JP5653079B2 - Method for producing cation exchange membrane - Google Patents
Method for producing cation exchange membrane Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5653079B2 JP5653079B2 JP2010137348A JP2010137348A JP5653079B2 JP 5653079 B2 JP5653079 B2 JP 5653079B2 JP 2010137348 A JP2010137348 A JP 2010137348A JP 2010137348 A JP2010137348 A JP 2010137348A JP 5653079 B2 JP5653079 B2 JP 5653079B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cation exchange
- exchange membrane
- producing
- monomer
- mass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims description 80
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 title claims description 77
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 36
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 111
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- -1 styrene sulfonate ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 60
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 51
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
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- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007870 radical polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 claims description 7
- IWTYTFSSTWXZFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloroprop-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound ClCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 IWTYTFSSTWXZFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920013716 polyethylene resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
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- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000002603 chloroethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])Cl 0.000 description 1
- YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroprene Chemical compound ClC(=C)C=C YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- IKSBUASJFRTIPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-ethenylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound COS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C=C IKSBUASJFRTIPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHLDKDYUMJJCHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound COS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 NHLDKDYUMJJCHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006082 mold release agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010526 radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Description
本発明は陽イオン交換膜の製造方法に関し、詳しくは、基材シートとイオン交換樹脂との密着性に優れた陽イオン交換膜の製造方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a method for producing a cation exchange membrane, and more particularly, to a method for producing a cation exchange membrane having excellent adhesion between a base sheet and an ion exchange resin.
イオン交換膜は、イオン交換作用をもつ樹脂で膜状のものであり、陽イオン交換基が導入された陽イオン交換膜や陰イオン交換基が導入された陰イオン交換膜等がある。イオン交換膜は、電気透析、電気分解、拡散透析など種々の用途に使用されている。 The ion exchange membrane is a resin-like resin having an ion exchange action and includes a cation exchange membrane into which a cation exchange group is introduced and an anion exchange membrane into which an anion exchange group is introduced. Ion exchange membranes are used in various applications such as electrodialysis, electrolysis, and diffusion dialysis.
陽イオン交換膜の製造方法として、スチレン、架橋性基を有する単量体を含む単量体組成物を基材シートに塗布し、該基材シート上の単量体組成物を重合させる方法が知られている。このような方法では、単量体組成物を重合させて得られた重合体にスルホ基などの陽イオン交換基の導入処理が行われ、陽イオン交換膜が得られる。 As a method for producing a cation exchange membrane, there is a method in which a monomer composition containing a monomer having a styrene and a crosslinkable group is applied to a base sheet, and the monomer composition on the base sheet is polymerized. Are known. In such a method, a cation exchange membrane is obtained by introducing a cation exchange group such as a sulfo group into a polymer obtained by polymerizing the monomer composition.
陽イオン交換膜に用いられる基材シートとしては、従来からポリ塩化ビニル系樹脂からなるものが使用されている。しかしながら、ポリ塩化ビニル系樹脂からなる基材シートは、ポリ塩化ビニル系樹脂に可塑剤が含有されていることなどから食品分野での利用には不向きであり、また、高温での寸法変化が大きいことや、有機溶媒に対する耐久性の低さなどから、使用可能な条件が限られるという欠点があった。そのため、代替として、ポリオレフィン系樹脂からなる基材シートが検討されてきている。 As a base material sheet used for a cation exchange membrane, a material made of a polyvinyl chloride resin has been conventionally used. However, the base sheet made of polyvinyl chloride resin is unsuitable for use in the food field because the plasticizer is contained in the polyvinyl chloride resin, and the dimensional change at high temperature is large. In addition, there is a drawback that usable conditions are limited due to low durability against organic solvents. Therefore, as an alternative, a base sheet made of polyolefin resin has been studied.
ポリオレフィン系樹脂からなる基材シートは、陽イオン交換樹脂との密着性が悪く、使用条件下によっては陽イオン交換樹脂の剥離が生じ、長期使用に堪えないといった問題があった。
この問題を解決するために、例えば、ポリオレフィン系樹脂からなる基材シートをプラズマ処理、コロナ処理を施す方法や、エチレン−α−不飽和カルボン酸共重合体粉体を重合性組成物に含有させる方法が提案されている（特許文献１参照。）。
The base material sheet made of polyolefin resin has poor adhesion to the cation exchange resin, and the cation exchange resin may be peeled off depending on the use conditions, so that it cannot be used for a long time.
In order to solve this problem, for example, a method of subjecting a base sheet made of polyolefin resin to plasma treatment or corona treatment, or containing ethylene-α-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer powder in the polymerizable composition A method has been proposed (see Patent Document 1).
一方、単量体組成物を重合させて得られた重合体にスルホ基を導入するスルホン化工程には、スルホン化剤として強酸である発煙硫酸を使用するため、発煙硫酸の取り扱いに注意を要し、望ましくない副反応の発生、スルホン化条件のコントロールの難しさ等の反応面での問題があった。また、スルホン化工程における重合体の寸法変化が大きく製膜時のコントロールが難しいという問題があった。
そこで、スルホン化工程を経ずに陽イオン交換体を作製する方法として、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸エチルのようなスルホン酸エステル基を有するモノマーを、スチレンおよびジビニルベンゼンと共重合させて、重合後にスルホ基に変換することにより架橋カチオン交換体を得る方法が開示されている（特許文献２参照。）。また、スルホン酸エステル基を有するモノマーをグラフト重合させ、重合後にスルホ基に変換することにより陽イオン交換膜を製造する方法が開示されている（特許文献３参照。）。
On the other hand, in the sulfonation step of introducing a sulfo group into the polymer obtained by polymerizing the monomer composition, fuming sulfuric acid, which is a strong acid, is used as a sulfonating agent, so care must be taken in handling the fuming sulfuric acid. However, there are problems in reaction such as generation of undesirable side reactions and difficulty in controlling sulfonation conditions. In addition, there is a problem that the dimensional change of the polymer in the sulfonation process is large and it is difficult to control during film formation.
