑが或る基準値ｑ０に満たない場合には、上記基準圧力Ｐｎに予め設定された増加分ΔＰを加えたものを新たな基準圧力Ｐｎ＋１として、次の操作を行うものとしている。流量の基準値ｑ０は適宜定めることができるが、例えばその流量計の最小目盛ｑｍｉｎとすることができる。 Further, in this means, as shown in FIG. 5, a control unit 50 is proposed that controls the measurement method and pressure according to the measured values of the first pressure gauge 42 and the flow meter 36. A feature of the control is that a flow rate (a flow rate on the downstream side of the sample storage unit 20) is used to control the loading pressure on the sample storage unit 20. In the water permeability test of a low water permeability material, if the reference pressure Pn (n is the meaning of the nth flow measurement operation) set in advance as the loading pressure to the sample storage unit 20 is too low, water may hardly flow. is there. Therefore, when the flow rate q is less than a certain reference value q0, the following operation is performed with the reference pressure Pn added with an increment ΔP set in advance as a new reference pressure Pn + 1. The reference value q0 of the flow rate can be determined as appropriate, and can be, for example, the minimum scale q min of the flow meter.
第４の手段は、第３の手段を有し、かつ
上記制御部は、次の（ａ）から（ｃ）のサブステップを含むメインステップを一回以上実行することを特徴とする。
（ａ）予め設定された一定の基準圧力を載荷して上述の流量測定操作を３回以上繰り返す第１のサブステップ。
（ｂ）第１のサブステップで測定された流量の測定値のばらつきを評価する第２のサブステップ。
（ｃ）上記第２のサブステップにおいての各測定値のばらつきの程度が基準値以下であるときにそれらの複数の測定値を最終の測定値として制御部に記憶し、ばらつきの程度が基準値以上であるときには、当該ステップの基準圧力よりも大きな新たな基準圧力を採用して、次のメインステップに移行する第３のサブステップ。
The fourth means includes third means, and the control unit executes the main step including the following sub-steps (a) to (c) at least once.
(A) A first sub-step in which a constant reference pressure set in advance is loaded and the above flow measurement operation is repeated three times or more.
(B) A second sub-step for evaluating the variation in the measured value of the flow rate measured in the first sub-step.
(C) When the degree of variation of each measurement value in the second sub-step is equal to or less than the reference value, the plurality of measurement values are stored as final measurement values in the control unit, and the degree of variation is the reference value When it is above, the 3rd sub-step which adopts a new standard pressure larger than the standard pressure of the step concerned, and shifts to the next main step.
本手段では、或る基準圧力の下で測定した流量の測定値のばらつきを評価し、例えば決定係数Ｒ２で評価したばらつきの程度が基準値以上であるときに、基準圧力を増大させる制御装置を提案している。前述の如くばらつき量が大きいときには適切な測定値が期待できないからである。図７には、本手段の制御方式と前の手段の制御方式とを組み合わせた制御のアルゴリズムが記載されている。すなわち、次の表１に示すように流量ｑが基準値ｑ０以上である、かつばらつき量が基準値以下（決定係数Ｒ２が閾値ａ以上）のときのみその測定値を採用し、それ以外の場合には基準圧力を上げて再度流量測定操作を繰り返すのである。 In this means evaluates the variation in the measurement values of the flow rate measured under a certain reference pressure, for example, when the degree of variation was evaluated by determining the coefficient R 2 is equal to or greater than the reference value, the control device for increasing the reference pressure Has proposed. This is because an appropriate measurement value cannot be expected when the variation amount is large as described above. FIG. 7 shows a control algorithm that combines the control method of this means and the control method of the previous means. That is, as shown in the following Table 1, the measured value is adopted only when the flow rate q is equal to or greater than the reference value q 0 and the variation is equal to or less than the reference value (the determination coefficient R 2 is equal to or greater than the threshold value a). In this case, the reference pressure is increased and the flow measurement operation is repeated again.
ここで本発明の参考例として、第２の手段の透水性測定方法又は第３の手段から第５の手段の何れかの透水性測定装置への適用に適した止水性材料について適用する。この止水性材料は、水とベントナイトとを混合してなり、（{水の質量}／{ベントナイトの質量}）×100[％]で定義される水ベントナイト比を58〜83％としている。 Here, as a reference example of the present invention, a water- stopping material suitable for application to the water permeability measuring method of the second means or the water permeability measuring apparatus of any of the third to fifth means is applied. This water- stopping material is a mixture of water and bentonite, and the water bentonite ratio defined by ({mass of water} / {mass of bentonite}) × 100 [%] is 58 to 83% .
上記止水材は、透水性が１×10−８〜１×10−１２（ｍ／ｓ）である低透水性材料の透水性を測定する際に透水性測定装置の試料収納部内面と試料外面との間に充填するための止水材である。この止水材の透水係数は測定前の状態で１×10−１2（ｍ／ｓ）以下とすることが好適である。この止水材は、水とベントナイト原料（ベントナイト粉体）との重量割合が塑性限界に近いベントナイトで形成する止水材を提案する。水ベントナイト比は、58〜83％とするとよく（図４参照）、好適には58％〜73％、さらに好適には63％とするとよい。重量割合が塑性限界に近いのでシール材の充填作業性が良く、多量の水を吸収することができ、充分に膨張し、試料と試料収納部との間のシール性能を向上できる。図３に実線で示すようにベントナイトは３．５時間以上経過すると、この止水係数は１×10−１２以下に低下し、その後は一定の値に留まるので、密着性が向上し、正確に試料の透過係数が測定できる。 When the water-stopping material measures the water permeability of a low water-permeable material having a water permeability of 1 × 10 −8 to 1 × 10 −12 (m / s), the inner surface of the sample storage unit and the sample It is a water stop material for filling between outer surfaces. The water permeability coefficient of this water-stopping material is preferably 1 × 10 −12 (m / s) or less in the state before measurement. This water-stopping material proposes a water-stopping material formed of bentonite in which the weight ratio of water and bentonite raw material (bentonite powder) is close to the plastic limit. The water bentonite ratio may be 58 to 83% (see FIG. 4), preferably 58% to 73%, and more preferably 63%. Since the weight ratio is close to the plastic limit, the filling workability of the sealing material is good, a large amount of water can be absorbed, the water expands sufficiently, and the sealing performance between the sample and the sample storage portion can be improved. As shown by the solid line in FIG. 3, when the bentonite elapses for 3.5 hours or more, the water stoppage coefficient decreases to 1 × 10 −12 or less, and after that, it remains at a constant value. The permeability coefficient of the sample can be measured.
第１の手段に係る方法によれば、予備試験や推定によらず、試験期間内で供試体に見合った給水圧力を導き出し、適切に制限時間内で透水係数を得られ、かつ低透水性の材料においても、透水量の時間毎のバラツキや、通水の空気溶解等の影響を受けない短時間での試験により信頼性の高い試験結果を得られる。
第２の手段に係る発明によれば、試料収納部の内面と試料との間のシール性を確実に確保できる。
第３の手段に係る測定装置の発明によれば、給水圧力の調整によって透水係数が高い材料から低い材料までの幅が広い対応が可能である。
また第３の手段に係る発明によれば、測定時の試料への適当な載荷圧力を見つけて一定に維持することで透水性のばらつき量を精密に観測できる。
第４の手段に係る発明によれば、透水性のばらつき量に応じた制御手順を自動化したから、使い勝手がよい。
According to the method according to the first means, the water supply pressure corresponding to the specimen is derived within the test period regardless of the preliminary test or estimation, and the water permeability coefficient can be appropriately obtained within the time limit, and the low water permeability Even in materials, highly reliable test results can be obtained by testing in a short time without being affected by fluctuations in the amount of water per hour and by dissolution of air through water.
According to the invention relating to the second means, the sealing property between the inner surface of the sample storage portion and the sample can be reliably ensured.
According to the invention of the measuring device according to the third means, it is possible to cope with a wide range from a material having a high water permeability to a low material by adjusting the water supply pressure.
Further , according to the invention relating to the third means, the amount of variation in water permeability can be precisely observed by finding an appropriate loading pressure on the sample at the time of measurement and maintaining it constant.
According to the invention relating to the fourth means, since the control procedure according to the variation amount of water permeability is automated, it is easy to use.
図１から図４は、本発明に係る透水性測定方法の実施形態を示す。この方法では、次の数式１で表されるダルシーの法則を利用した実験装置を用いる。但し、Ｐ１、Ｐ２は或る流路の上流側及び下流側の各圧力、Ｑは計測時間ｔの間に流路を通る透過水量、Ｌは流路長さ、Ａは試料断面積（流路面積）、γＷは水の単位体積質量、ｔは計測時間、ｋは透水係数である。この実験装置は、水の流入口と流出口とを有する試料収納セルを有し、その流入口に圧力Ｐ１の高圧水を流し込み、流出口の下流での圧力Ｐ２と透過水量Ｑとを測定するように構成したものである。上記ダルシーの法則により透水係数ｋを決定することができる。なお試料収納セルの内面は止水材で覆うものとする。 1 to 4 show an embodiment of a water permeability measurement method according to the present invention. In this method, an experimental apparatus using Darcy's law expressed by the following formula 1 is used. Where P 1 and P 2 are the pressures on the upstream and downstream sides of a channel, Q is the amount of permeate passing through the channel during the measurement time t, L is the channel length, and A is the sample cross-sectional area ( (Channel area), γ W is the unit volume mass of water, t is the measurement time, and k is the hydraulic conductivity. This experimental apparatus has a sample storage cell having a water inlet and an outlet, and flows high-pressure water having a pressure P 1 into the inlet, and a pressure P 2 and a permeated water amount Q downstream of the outlet. It is configured to measure. The permeability coefficient k can be determined by the above Darcy's law. Note that the inner surface of the sample storage cell is covered with a water stop material.
まず本発明の透水性測定方法の準備手順（１）〜（３）を説明する。 First, preparation procedures (1) to (3) of the water permeability measurement method of the present invention will be described.
（１）測定試料の製作
被測定対象である低透水性材料（コンクリートやセメント系改良土など）が存在する現場から所定形状の試料を切り出すか、あるいはその現場の材料と同じ成分のものを実験室で配合して製作する。一般に低透水性材料は固いので、予め試料収納セルの内面に対応する形状（例えば円柱形）に形成するとよい。
(1) Production of measurement sample A sample of a predetermined shape is cut out from the site where the low water-permeable material (concrete or cement-based improved soil, etc.) to be measured exists, or an experiment with the same component as the material at the site is performed. Made by mixing in the room. In general, since the low water-permeable material is hard, it may be formed in advance in a shape (for example, a cylindrical shape) corresponding to the inner surface of the sample storage cell.
（２）脱気水の準備
本発明の測定方法では、空気を除去した脱気水を使用するので、所定量の脱気水を予め用意する。なお、脱気水を使用する理由は、飽和状態での透水係数を正確に測定できるようにするためである。
(2) Preparation of deaerated water Since the deaerated water from which air has been removed is used in the measurement method of the present invention, a predetermined amount of deaerated water is prepared in advance. The reason for using deaerated water is to enable accurate measurement of the water permeability coefficient in a saturated state.
（３）止水材の調合
止水材の透水係数は試料の透水係数より低くなければならない。そうしないと試料ではなく止水材の透過係数を測定してしまうことになるからである。具体的には後述の表２に従うとよい。本発明の測定方法は透水係数が１×10−８〜１×10−１２（ｍ／ｓ）と予想される試料を対象としており、その範囲内で後述の表２に従うとよい。
(3) Preparation of water-stopping material The water-permeability coefficient of the water-stopping material must be lower than that of the sample. Otherwise, the permeability coefficient of the water-stopping material, not the sample, will be measured. Specifically, it is preferable to follow Table 2 described later. The measurement method of the present invention is intended for a sample whose water permeability is expected to be 1 × 10 −8 to 1 × 10 −12 (m / s), and it is preferable to follow Table 2 described later within that range.