Therefore, as a method of preparing a cation exchanger without passing through a sulfonation step, a monomer having a sulfonate ester group such as ethyl p-styrenesulfonate is copolymerized with styrene and divinylbenzene, and the sulfone after polymerization is obtained. A method for obtaining a crosslinked cation exchanger by conversion into a group is disclosed (see Patent Document 2). Also disclosed is a method for producing a cation exchange membrane by graft polymerization of a monomer having a sulfonate group and converting it to a sulfo group after polymerization (see Patent Document 3).
しかしながら、上記のポリオレフィン系樹脂からなる基材シートの処理方法や、特許文献１に記載の単量体組成物にエチレン−α−不飽和カルボン酸共重合体粉体を加える方法によっても、ポリオレフィン系樹脂からなるシートの陽イオン交換樹脂との密着性は未だ満足しうるものではなかった。
また、特許文献２には架橋カチオン交換体が記載されているが、該架橋カチオン交換体を陽イオン交換膜として用いることについては一切記載がなく、基材シートの密着性については検討されていない。
さらに、特許文献３に記載の有機高分子材料の製造方法では、本質的に陽イオン交換基の導入方法が異なるため、基材と重合体との密着性の問題は生じない。しかしながら、放射線グラフト重合法を採用しているために、放射線源の取り扱いに注意を要する。また、織布や不織布を用いてイオン交換膜を製造する際に、空孔部分を樹脂で埋めて膜構造を形成する必要があるが、グラフト率が低い場合には、樹脂による空孔部分の充填が不十分でピンホールが発生してしまうという問題があった。特に放射線グラフト重合においては、充分なグラフト率を確保するだけのラジカル活性種を発生させて重合を行うことが困難であった。
However, the polyolefin-based resin can also be treated by a method for treating a base sheet made of the above-mentioned polyolefin-based resin or a method for adding an ethylene-α-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer powder to the monomer composition described in Patent Document 1. The adhesion between the resin sheet and the cation exchange resin has not been satisfactory.
Patent Document 2 describes a crosslinked cation exchanger, but there is no description about the use of the crosslinked cation exchanger as a cation exchange membrane, and the adhesion of the base sheet has not been studied. .
Furthermore, in the method for producing an organic polymer material described in Patent Document 3, since the method for introducing a cation exchange group is essentially different, there is no problem of adhesion between the substrate and the polymer. However, since the radiation graft polymerization method is employed, care must be taken in handling the radiation source. In addition, when producing an ion exchange membrane using a woven fabric or a non-woven fabric, it is necessary to fill the pores with a resin to form a membrane structure. When the graft ratio is low, There is a problem that pinholes are generated due to insufficient filling. In particular, in radiation graft polymerization, it has been difficult to perform polymerization by generating radically active species sufficient to ensure a sufficient graft rate.
本発明者等は、上記課題を解決すべく鋭意検討を重ねた結果、基材シートと重合体の密着性の低下が、重合体にスルホ基を導入するスルホン化工程で用いる発煙硫酸に起因するものであり、特定のスチレンスルホン酸エステルを含む単量体組成物を用いてスルホン化工程を経ないで陽イオン交換膜を製造することでポリオレフィン系樹脂からなる基材シートの密着性が改善され、上記課題が解決しうることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。 As a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems, the present inventors have resulted in a decrease in the adhesion between the base sheet and the polymer due to the fuming sulfuric acid used in the sulfonation step of introducing a sulfo group into the polymer. By using a monomer composition containing a specific styrene sulfonate ester and producing a cation exchange membrane without going through a sulfonation step, the adhesion of the base sheet made of polyolefin resin is improved. The present inventors have found that the above problems can be solved and have completed the present invention.
即ち、本発明の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法は、以下の構成を採用した。
［１］下記式（１）で表されるスチレンスルホン酸エステルと、有機高分子化合物とを含む単量体組成物を、ポリオレフィン系樹脂からなる基材シートに付着させた後、重合反応を行い、次いで得られた重合体中のスルホン酸エステル基を加水分解させることを特徴とする陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
［２］前記単量体組成物が、さらに、架橋性基を有する単量体を含む［１］に記載の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
［３］前記架橋性基を有する単量体がジビニルベンゼンおよびクロロメチルスチレンから選ばれる少なくとも１種である［２］に記載の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
［４］前記単量体組成物中の全単量体の合計量における前記架橋性基を有する単量体の含有割合が、０．５〜７０モル％である［２］または［３］に記載の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
［５］前記単量体組成物が、さらに、架橋性基を有さず、かつ式（１）で表されるスチレンスルホン酸エステル以外の単量体を含む［１］〜［４］のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
［６］前記架橋性基を有さず、かつ式（１）で表されるスチレンスルホン酸エステル以外の単量体が、スチレンおよびアクリル酸アルキルエステルから選ばれる少なくとも１種である［５］に記載の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
［７］前記単量体組成物が、さらに、ラジカル重合開始剤を含む［１］〜［６］のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
［８］前記有機高分子化合物が、エラストマーおよび熱可塑性樹脂から選ばれる少なくとも一種である［１］〜［７］のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
［９］前記基材シートが、ポリエチレン系樹脂からなるものである［１］〜［８］のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
［１０］［１］〜［９］のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法によって得られた陽イオン交換膜であって、下記式（２）で表わされる重合率が１〜４である陽イオン交換膜。
重合率＝（陽イオン交換膜質量−基材シート質量）／基材シート質量
・・・ （２）
（式中、基材シート質量は、単位面積当たりの基材シートの乾燥質量を表わし、陽イオン交換膜質量は、陽イオン交換膜の単位面積あたりの乾燥質量を表わす。）
That is, the manufacturing method of the cation exchange membrane of this invention employ | adopted the following structures.