止水材はベントナイトであることが望ましく、これは水とベントナイト紛体とを混合させて一定時間養生させることで調整する。両者の重量割合は、水ベントナイト比（Ｗ／Ｂ）を58％〜73％、好ましくは63％程度とするとよい。この数値はベントナイトの塑性限界（塑性を獲得し得る限界）に近く、これにより低透水性が達成できるとともに、水を通水することで止水材の膨張が期待できるからである。この膨潤性は後述の通り止水材のシール性に寄与する。63％の混合比率で4.0〜6.0程度の膨潤度が得られる。膨潤度は膨潤の前後での質量比である。 The waterstop material is preferably bentonite, which is adjusted by mixing water and bentonite powder and curing for a certain period of time. The weight ratio of the two is such that the water bentonite ratio (W / B) is 58% to 73%, preferably about 63%. This value is close to the plastic limit of bentonite (the limit at which plasticity can be obtained), thereby achieving low water permeability and allowing expansion of the water-stopping material by passing water. This swelling property contributes to the sealing property of the water stop material as described later. A swelling degree of about 4.0 to 6.0 is obtained at a mixing ratio of 63%. The degree of swelling is a mass ratio before and after swelling.
図４は、水とベントナイト粉体とを混合してなる止水材の重量比率と透水係数との関係について出願人が行った実験結果を表している。この実験によると、水ベントナイト比が０％であるときの透水係数が5.5×10−１０（ｍ／ｓ）であり、水ベントナイト比が58〜73％であるときの透水係数が1.2〜2.3×10−12（ｍ／ｓ）であり、また水ベントナイト比が350％であるときの透水係数が5.2×10−９（ｍ／ｓ）程度であった。なお、水ベントナイト比に対する透水係数が極小値を示す理由は、混合比率が多過ぎると流動性が大となり、混合比率が少な過ぎると塑性を発揮できない紛体の状態となるからと理解される。 FIG. 4 shows the results of experiments conducted by the applicant regarding the relationship between the weight ratio of the water-stopping material obtained by mixing water and bentonite powder and the water permeability. According to this experiment, the water permeability when the water bentonite ratio is 0% is 5.5 × 10 −10 (m / s), and the water permeability when the water bentonite ratio is 58 to 73% is 1.2 to 2.3 ×. It was 10 −12 (m / s), and the water permeability when the water bentonite ratio was 350% was about 5.2 × 10 −9 (m / s). The reason why the permeability coefficient with respect to the water bentonite ratio shows a minimum value is understood to be that if the mixing ratio is too large, the fluidity becomes large, and if the mixing ratio is too small, the powder is in a state of being unable to exhibit plasticity.
なお、この実験に用いたベントナイトの養生時間は２時間である。実験例で得られた止水材の透水係数は１×10−12（ｍ／ｓ）よりも大きいが、前述の如く養生時間を長くすることで１×10−12未満のベントナイトを得ることが可能である。 In addition, the curing time of bentonite used for this experiment is 2 hours. Although the water permeability coefficient of the water-stopping material obtained in the experimental example is larger than 1 × 10 −12 (m / s), it is possible to obtain bentonite of less than 1 × 10 −12 by increasing the curing time as described above. Is possible.
上記の実験結果を基に透水係数の増減に対応する２本の近似直線を作図し、本発明が適用される測定範囲を１×10−12〜１×10−８（ｍ／ｓ）を1ケタ毎の４つの範囲に分けて各測定範囲毎に所要の水ベントナイト比を類推すると次の表となる。適用範囲１の欄のＷ／Ｂ比（37.2〜127.7％)は２本の近似直線とｙ＝１×10−11との交点の間の範囲であり、適用範囲２の欄のＷ／Ｂ比（15.4〜211％)は２本の近似直線とｙ＝１×10−10との交点の間の範囲である。 Based on the above experimental results, two approximate lines corresponding to the increase and decrease of the hydraulic conductivity are drawn, and the measurement range to which the present invention is applied is 1 × 10 −12 to 1 × 10 −8 (m / s) 1 The following table shows the required water bentonite ratio for each measurement range divided into four ranges for each digit. The W / B ratio (37.2 to 127.7%) in the column of application range 1 is the range between the intersections of two approximate lines and y = 1 × 10 −11, and the W / B ratio in the column of application range 2 (15.4-211%) is the range between the intersection of two approximate lines and y = 1 × 10 −10 .
（４）測定装置への試料及び止水材の適用
まず上記試料収納セルの底部上にその試料収納セルの周壁から一定の間隙を存して設置し、その間隙全体に上記止水材を充填する。この充填作業により、止水材は試料の外周面を覆うことになる。そして試料収納セルごと試料及び止水材を水槽の中において、その状態で一定時間止水材を養生させると、ベントナイトは膨潤する。
ここで図３には、養生時間と養生中のベントナイトの透水係数との関係を表している。同図中の点線は理論値、実線は実験値をそれぞれ示している。ベントナイトは、その養生期間中、図３に示す通り膨潤が進行し、透水量が減少し、試料収納セルとの密着性が向上し、止水材の透水係数が低下する。ベントナイトは、少なくとも２時間養生させるものとし、さらに３．５時間以上養生させることが望ましい。ベントナイトの膨張による試料面の流出はなく、加圧された状態のため１週間程度は横（半径方向）への膨張が卓越する。
(4) Application of sample and water-stopping material to the measuring device First, a certain gap is placed on the bottom of the sample storage cell from the peripheral wall of the sample storage cell, and the entire water-stopping material is filled in the gap. To do. By this filling operation, the water stop material covers the outer peripheral surface of the sample. When the sample and the water stop material are cured in the water tank for a certain period of time in the water tank, the bentonite swells.
Here, FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the curing time and the permeability coefficient of bentonite during curing. In the figure, dotted lines indicate theoretical values, and solid lines indicate experimental values. During the curing period of bentonite, swelling progresses as shown in FIG. 3, the water permeability decreases, the adhesion with the sample storage cell improves, and the water permeability coefficient of the water-stopping material decreases. Bentonite should be cured for at least 2 hours, and more preferably 3.5 hours or longer. There is no outflow of the sample surface due to the expansion of bentonite, and the expansion in the lateral (radial direction) is dominant for about one week because of the pressurized state.