[1] A monomer composition containing a styrene sulfonate ester represented by the following formula (1) and an organic polymer compound is attached to a substrate sheet made of a polyolefin resin, and then a polymerization reaction is performed. Then, a method for producing a cation exchange membrane, wherein the sulfonate group in the obtained polymer is hydrolyzed.
[2] The method for producing a cation exchange membrane according to [1], wherein the monomer composition further contains a monomer having a crosslinkable group.
[3] The method for producing a cation exchange membrane according to [2], wherein the monomer having a crosslinkable group is at least one selected from divinylbenzene and chloromethylstyrene.
[4] The content ratio of the monomer having a crosslinkable group in the total amount of all monomers in the monomer composition is 0.5 to 70 mol% in [2] or [3] The manufacturing method of the cation exchange membrane of description.
[5] Any of [1] to [4], wherein the monomer composition further has a monomer other than the styrene sulfonate ester represented by the formula (1) and having no crosslinkable group. A method for producing a cation exchange membrane according to claim 1.
[6] In [5], the monomer having no crosslinkable group and other than the styrene sulfonate ester represented by the formula (1) is at least one selected from styrene and alkyl acrylate esters. The manufacturing method of the cation exchange membrane of description.
[7] The method for producing a cation exchange membrane according to any one of [1] to [6], wherein the monomer composition further contains a radical polymerization initiator .
[8 ] The method for producing a cation exchange membrane according to any one of [ 1 ] to [7], wherein the organic polymer compound is at least one selected from elastomers and thermoplastic resins.
[ 9 ] The method for producing a cation exchange membrane according to any one of [1] to [ 8 ], wherein the base sheet is made of a polyethylene resin.
[ 10 ] A cation exchange membrane obtained by the method for producing a cation exchange membrane according to any one of [1] to [ 9 ], wherein the polymerization rate represented by the following formula (2) is 1 to 4. A cation exchange membrane.
Polymerization rate = (Cation exchange membrane mass−Substrate sheet mass) / Substrate sheet mass
(2)
(In the formula, the mass of the base sheet represents the dry mass of the base sheet per unit area, and the mass of the cation exchange membrane represents the dry mass per unit area of the cation exchange membrane.)
本発明により、ポリオレフィン系樹脂からなる基材シートと陽イオン交換樹脂との密着性に優れ、かつ、ピンホールを生じるおそれの少ない陽イオン交換膜を提供できる。 According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a cation exchange membrane that has excellent adhesion between a base material sheet made of polyolefin resin and a cation exchange resin, and is less likely to cause pin holes.
本発明の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法は、下記式（１）で表されるスチレンスルホン酸エステルを含む単量体組成物を、ポリオレフィン系樹脂からなる基材シートに付着させた後、重合反応を行い、次いで得られた重合体中のスルホン酸エステル基を加水分解させることを特徴とするものである。
＜単量体組成物＞
本発明の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法における単量体組成物は、上記式（１）で表されるスチレンスルホン酸エステル（以下、単に「スチレンスルホン酸エステル」という。）を含むものである。単量体組成物は、スチレンスルホン酸エステルのみからなっていてもよいが、さらに、架橋性基を有する単量体、架橋性基を有さず、かつ式（１）で表されるスチレンスルホン酸エステル以外の単量体（以下、「非架橋性単量体」という。）、ラジカル重合開始剤、および、有機高分子化合物を含有することが好ましい。また、単量体組成物は、上記以外の他の成分や添加物を含有してもよい。
添加剤としては、ジオクチルフタレートや食品分野対応の可塑剤であるアジピン酸ジイソノニル、アジピン酸ジオクチル等のアジピン酸エステルが挙げられる。
<Monomer composition>
The monomer composition in the method for producing a cation exchange membrane of the present invention contains a styrene sulfonate ester represented by the above formula (1) (hereinafter simply referred to as “styrene sulfonate ester”). The monomer composition may be composed only of a styrene sulfonate ester, but further, a monomer having a crosslinkable group, a styrene sulfone having no crosslinkable group and represented by the formula (1) It preferably contains a monomer other than an acid ester (hereinafter referred to as “non-crosslinkable monomer”), a radical polymerization initiator, and an organic polymer compound. The monomer composition may contain other components and additives other than those described above.
Examples of the additive include dioctyl phthalate and adipic acid esters such as diisononyl adipate and dioctyl adipate which are plasticizers for the food field.