本発明の透水性測定方法は、次のサブステップからなるメインステップ（ｉ＝１，２，３…）を少なくとも一回実行することで行われる。図２の例では、１〜３番目のメインステップは一定の短い時間で行われており、４番目のメインステップは長い時間をかけて行われている。その意味については後述する。 The water permeability measurement method of the present invention is performed by executing at least one main step (i = 1, 2, 3,...) Including the following substeps. In the example of FIG. 2, the first to third main steps are performed in a certain short time, and the fourth main step is performed over a long time. The meaning will be described later.
［第１のサブステップ］
予め設定された一定の基準圧力Ｐｉを試料収納部20に対して載荷して上述の流量測定操作を複数回繰り返す。但し、好ましくは第１回目の測定で計測された流量が一定の基準値ｑ０に達しないときには、繰返し操作を打ち切り、基準圧力を増大させて次のメインステップに移行することが好適である。なお、本明細書において、数値に関して「予め設定された」というときには、当該数値は操作者がその都度指定してもよく、また制御部に記憶させた数値を利用してもよい。
[First sub-step]
A predetermined reference pressure Pi set in advance is loaded on the sample storage unit 20, and the above-described flow measurement operation is repeated a plurality of times. However, preferably, when the flow rate measured in the first measurement does not reach a certain reference value q 0 , it is preferable to abort the repeated operation and increase the reference pressure to move to the next main step. In the present specification, when a numerical value is “preset”, the numerical value may be designated by the operator each time, or a numerical value stored in the control unit may be used.
各測定操作の測定回数ｍは、３回以上行うものとする。前述の通り２回だけではばらつき量の評価ができないからである。この測定回数は出来るだけ多くすることが好適である。 The number of measurements m for each measurement operation is 3 times or more. This is because the amount of variation cannot be evaluated only twice as described above. It is preferable to increase the number of measurements as much as possible.
各測定操作の測定時間ｔは、予め定めた同一の時間とすることが好適である。測定方法全体の測定時間（試験時間Ｔ）が一定の時間内に収まることが重要だからである。メインステップを最大ｎ回繰り返すと想定すると、t＝Ｔ／（ｍ×ｎ）のように各測定操作の測定時間ｔを設定することができる。 The measurement time t of each measurement operation is preferably set to the same predetermined time. This is because it is important that the measurement time (test time T) of the entire measurement method falls within a certain time. Assuming that the main step is repeated at most n times, the measurement time t of each measurement operation can be set as t = T / (m × n).
［第２のサブステップ］
第１のサブステップで測定された流量の測定値のばらつきを評価する。評価の方法は、従来公知の回帰分析の決定係数Ｒ２などを利用すればよい。ばらつき量の基準値はたとえば0.95とすることができる。
[Second sub-step]
The variation in the measured value of the flow rate measured in the first sub-step is evaluated. The method of evaluation, may be utilized such as the coefficient of determination R 2 of a known regression analysis. The reference value of the variation amount can be set to 0.95, for example.
図２の例では、１番目のメインステップでＲ２＝0.8993,２番目のメインステップでＲ２＝0.8986,３番目のメインステップでＲ２＝0.9476,４番目のメインステップでＲ２＝0.9888であった。４番目のメインステップで基準値に適合している。 In the example of FIG. 2, in the first main step in R 2 = 0.8993,2 th main steps in R 2 = 0.8986,3 th main R 2 = 0.9476,4 th main steps in Step R 2 = 0.9888 there were. The reference value is met in the fourth main step.
［第３のサブステップ］
上記第２のサブステップにおいての各測定値のばらつき量が基準値以下（例えば決定係数が0.95以上）であるときにそれらの複数の測定値を最終の測定値として採用する。具体的には、求めた複数の測定値よりそれぞれの透水係数を求め、それらの平均値を最終の透水係数とすればよい。またばらつき量が基準値を超えるとき（決定係数が0.95未満）には、当該ステップの基準圧力よりも大きな新たな基準圧力を採用して、次のメインステップに移行する（図７参照）。
[Third sub-step]
When the variation amount of each measurement value in the second sub-step is equal to or less than a reference value (for example, the determination coefficient is 0.95 or more), the plurality of measurement values are adopted as the final measurement value. Specifically, each permeability coefficient is obtained from a plurality of obtained measurement values, and the average value thereof may be used as the final permeability coefficient. Further, when the variation amount exceeds the reference value (the determination coefficient is less than 0.95), a new reference pressure larger than the reference pressure of the relevant step is adopted and the process proceeds to the next main step (see FIG. 7).
図２の実験例では、１〜３番目のメインステップではばらつき量を超えるためにそれぞれ載荷圧力を上げて次のメインステップに移行している。これを仮に調整段階という（図２にＦ１で示す期間）。調整段階では、各メインステップ毎の測定操作の回数は一定である。４番目のメインステップでは、ばらつき量が基準値以下であったために、当該メインステップで観測された測定値を採用している。本測定段階という（図２にＦ２で示す期間）。本測定段階では、ばらつき量が基準値以下と判った時点からさら測定操作を繰り返して、測定の精度を高めるようにするとよい。例えば予めメインステップの数５と設定し、４番目のメインステップでばらつき量の決定係数が0.95以上となったときに、このメインステップで測定点を増やせばよい。 In the experimental example of FIG. 2, since the first to third main steps exceed the amount of variation, the loading pressure is increased and the process proceeds to the next main step. This assumed that adjustment stage (period indicated by F 1 in FIG. 2). In the adjustment stage, the number of measurement operations for each main step is constant. In the fourth main step, since the variation amount is equal to or less than the reference value, the measurement value observed in the main step is adopted. That the measuring step (period indicated by F 2 in FIG. 2). In this measurement stage, it is preferable to repeat the measurement operation from the time when the variation amount is determined to be equal to or less than the reference value so as to increase the measurement accuracy. For example, the number of main steps is set to 5 in advance, and when the determination coefficient of variation amount is 0.95 or more in the fourth main step, the number of measurement points may be increased in this main step.