＜スチレンスルホン酸エステル＞
本発明の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法で用いるスチレンスルホン酸エステルは、重合後に加水分解させることにより得られた重合体にスルホ基を容易に導入することができる。従って、重合体に陽イオン交換基を導入するための単量体としてスチレンスルホン酸エステルを用いることにより、発煙硫酸を用いることなく、スルホン化工程を経ずに陽イオン交換膜を容易に製造することができる。
スルホン化工程において、ポリオレフィン系基材シートと重合体との密着性が低下する原因は定かではないが、スルホ基の導入の際に、発煙硫酸を用いる方法では長時間又は激しい条件でスルホン化を行わざるを得ず、樹脂部及び補強材の劣化、特に機械強度の低下を伴うため樹脂が基材より剥離しやすいと推測される。一方、スチレンスルホン酸エステルを用いた方法ではマイルドな加水分解処理によりスルホ基が導入されるため、樹脂部及び補強材の劣化が少なく、密着性が向上すると推測される。
<Styrene sulfonate ester>
The styrene sulfonate ester used in the method for producing a cation exchange membrane of the present invention can easily introduce a sulfo group into a polymer obtained by hydrolysis after polymerization. Therefore, by using a styrene sulfonate ester as a monomer for introducing a cation exchange group into a polymer, a cation exchange membrane can be easily produced without using a fuming sulfuric acid and without a sulfonation step. be able to.
In the sulfonation step, the cause of the decrease in the adhesion between the polyolefin-based substrate sheet and the polymer is not clear, but when introducing sulfo groups, sulfonation is performed for a long time or under severe conditions using fuming sulfuric acid. It must be performed, and it is assumed that the resin is easily peeled off from the base material because it is accompanied by deterioration of the resin portion and the reinforcing material, particularly a decrease in mechanical strength. On the other hand, in the method using styrene sulfonic acid ester, since a sulfo group is introduced by a mild hydrolysis treatment, it is estimated that the resin part and the reinforcing material are less deteriorated and the adhesion is improved.
スチレンスルホン酸エステルにおけるアルキル基は、炭素数１〜７であり、その構造は直鎖であっても分岐であってもよく、環状であってもよい。また、基材シートへの付着の容易さ、重合後のエステルの加水分解のしやすさなどから、アルキル基の炭素数は１〜４が好ましく、２または３がより好ましい。アルキル基の構造は直鎖構造が好ましい。
また、スルホン酸アルキルエステル基の位置は、ビニル基に対して、ｏ−、ｍ−、ｐ−位のいずれであってもよいが、スチレンスルホン酸エステルの入手のし易さからｐ−位であることが好ましい。
The alkyl group in the styrene sulfonate ester has 1 to 7 carbon atoms, and the structure thereof may be linear, branched, or cyclic. Moreover, 1-4 are preferable and, as for carbon number of an alkyl group, 2 or 3 is more preferable from the ease of adhesion to a base material sheet, the ease of hydrolysis of ester after superposition | polymerization, etc. The structure of the alkyl group is preferably a straight chain structure.
Further, the position of the sulfonic acid alkyl ester group may be any of the o-, m-, and p-positions relative to the vinyl group. Preferably there is.
スチレンスルホン酸エステルの具体例としては、例えば、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸メチル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸エチル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸ｎ−プロピル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸イソプロピル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸ｎ−ブチル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸イソブチル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸ｓ−ブチル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸ｔ−ブチル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸ペンチル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸ｎ−ヘキシル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸ｎ−オクチル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸２−エチルヘキシル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸メチル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸エチル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸ｎ−プロピル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸イソプロピル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸ｎ−ブチル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸イソブチル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸ｓ−ブチル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸ｔ−ブチル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸ペンチル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸ｎ−ヘキシル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸２−エチルヘキシル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸メチル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸エチル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸ｎ−プロピル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸イソプロピル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸ｎ−ブチル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸イソブチル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸ｓ−ブチル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸ｔ−ブチル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸ペンチル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸ｎ−ヘキシル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸２−エチルヘキシル、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸シクロヘキシル、ｍ−スチレンスルホン酸シクロヘキシル、ｏ−スチレンスルホン酸シクロヘキシル等を挙げることができる。
これらの中でも、単量体組成物が他の単量体を含有する場合に、他の単量体と相溶性がよく、高いイオン交換容量を得やすいことから、ｐ−スチレンスルホン酸エチルが好ましい。また、重合に用いるスチレンスルホン酸エステルは１種類であってもよく２種以上を併用してもよい。
上記単量体組成物中の全単量体の合計量におけるスチレンスルホン酸エステルの含有割合は、３０〜９５モル％であることが好ましく、５０〜９０モル％であることがより好ましい。
Specific examples of the styrene sulfonate ester include, for example, methyl p-styrene sulfonate, ethyl p-styrene sulfonate, n-propyl p-styrene sulfonate, isopropyl p-styrene sulfonate, and n-butyl p-styrene sulfonate. , P-styrene sulfonate isobutyl, p-styrene sulfonate s-butyl, p-styrene sulfonate t-butyl, p-styrene sulfonate pentyl, p-styrene sulfonate n-hexyl, p-styrene sulfonate n-octyl 2-ethylhexyl p-styrene sulfonate, methyl m-styrene sulfonate, ethyl m-styrene sulfonate, n-propyl m-styrene sulfonate, isopropyl m-styrene sulfonate, n-butyl m-styrene sulfonate, m -Isobutyl styrene sulfonate, -S-butyl styrenesulfonate, t-butyl m-styrenesulfonate, pentyl m-styrenesulfonate, n-hexyl m-styrenesulfonate, 2-ethylhexyl m-styrenesulfonate, methyl o-styrenesulfonate, o -Ethyl styrene sulfonate, n-propyl styrene sulfonate, isopropyl styrene sulfonate, n-butyl styrene sulfonate, isobutyl styrene sulfonate, s-butyl styrene sulfonate, o-styrene T-butyl sulfonate, pentyl o-styrene sulfonate, n-hexyl o-styrene sulfonate, 2-ethylhexyl o-styrene sulfonate, cyclohexyl p-styrene sulfonate, cyclohexyl m-styrene sulfonate, o-styrene sulfonate Cyclohexyl And the like can be given.
Among these, when the monomer composition contains another monomer, ethyl p-styrenesulfonate is preferable because it is compatible with the other monomer and easily obtains a high ion exchange capacity. . Moreover, the styrene sulfonate ester used for superposition | polymerization may be one type, and may use 2 or more types together.
The content ratio of the styrene sulfonic acid ester in the total amount of all monomers in the monomer composition is preferably 30 to 95 mol%, and more preferably 50 to 90 mol%.
＜架橋性基を有する単量体＞
上記単量体組成物は、上記スチレンスルホン酸エステル以外に、架橋性基を有する単量体を含有することが好ましい。架橋性基を有する単量体は、重合した際に高分子鎖間に架橋構造を形成し、陽イオン交換膜の強度の向上に寄与する。
架橋性基を有する単量体は、スチレンスルホン酸エステルと共重合可能で、架橋性基を有しているものであれば特に限定されない。架橋性基を有する単量体における架橋性基としては、一般に架橋反応を起こすとされている基であれば特に限定されず、水酸基、カルボキシル基、イソシアネート基、アミノ基、ビニル基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、エポキシ基等が挙げられるが、これらの中でもビニル基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、エポキシ基が好ましく、ビニル基、ハロゲン化アルキル基がより好ましい。ハロゲン化アルキル基におけるハロゲン原子としては、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子が好ましく、塩素原子または臭素原子がより好ましい。また、ハロアルキル基におけるアルキル基は炭素数１〜４のアルキル基が好ましく、その構造は直鎖構造、分岐構造のいずれでもよく、環構造を有していてもよい。ハロゲン化アルキル基としては、クロロメチル基、クロロエチル基、クロロブチル基、ブロモブチル基、が好ましく、クロロメチル基、ブロモブチル基がより好ましい。
架橋性基を有する単量体の具体例としては、ｏ−ジビニルベンゼン、ｍ−ジビニルベンゼン、ｐ−ジビニルベンゼン、ジビニルスルホン、ブタジエン、クロロプレン、トリビニルベンゼン類、ジビニルナフタレン、トリビニルナフタレン等のポリビニル化合物；クロロメチルスチレン、α−クロロメチルスチレン、ブロモメチルスチレン、ジクロロメチルスチレン、クロロエチルスチレン、ブロモブチルスチレン、ブロモメチルビニルナフタレン等のハロゲン置換アルキル基を有する単量体、アリルグリシジルエーテル、グリシジルメタクリレート等のエポキシ基を有する単量体、（メタ）アクリル酸、エチルアクリル酸、プロピルアクリル酸、ブチルアクリル酸、ドデシルアクリル酸等のアクリル酸を挙げることができる。上記のうち耐薬品性や工業的な入手のしやすさの観点から、ｍ−ジビニルベンゼン、ｐ−ジビニルベンゼン、クロロメチルスチレンが好ましい。また、重合に用いる架橋性基を有する単量体は、１種類であってもよく２種以上を併用してもよい。
上記単量体組成物中の全単量体の合計量における上記架橋性基を有する単量体の含有割合は、０．５ 〜７０モル％である事が好ましく、２〜５５モル％であることがより好ましい。
<Monomer having a crosslinkable group>
It is preferable that the said monomer composition contains the monomer which has a crosslinkable group other than the said styrenesulfonic acid ester. A monomer having a crosslinkable group forms a crosslinked structure between polymer chains when polymerized, and contributes to an improvement in the strength of the cation exchange membrane.
The monomer having a crosslinkable group is not particularly limited as long as it is copolymerizable with a styrene sulfonate ester and has a crosslinkable group. The crosslinkable group in the monomer having a crosslinkable group is not particularly limited as long as it is a group that is generally considered to cause a crosslinking reaction, and is a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an isocyanate group, an amino group, a vinyl group, or an alkyl halide. Group, an epoxy group, etc. are mentioned, Among these, a vinyl group, a halogenated alkyl group, and an epoxy group are preferable, and a vinyl group and a halogenated alkyl group are more preferable. As a halogen atom in a halogenated alkyl group, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom are preferable, and a chlorine atom or a bromine atom is more preferable. The alkyl group in the haloalkyl group is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the structure thereof may be either a linear structure or a branched structure, and may have a ring structure. As the halogenated alkyl group, a chloromethyl group, a chloroethyl group, a chlorobutyl group, and a bromobutyl group are preferable, and a chloromethyl group and a bromobutyl group are more preferable.
Specific examples of monomers having a crosslinkable group include o-divinylbenzene, m-divinylbenzene, p-divinylbenzene, divinylsulfone, butadiene, chloroprene, trivinylbenzenes, polyvinyl such as divinylnaphthalene and trivinylnaphthalene. Compounds: Monomers having halogen-substituted alkyl groups such as chloromethylstyrene, α-chloromethylstyrene, bromomethylstyrene, dichloromethylstyrene, chloroethylstyrene, bromobutylstyrene, bromomethylvinylnaphthalene, allyl glycidyl ether, glycidyl methacrylate And monomers having an epoxy group such as (meth) acrylic acid, ethyl acrylic acid, propyl acrylic acid, butyl acrylic acid, and dodecyl acrylic acid. Of these, m-divinylbenzene, p-divinylbenzene, and chloromethylstyrene are preferable from the viewpoint of chemical resistance and industrial availability. Moreover, the monomer which has a crosslinkable group used for superposition | polymerization may be one type, and may use 2 or more types together.