上記操作の結果、複数のメインステップが実行される場合には、試料収納セルへの載荷圧力は、図１に示すように段階的に増大することになる。載荷圧力は、例えば試料の透水係数が１×10−８であると想定されるときには基準圧力（Ｐ１）を１（ｋＮ／ｍ２）程度、試料の透水係数が１×10−１２（ｍ／ｓ）程度と想定されるときには基準圧力（Ｐ１）を150（ｋＮ／ｍ２）程度が好適である。圧力の増加幅ΔＰに関しては後述の表３に好適例を示す。 As a result of the above operation, when a plurality of main steps are executed, the loading pressure to the sample storage cell increases stepwise as shown in FIG. For example, when it is assumed that the permeability coefficient of the sample is 1 × 10 −8 , the loading pressure has a reference pressure (P 1 ) of about 1 (kN / m 2 ), and the permeability coefficient of the sample is 1 × 10 −12 (m / S), the reference pressure (P 1 ) is preferably about 150 (kN / m 2 ). A suitable example of the pressure increase width ΔP is shown in Table 3 to be described later.
この方法によれば、従来適切な測定法が確立していない低透水性材料に関して、予め設定された時間内に透水性を計測できる。 According to this method, the water permeability can be measured within a preset time with respect to a low water permeability material for which an appropriate measurement method has not been established.
図５から図６は、本発明に係る透水性測定装置を示している。この装置は、高圧水供給部2と試料収納部20と流量測定部30と圧力測定部40と制御部50とで構成している。 5 to 6 show a water permeability measuring device according to the present invention. This apparatus includes a high-pressure water supply unit 2, a sample storage unit 20, a flow rate measurement unit 30, a pressure measurement unit 40, and a control unit 50.
高圧水供給部2は、本実施形態では高圧発生部4と密閉水槽12とで構成している。 In this embodiment, the high-pressure water supply unit 2 includes a high-pressure generator 4 and a sealed water tank 12.
上記高圧発生部4は、空気圧送器であるエアコンプレッサー6から制御弁10付きの空気管8を経由して密閉水槽12の上部へ高圧空気を送っている。 The high-pressure generator 4 sends high-pressure air from an air compressor 6 that is a pneumatic feeder to the upper part of the sealed water tank 12 via an air pipe 8 with a control valve 10.
なお、加圧手段としてエアコンプレッサーを用いた理由は、長時間の連続加圧に対して、圧力が不足する時のみだけ断続的に稼働するエアコンプレッサー機械への負荷が小さく効果的であるためである。換言すれば従来のポンプでは、長時間の連続運転(連続稼働)となり、機械への負荷が大きかったからである。 The reason why the air compressor is used as the pressurizing means is that the load on the air compressor machine that operates intermittently only when the pressure is insufficient is effective for continuous pressurization for a long time. is there. In other words, the conventional pump is operated continuously for a long time (continuous operation), and the load on the machine is large.
上記密閉水槽12は、頂部に入口14を、底部に出口16をそれぞれ有する。密閉水槽12には、頂部との間に一定の空隙を存して水を充填してある。上記入口14には上記空気管８を気密に接続する。 The sealed water tank 12 has an inlet 14 at the top and an outlet 16 at the bottom. The sealed water tank 12 is filled with water with a certain gap between it and the top. The air pipe 8 is connected to the inlet 14 in an airtight manner.
上記密閉水槽12内には試料収納部20を配置しており、試料収納部20から流量測定部30の水管32を介して流量計36に接続している。装置全体としてエアコンプレッサー6から空気管8を経て密閉水槽12の上部に至る空気流路Ｒ２と、密閉水槽12の下部から水管32を介して流量計36に至る液体流路Ｒ１とが、密閉水槽12内で連続しており、これにより異相間での圧力伝達を行うようにしている。 A sample storage unit 20 is disposed in the sealed water tank 12, and is connected to the flow meter 36 from the sample storage unit 20 via the water pipe 32 of the flow rate measurement unit 30. As a whole apparatus, an air flow path R 2 extending from the air compressor 6 through the air pipe 8 to the upper part of the sealed water tank 12, and a liquid flow path R 1 extending from the lower part of the sealed water tank 12 to the flow meter 36 through the water pipe 32, It is continuous in the sealed water tank 12, and pressure is transmitted between the different phases.
試料収納部20は、上下両端開口の周壁22を有する試料収納セルとして形成されている。その周壁22は、密閉水槽12の出口16の周りの底部分に密着させている。周壁22の下部には基盤24をはめ込み、基盤24の中央部に柱状（例えば円柱状）の試料28を載置する。そして上記周壁22と試料28との間の間隙に止水材26を充填している。 The sample storage unit 20 is formed as a sample storage cell having a peripheral wall 22 with both upper and lower openings. The peripheral wall 22 is in close contact with the bottom portion around the outlet 16 of the sealed water tank 12. A base 24 is fitted in the lower part of the peripheral wall 22, and a columnar (for example, columnar) sample 28 is placed in the center of the base 24. The gap between the peripheral wall 22 and the sample 28 is filled with a water stop material 26.
上記周壁22は、図示例では密閉水槽12の底部に一体的に連続している。シール性を確実にするためである。しかし周壁22は密閉水槽12の底部とは別体でもよい。 The peripheral wall 22 is integrally continuous with the bottom of the sealed water tank 12 in the illustrated example. This is to ensure sealing performance. However, the peripheral wall 22 may be a separate body from the bottom of the sealed water tank 12.
上記基盤24は、一定厚さで透水性を有する固い材料で形成するものとする。好適な材料はポーラスストーンである。 The base 24 is formed of a hard material having a constant thickness and water permeability. A preferred material is porous stone.