The content ratio of the monomer having a crosslinkable group in the total amount of all monomers in the monomer composition is preferably 0.5 to 70 mol%, and 2 to 55 mol%. It is more preferable.
＜非架橋性単量体＞
上記単量体組成物は、必要に応じて非架橋性単量体を含有することが好ましい。非架橋性単量体は、単量体組成物が陽イオン交換膜となった際に、イオン交換基濃度の調整部位となり膜性能の制御等に寄与する。
非架橋性単量体は、スチレンスルホン酸エステルと共重合可能であり、架橋性基を有さず、式（１）で表わされるスチレンスルホン酸エステル以外のものであれば特に限定されない。非架橋性単量体における架橋性基としては、前記架橋性基を有する単量体において挙げた架橋性基と同様のものを挙げることができる。つまり、スチレンスルホン酸エステルとの共重合により得られた重合体内で、もしくは重合体間において架橋反応を起こすような、水酸基、カルボキシル基、イソシアネート基、アミノ基、ビニル基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、エポキシ基等の架橋性基を有さなければよい。
非架橋性単量体としては、イオン交換基濃度の調整による膜性能の制御の観点からはアリール基を有する単量体が好ましい。樹脂の柔軟性の付与や加水分解反応の促進の観点からは、（メタ）アクリル酸誘導体が好ましい。
非架橋性単量体の具体例として例えば、スチレン、ビニルトルエン、クロロスチレン、ビニルナフタレン、ビニルエチルベンゼン等のアリール基を有する単量体；アクリル酸メチル、アクリル酸エチル、メタクリル酸プロピル、メタクリル酸ドデシル等の（メタ）アクリル酸アルキルエステル、アクリル酸クロライド、アクリルアミド等の（メタ）アクリル酸誘導体；（メタ）アクリロニトリル塩化ビニル等のハロゲン原子を有する単量体；メチルビニルケトン、４−ビニルピリジン、（メタ）アクリロニトリル等が挙げられる。上記のうち、スチレン、アクリル酸アルキルエステルが好ましい。
なお、（メタ）アクリル酸の記載は、アクリル酸およびメタクリル酸の少なくとも一方を表わし、（メタ）アクリロニトリルの記載は、アクリロニトリルおよび（メタ）アクリロニトリルの少なくとも一方を表わす。
また、重合に用いる非架橋性単量体は、１種類であってもよく２種以上を併用してもよい。
単量体組成物中の全単量体の合計量における、非架橋性単量体の含有割合は、１〜７０モル％であることが好ましく、４〜３５モル％であることがより好ましい。
<Non-crosslinkable monomer>
It is preferable that the said monomer composition contains a non-crosslinkable monomer as needed. When the monomer composition becomes a cation exchange membrane, the non-crosslinkable monomer becomes a site for adjusting the ion exchange group concentration and contributes to the control of membrane performance.
The non-crosslinkable monomer is not particularly limited as long as it is copolymerizable with the styrene sulfonate ester, does not have a crosslinkable group, and is other than the styrene sulfonate ester represented by the formula (1). Examples of the crosslinkable group in the non-crosslinkable monomer include the same crosslinkable groups as mentioned in the monomer having a crosslinkable group. In other words, a hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, isocyanate group, amino group, vinyl group, halogenated alkyl group, epoxy, which causes a crosslinking reaction in a polymer obtained by copolymerization with styrene sulfonate ester or between polymers. It does not have to have a crosslinkable group such as a group.
The non-crosslinkable monomer is preferably a monomer having an aryl group from the viewpoint of controlling the membrane performance by adjusting the ion exchange group concentration. From the viewpoint of imparting flexibility of the resin and promoting the hydrolysis reaction, a (meth) acrylic acid derivative is preferable.
Specific examples of non-crosslinkable monomers include, for example, monomers having an aryl group such as styrene, vinyl toluene, chlorostyrene, vinyl naphthalene, and vinyl ethyl benzene; methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate (Meth) acrylic acid derivatives such as (meth) acrylic acid alkyl esters, acrylic acid chloride, acrylamide, etc .; monomers having halogen atoms such as (meth) acrylonitrile vinyl chloride; methyl vinyl ketone, 4-vinyl pyridine, ( And (meth) acrylonitrile. Of the above, styrene and alkyl acrylate are preferred.
The description of (meth) acrylic acid represents at least one of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and the description of (meth) acrylonitrile represents at least one of acrylonitrile and (meth) acrylonitrile.
Moreover, the non-crosslinkable monomer used for superposition | polymerization may be one type, and may use 2 or more types together.
The content ratio of the non-crosslinkable monomer in the total amount of all the monomers in the monomer composition is preferably 1 to 70 mol%, and more preferably 4 to 35 mol%.