上記止水材26は、ベントナイト紛体に水を混合させてなるものである。好適な重量割合は水ベントナイト比で58％〜73％である。もっとも図示例では密閉水槽12に水を充填させることで止水材26は吸水し、水の混合比率は増大している。 The water blocking material 26 is obtained by mixing water into bentonite powder. A preferred weight percentage is 58% to 73% by water bentonite ratio. However, in the illustrated example, the water-stopping material 26 absorbs water by filling the sealed water tank 12 with water, and the mixing ratio of water is increased.
上記試料28は、前述の通り柱状体であり、基盤24の上に静置可能としている。なお、発明の必須事項ではないが、本実施形態では、試料28を測定装置の構造の一部として扱っている。 The sample 28 is a columnar body as described above, and can be placed on the base 24. Although not an essential matter of the invention, in the present embodiment, the sample 28 is handled as a part of the structure of the measuring apparatus.
流量測定部30は、上記出口16内から延びる水管32の先部に流量計36を付設してなる。 The flow rate measuring unit 30 includes a flow meter 36 attached to the tip of a water pipe 32 extending from the outlet 16.
圧力測定部40は、試料収納部20の上流側の圧力を測定する第１圧力計42及び下流側の圧力を測定する第２圧力計44とで形成する。 The pressure measuring unit 40 includes a first pressure gauge 42 that measures the pressure on the upstream side of the sample storage unit 20 and a second pressure gauge 44 that measures the pressure on the downstream side.
制御部50は、第１圧力計42及び第２圧力計44、並びに流量計36の各測定値に応じて測定方法の制御を行う。制御部50には測定者が操作するために操作パネル（図示せず）を設けてもよい。 The control unit 50 controls the measurement method according to the measurement values of the first pressure gauge 42, the second pressure gauge 44, and the flow meter 36. The control unit 50 may be provided with an operation panel (not shown) for operation by a measurer.
制御部50の第１の機能は、予め設定された測定時間内で流量計36の出力を記憶・集計し、流量測定操作を実行することである。各測定操作の間載荷圧力を一定に保つように制御（載荷圧力に応じてコンプレッサーの出力を調整するフィードバック制御）をするように構成してもよい。 The first function of the control unit 50 is to store / aggregate the output of the flow meter 36 within a preset measurement time and execute a flow measurement operation. You may comprise so that it may control (feedback control which adjusts the output of a compressor according to a loading pressure) so that a loading pressure may be kept constant during each measurement operation.
制御部50の第２の機能は、前述の各メインステップにおいて、一定の測定時間ｔ毎に、試料収納部20を透過した水の流量を計算し、流量が基準値に満たないときに、基準圧力を増加させて次のメインステップに移行することである。 The second function of the control unit 50 is to calculate the flow rate of water that has permeated through the sample storage unit 20 at every predetermined measurement time t in each main step described above, and when the flow rate is less than the reference value, It is to increase the pressure and move to the next main step.
制御部50の第３の機能は、前述の各メインステップにおいて、一定の測定時間ｔ毎に、試料収納部20を透過した水の流量を計算し、流量のばらつき量を評価することである。ばらつき量が基準値以下（例えば決定係数が0.95以上）であればそのメインステップでの透水係数のデータを採用し、ばらつき量が基準値を超える（決定係数が0.95未満）ときには、基準圧力を増加させて次のメインステップに移行する。 The third function of the control unit 50 is to calculate the flow rate of water that has permeated through the sample storage unit 20 and to evaluate the variation amount of the flow rate at every predetermined measurement time t in each main step described above. If the amount of variation is less than the reference value (for example, the coefficient of determination is 0.95 or more), the data of the hydraulic conductivity at the main step is adopted. If the amount of variation exceeds the reference value (the coefficient of determination is less than 0.95), the reference pressure is increased. To move to the next main step.
第２、第３の機能を並行して行う場合に、その操作（前述の第３ステップ）は次のように表現される。
上記第２のサブステップにおいてそれら流量の測定値が基準値以上でありかつそれら流量の測定値のばらつきの程度が基準値以下（例えば決定係数が0.95以上）であるときにはそれらの複数の測定値を最終の測定値として制御部に記憶し、それら流量の測定値が基準値未満である場合あるいはそれら流量の測定値のばらつきの程度が基準値を超えるとき（決定係数が0.95未満）には、当該ステップの基準圧力よりも大きな新たな基準圧力を採用して、次のメインステップに移行する第３のサブステップ。
When the second and third functions are performed in parallel, the operation (the above-described third step) is expressed as follows.
In the second sub-step, when the measured values of the flow rates are equal to or greater than the reference value and the degree of variation in the measured values of the flow rates is equal to or less than the reference value (for example, the determination coefficient is equal to or greater than 0.95), When the measured value of the flow rate is less than the reference value or when the degree of variation of the measured value of the flow rate exceeds the reference value (the determination coefficient is less than 0.95), the final measured value is stored in the control unit. A third sub-step that adopts a new reference pressure larger than the reference pressure of the step and moves to the next main step.
この複合機能のアルゴリズムを図７及び表３に示す。 The algorithm of this composite function is shown in FIG.
表３には、本発明が対象とする透水係数の範囲を一桁単位で５つに分割し、各桁に対応して奨励される基準圧力Ｐ１の数値、奨励される基準圧力の増加分ΔＰの数値、及び奨励される測定時間（前述のｔ）の数値を記載している。この表の内容は制御部50のメモリーに記憶されていることが望ましい。 Table 3 divides the range of hydraulic conductivity that is the subject of the present invention into five in one-digit units, the numerical value of the recommended reference pressure P 1 corresponding to each digit, and the increment of the recommended reference pressure The numerical value of ΔP and the recommended measurement time (the above-mentioned t) are described. The contents of this table are preferably stored in the memory of the control unit 50.