＜ラジカル重合開始剤＞
上記単量体組成物はさらに、ラジカル重合開始剤を含有することが好ましい。本発明の製造方法における重合開始剤としては特に限定されず、公知のものを使用することができる。
ラジカル重合開始剤としては例えば、過酸化ベンゾイル、過酸化ジ−ｔ−ブチル、過酸化ラウロイル、ｔ−ブチルヒドロパーオキサイド、クメンヒドロパーオキサイド、アゾビスイソブチロニトリル、ｔ−ブチルペルオキシ−２−エチルヘキサノエート、２，２−ビス（４，４−ジ−ｔ−ブチルペルオキシシクロヘキシル）プロパン、１，１−ジ（ｔ−ヘキシルペルオキシ）シクロヘキサン、１，１−ジ（ｔ−ブチルペルオキシ）シクロヘキサン、２，２−ジ（ｔ−ブチルペルオキシ）ブタン、ｔ−ブチルクミルペルオキシド、ジ−ｔ−ヘキシルペルオキシド、１，１，３，３−テトラメチルブチルペルオキシ−２−エチルヘキサノエート、ｔ−ヘキシルペルオキシ−２−エチルヘキサノエート、ｔ−ヘキシルペルオキシイソプロピルモノカルボネート、ｔ−ブチルペルオキシイソプロピルモノカルボネート、ｔ−ブチルペルオキシ−２−エチルヘキシルモノカルボネート、２，５−ジ（ベンゾイルペルオキシ）ヘキサン等が挙げられる。これらの中でも安全性や工業的な入手のしやすさ、重合反応の温度コントロールのしやすさの観点から、１，１−ジ（ｔ−ヘキシルペルオキシ）シクロヘキサン、ｔ−ブチルペルオキシ−２−エチルヘキサノエートが好ましい。
単量体組成物に添加する重合開始剤は、１種類のみを用いてもよく２種以上を併用してもよい。
単量体組成物における重合開始剤の含有割合は、単量体の総量１００質量部に対して０．１〜１０質量部であることが好ましく、０．５〜５質量部であることがより好ましい。
<Radical polymerization initiator>
The monomer composition preferably further contains a radical polymerization initiator. It does not specifically limit as a polymerization initiator in the manufacturing method of this invention, A well-known thing can be used.
Examples of the radical polymerization initiator include benzoyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, azobisisobutyronitrile, t-butylperoxy-2- Ethyl hexanoate, 2,2-bis (4,4-di-t-butylperoxycyclohexyl) propane, 1,1-di (t-hexylperoxy) cyclohexane, 1,1-di (t-butylperoxy) cyclohexane 2,2-di (t-butylperoxy) butane, t-butylcumyl peroxide, di-t-hexyl peroxide, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t- Hexylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t-hexylperoxyisopropylmonoca Boneto, t- butyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate carbonate, t- butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexyl mono-carbonate, 2,5-di (benzoyl peroxy) hexane, and the like. Among these, 1,1-di (t-hexylperoxy) cyclohexane, t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexa are used from the viewpoint of safety, industrial availability, and ease of temperature control of the polymerization reaction. Noate is preferred.
The polymerization initiator added to the monomer composition may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
The content ratio of the polymerization initiator in the monomer composition is preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by mass and more preferably 0.5 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of monomers. preferable.
＜有機高分子化合物＞
上記単量体組成物はさらに、有機高分子化合物を含有することが好ましい。有機高分子化合物は、上記単量体組成物に粘度を与え、基材シートに付着しやすくするとともに樹脂の柔軟性や強度を向上するために配合される。
有機高分子化合物としてはエラストマーや熱可塑性樹脂が好ましい。有機高分子化合物は公知のものを使用でき、上記単量体に対し分散性または溶解性が良好な化合物である事が好ましい。有機高分子化合物としては、例えば、エチレン−プロピレン共重合体、ポリブチレン、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリスチレン等の熱可塑性樹脂、スチレン−ブタジエン共重合体、アクリロニトリル−ブタジエン−スチレン共重合体（ＡＢＳ）、アクリロニトリル−ブタジエン共重合体、水素添加アクリロニトリル−ブタジエン共重合体、ポリスチレン―ポリイソプレン共重合体、ポリスチレン―ポリオレフィン共重合体等のエラストマーが挙げられる。これらの中でも基材シートへの付着性向上や樹脂の柔軟性や強度の向上の観点からアクリロニトリル−ブタジエン共重合体、水素添加アクリロニトリル−ブタジエン共重合体が好ましい。
単量体組成物に添加する有機高分子化合物は、１種類のみを用いてもよく２種以上を併用してもよい。
単量体組成物における有機高分子化合物の含有割合は、膜特性の観点から単量体の総量１００質量部に対して１〜４０質量部であるのが好ましく、５〜２０質量部であるのがより好ましい。
<Organic polymer compound>
The monomer composition preferably further contains an organic polymer compound. The organic polymer compound is blended in order to give viscosity to the monomer composition so as to easily adhere to the base sheet and to improve the flexibility and strength of the resin.
The organic polymer compound is preferably an elastomer or a thermoplastic resin. A known organic polymer compound can be used, and it is preferably a compound having good dispersibility or solubility with respect to the monomer. Examples of the organic polymer compound include thermoplastic resins such as ethylene-propylene copolymer, polybutylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene, styrene-butadiene copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS), and acrylonitrile- Examples thereof include elastomers such as a butadiene copolymer, a hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, a polystyrene-polyisoprene copolymer, and a polystyrene-polyolefin copolymer. Among these, an acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer and a hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer are preferable from the viewpoint of improving adhesion to a base sheet and improving flexibility and strength of a resin.
The organic polymer compound added to the monomer composition may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
The content of the organic polymer compound in the monomer composition is preferably 1 to 40 parts by mass, and 5 to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of monomers from the viewpoint of film properties. Is more preferable.