試料の透水性の大きさについて全く見当が付かない場合には、透水係数が１×１０−８（ｍ／ｓ）から測定を開始するが、ある程度の検討が付く場合には、途中の透水係数から測定を開始しても構わない。 If there is no idea about the size of the water permeability of the sample, the measurement starts from a water permeability coefficient of 1 × 10 −8 (m / s). Measurement may be started from
前者の場合には、利用者は、透水係数が１×１０−８（ｍ／ｓ）の場合の初期の基準圧力Ｐ１＝１（ｋＮ／ｍ２）として、この数値及び各メインステップ毎の流量測定操作の繰返し回数を制御部50に入力する。制御部50は、高圧発生部4に対して基準圧力に相当する出力を行うように指示する。第１圧力計42及び第２圧力計44の測定値の差分がＰ１となったときに、制御部50はＰ１に対応する測定時間（10min）をメモリーから取り出して、各測定時間ｔに試料を透過した水量Ｑｔを計測する。 In the former case, the user sets the initial reference pressure P 1 = 1 (kN / m 2 ) when the water permeability coefficient is 1 × 10 −8 (m / s) and sets this value and each main step. The number of repetitions of the flow measurement operation is input to the control unit 50. The control unit 50 instructs the high pressure generation unit 4 to perform an output corresponding to the reference pressure. When the difference between the measured value of the first pressure gauge 42 and the second pressure gauge 44 becomes P 1, the control unit 50 takes out the time measurements corresponding to P 1 a (10min) from the memory, the respective measurement time t The amount of water Qt that has passed through the sample is measured.
測定時間ｔは、表３に準じて決定する。具体的には、まず流量測定操作で想定した透水係数ｋに対応する測定時間の候補ｔ’を求める。また予定する全体の試験時間Ｔ、予定するメインステップの回数ｎ，各メインステップでの流量測定操作の回数ｍからｔ’’＝Ｔ／（ｍ×ｎ）を求める。スケジュールに余裕のあるｔ’≦ｔ’’の場合であれば、ｔ’を測定時間ｔとして採用し、奨励される測定時間を確保できないｔ’＞ｔ’’の場合であれば、ｔ’’を測定時間ｔとして採用するとともに、測定計画のうちの試験時間Ｔ，メインステップの回数ｎ、各メインステップごとの流量測定操作の回数ｍを見直し、奨励される測定時間ｔを満足するまで繰り返し測定計画を立てる。 The measurement time t is determined according to Table 3. Specifically, first, a measurement time candidate t ′ corresponding to the hydraulic conductivity k assumed in the flow measurement operation is obtained. Further, t ″ = T / (m × n) is obtained from the scheduled total test time T, the scheduled number n of main steps, and the number m of flow measurement operations in each main step. If t ′ ≦ t ″ has a sufficient schedule, t ′ is adopted as the measurement time t, and if t ′> t ″ in which the recommended measurement time cannot be secured, t ″. Is used as the measurement time t, and the test time T in the measurement plan, the number n of main steps, and the number m of flow measurement operations for each main step are reviewed, and repeated measurement until the recommended measurement time t is satisfied. make a plan.
一定の測定時間ｔ内での透過水量Ｑｔが所定の基準値Ｑ０未満であるときには、制御部50は、図７に示す如く流量測定操作の繰返しを途中で打ち切る。基準値未満では的確な測定結果が得難いからである。そして基準圧力Ｐ１に予め設定されたΔＰ＝１〜４ｋＮ／ｍ２の範囲の増加分を加えて新たな基準圧力Ｐ２を得る。そして同じ操作を繰り返す。なお、「予め設定された」とは、本明細書において操作前に予め操作者によって設定され或いは事前に制御部に記憶された数値をいうものとする。 When permeate flow Qt in the fixed measurement time t is less than the predetermined reference value Q 0, the control unit 50, it terminates in the middle of the repetition of the flow rate measurement operation as shown in FIG. This is because it is difficult to obtain an accurate measurement result below the reference value. Then, a new reference pressure P 2 is obtained by adding a preset increase in the range of ΔP = 1 to 4 kN / m 2 to the reference pressure P 1 . Then repeat the same operation. Note that “preliminarily set” in this specification refers to a numerical value set in advance by an operator before operation or stored in advance in the control unit.
上記基準値Ｑ０は流量計における透過係数の最小目盛Ｑminに測定操作の回数ｍを乗じた数とするとよい。 The reference value Q 0 or equal to the number obtained by multiplying the number m of the measurement operation to a minimum scale Qmin of permeability at the flow meter.
また所定回数の測定操作が終わったときには、制御部50は測定された透過水量のばらつき量の決定係数Ｒ２を計算する。この係数が０．９５以上であればそれらの測定操作で得られた透過水量Ｑｔを採用し、前記ダルシーの法則を利用して透水係数を割り出す。 Also when the measured operation a predetermined number of times is over, the control unit 50 calculates the coefficient of determination R 2 variation amount of the measured permeate flow rate. If this coefficient is 0.95 or more, the permeated water amount Qt obtained by these measurement operations is adopted, and the water permeability coefficient is determined using the Darcy law.
なお、好適な図１の例では透水係数のばらつき量が基準値より小さかったときに、流量測定操作の回数を増やして、より高い精度の流量が得られるようにしている。この判断及び動作も制御部50が実行するようにすることができる。 In the preferred example of FIG. 1, when the variation amount of the hydraulic conductivity is smaller than the reference value, the number of flow measurement operations is increased to obtain a higher accuracy flow rate. This determination and operation can also be executed by the control unit 50.
２…高圧水供給部 ４…高圧発生部 ６…エアコンプレッサー（空気圧送器）
8…空気管 10…制御弁 12…密閉水槽 14…入口 16…出口 20…試料収納部
22…周壁 24…基盤 26…止水材 28…試料
30…流量測定部 32…水管 36…流量計
40…圧力測定部 42…第１圧力計 44…第２圧力計
50…制御部
Ｒ２…空気流路 Ｒ１…液体流路
ｍ…測定操作の回数 ｎ…メインステップの回数
Ｔ…試験時間 ｔ…測定操作の測定時間
2 ... High pressure water supply unit 4 ... High pressure generation unit 6 ... Air compressor (pneumatic feeder)
8 ... Air pipe 10 ... Control valve 12 ... Sealed water tank 14 ... Inlet 16 ... Outlet 20 ... Sample storage
22 ... Surrounding wall 24 ... Base 26 ... Water stop material 28 ... Sample
30 ... Flow measurement unit 32 ... Water pipe 36 ... Flow meter
40 ... Pressure measuring part 42 ... First pressure gauge 44 ... Second pressure gauge
50 ... control unit R 2 ... air flow passage R 1 ... number T ... test time t ... measurement time of the measurement operation number n ... main steps of the liquid channel m ... inspection operations
Claims (4)
同じ試料の透水性を所定の載荷圧力で測定する一回以上のメインステップで構成され、
各メインステップは、
予め設定された一定の基準圧力を載荷して上述の流量測定操作を３回以上繰り返す第１のサブステップと、
第１のサブステップで測定された流量の測定値のばらつきを評価する第２のサブステップと、
上記第２のサブステップにおいての各測定値のばらつきの程度が基準値以下であるときにそれらの複数の測定値を最終の測定値として採用し、ばらつきの程度が基準値以上であるときには、当該ステップの基準圧力よりも大きな新たな基準圧力を採用して、次のメインステップに移行することを決定する第３のサブステップと
を含むことを特徴とする、低透水性材料の透水性測定方法。 Permeability is 1 × using a water permeability measuring device that includes a flow path from the high pressure water supply unit to the flow rate measurement unit through the sample storage unit and has a pressure measurement unit for measuring the loading pressure on the sample storage unit. 10 −8 to 1 × 10 −12 (m / s), a method suitable for measuring the water permeability of a low water permeability material,
Consists of one or more main steps to measure the permeability of the same sample at a given loading pressure,
Each main step is
A first sub-step in which a constant reference pressure set in advance is loaded and the above-described flow measurement operation is repeated three or more times;
A second sub-step for evaluating variations in measured values of the flow rate measured in the first sub-step;
When the degree of variation of each measurement value in the second sub-step is less than or equal to the reference value, the plurality of measurement values are adopted as the final measurement value, and when the degree of variation is greater than or equal to the reference value, And a third sub-step of determining to move to the next main step by adopting a new reference pressure larger than the reference pressure of the step, .
高圧水供給部は、空気圧送器から制御弁付きの空気管を経て密閉水槽の上部へ高圧空気を送り込み、かつ密閉水槽内から試料収納部へ高圧水を供給するように形成しており、
上記試料収納部は、上記一端が上記高圧水供給部にかつ他端が水管を経由して流量計にそれぞれ連通されている周壁を有する試料収納セルとして形成され、試料収納部内にその周壁との間に間隙を存して試料を配置するとともに、これら試料の外面と周壁内面との間隙に止水材を充填しており、
圧力測定部は、少なくとも制御弁下流の空気管部分又は密閉水槽内の圧力を測定可能な第１圧力計を有しており、
上記第１圧力計及び流量計の計測値に応じて、高圧水供給部が供給する水によって試料収納部に載荷圧力を調整するための制御部を有し、
この制御部は、一定の基準圧力の下で予め設定された測定時間内で流量計の出力を分析して流量測定操作を実行する機能と、ある測定時間内に測定された流量が基準値以上であれば当該測定値を記憶し、測定された流量が基準値未満であるときには上記基準圧力に予め設定された増加巾を加えて新たな基準圧力として、次の流量測定操作を繰り返す機能とを有することを特徴とする、低透水性材料の透水性測定装置。 It has a pressure measuring section for measuring the loading pressure on the sample storage section, including a flow path from the high pressure water supply section to the flowmeter through the sample storage section, and has a water permeability of 1 × 10 −8 to 1 × 10 6. A water permeability measuring device suitable for measuring the water permeability of a low water permeable material of -12 (m / s),
The high-pressure water supply unit is configured to send high-pressure air from the pneumatic feeder to the upper part of the sealed water tank via an air tube with a control valve, and to supply high-pressure water from the sealed water tank to the sample storage part.
The sample storage unit is formed as a sample storage cell having a peripheral wall with one end communicating with the high-pressure water supply unit and the other end with a flow meter via a water pipe. A sample is placed with a gap in between, and a water-stopping material is filled in the gap between the outer surface of these samples and the inner surface of the peripheral wall.
The pressure measuring unit has a first pressure gauge capable of measuring the pressure in at least the air pipe portion downstream of the control valve or the sealed water tank,
In accordance with the measured values of the first pressure gauge and the flow meter, a control unit for adjusting the loading pressure in the sample storage unit with water supplied by the high-pressure water supply unit,
This control unit has a function to analyze the output of the flowmeter within a preset measurement time under a certain reference pressure and execute a flow measurement operation, and the flow rate measured within a certain measurement time exceeds the reference value. If this is the case, the measured value is stored, and when the measured flow rate is less than the reference value, a preset increase width is added to the reference pressure as a new reference pressure to repeat the next flow measurement operation. A water permeability measuring device for a low water permeability material, comprising:
（ａ）予め設定された一定の基準圧力を載荷して上述の流量測定操作を３回以上繰り返す第１のサブステップ。
（ｂ）第１のサブステップで測定された流量の測定値のばらつきを評価する第２のサブステップ。
（ｃ）上記第２のサブステップにおいての各測定値のばらつきの程度が基準値以下であるときにそれらの複数の測定値を最終の測定値として制御部に記憶し、ばらつきの程度が基準値以上であるときには、当該ステップの基準圧力よりも大きな新たな基準圧力を採用して、次のメインステップに移行する第３のサブステップ。 The said control part performs the main step containing the substep of the following (a) to (c) one or more times, The water permeability measurement apparatus of the low water permeability material of Claim 3 characterized by the above-mentioned.
(A) A first sub-step in which a constant reference pressure set in advance is loaded and the above flow measurement operation is repeated three times or more.
(B) A second sub-step for evaluating the variation in the measured value of the flow rate measured in the first sub-step.
(C) When the degree of variation of each measurement value in the second sub-step is equal to or less than the reference value, the plurality of measurement values are stored as final measurement values in the control unit, and the degree of variation is the reference value When it is above, the 3rd sub-step which adopts a new standard pressure larger than the standard pressure of the step concerned, and shifts to the next main step.
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