＜基材シート＞
基材シートは、イオン交換膜の強度と耐久性を向上させるために用いられる。本発明における基材シートとしては、ポリオレフィン系樹脂からなるものを用いることが好ましい。ポリオレフィン系樹脂からなる基材シートは公知のものを使用することができる。
ポリオレフィン系樹脂の具体例としては、ポリエチレン、エチレン−αオレフィン共重合体、エチレン−酢酸ビニル共重合体、エチレン−酢酸ビニル共重合体ケン化物、エチレン−プロピレンランダム共重合体、エチレン−プロピレンブロック共重合体、等のポリエチレン系樹脂；ポリプロピレン、プロピレン−αオレフィン共重合体等のポリプロピレン系樹脂；ポリブテン−１、ポリ−４−メチルペンテン等の炭素原子数４以上のオレフィン類を挙げることができる。なお、ポリエチレンは高密度、中密度、低密度のいずれでもよい。また、上記ポリオレフィン系樹脂に、他の樹脂をブレンドしたものであってもよい。
これらの中でも、耐薬品性、耐熱性や工業的入手のしやすさやの観点からポリエチレン系樹脂、ポリプロピレン系樹脂が好ましく、ポリエチレン系樹脂がより好ましい。ポリエチレン系樹脂の中でもポリエチレンが好ましく、また、ポリプロピレン系樹脂の中でもポリプロピレンが好ましい。
基材シートの形状としては上記樹脂からなる織布（モノフィラメント、マルチフィラメントのメッシュクロス）、不織布、フィルム、多孔性フィルム等が挙げられるが、織布、フィルムが好ましい。
基材シートとして織布を使用する場合のフィラメントの径は３０〜２００μｍが好ましく、５０〜１５０μｍがより好ましい。
基材シートの厚さは５０〜４００μｍが好ましく、８０〜２００μｍがより好ましい。
また、基材シートと上記重合性組成物との親和性を高めるために、γ線、電子線、紫外線照射処理、コロナ、プラズマ処理等の表面処理を施したものを使用することが好ましい。
<Base material sheet>
The base sheet is used to improve the strength and durability of the ion exchange membrane. As the base sheet in the present invention, it is preferable to use a sheet made of polyolefin resin. A known base sheet made of a polyolefin resin can be used.
Specific examples of the polyolefin resin include polyethylene, ethylene-α olefin copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-propylene random copolymer, ethylene-propylene block copolymer. Examples thereof include polyethylene resins such as polymers; polypropylene resins such as polypropylene and propylene-α-olefin copolymers; and olefins having 4 or more carbon atoms such as polybutene-1 and poly-4-methylpentene. Polyethylene may be high density, medium density, or low density. Moreover, what blended other resin with the said polyolefin resin may be used.
Among these, from the viewpoints of chemical resistance, heat resistance and industrial availability, polyethylene resins and polypropylene resins are preferable, and polyethylene resins are more preferable. Among the polyethylene resins, polyethylene is preferable, and among the polypropylene resins, polypropylene is preferable.
Examples of the shape of the base sheet include a woven fabric (monofilament, multifilament mesh cloth), a nonwoven fabric, a film, a porous film, and the like made of the above resin, and a woven fabric and a film are preferable.
In the case of using a woven fabric as the base sheet, the filament diameter is preferably 30 to 200 μm, more preferably 50 to 150 μm.
50-400 micrometers is preferable and, as for the thickness of a base material sheet, 80-200 micrometers is more preferable.
In addition, in order to increase the affinity between the substrate sheet and the polymerizable composition, it is preferable to use those subjected to surface treatment such as γ-ray, electron beam, ultraviolet irradiation treatment, corona and plasma treatment.
＜陽イオン交換膜＞
本発明の製造方法により得られる陽イオン交換膜においては、陽イオン交換膜の単位面積当たりに含有される陽イオン交換樹脂の質量と陽イオン交換膜の単位面積当たりに含有される基材シートの質量との質量比率が特定の範囲であることが好ましい。
すなわち、本発明の製造方法により得られる陽イオン交換膜においては、単位面積当たりの基材シートの乾燥質量（以下、「基材シート質量」という。）と、単位面積当たりの陽イオン交換膜の乾燥質量（以下、「陽イオン交換膜質量」という。）をもとに、下記式（２）で算出された重合率が１〜４であることが好ましく、１．５〜３であることがより好ましい。
重合率＝（陽イオン交換膜質量−基材シート質量）／基材シート質量
・・・ （２）
重合率がこの範囲であれば、例えば基材シートとして不織布等の比較的空孔部分の多いシートを使用しても、樹脂による空孔部分の充填が充分となり、ピンホールが発生しにくくなる。重合率は、重合工程における重合時間等の重合条件を調整することによりコントロールすることができる。なお、重合率の測定は、実施例に記載の方法による。
陽イオン交換膜の膜厚は、５０〜４００μｍが好ましく、８０〜２００μｍがより好ましい。また、イオン交換容量は、１．８〜４．５ミリ当量／ｇ乾燥樹脂が好ましく、２．５〜４．０ミリ当量／ｇ乾燥樹脂がより好ましい。イオン交換容量は、後述する重合反応工程において、前記重合率や単量体組成物におけるスチレンスルホン酸エステルとそれ以外の単量体との比率や陽イオン交換樹脂と前記有機高分子化合物との比率等を調整することによりコントロールすることができる。
本発明の製造方法によって得られた陽イオン交換膜は、拡散透析、電気透析ガス分離等の用途に好適に使用することができる。
<Cation exchange membrane>
In the cation exchange membrane obtained by the production method of the present invention, the mass of the cation exchange resin contained per unit area of the cation exchange membrane and the base sheet contained per unit area of the cation exchange membrane The mass ratio with respect to the mass is preferably within a specific range.
That is, in the cation exchange membrane obtained by the production method of the present invention, the dry mass of the base sheet per unit area (hereinafter referred to as “base sheet mass”) and the cation exchange membrane per unit area The polymerization rate calculated by the following formula (2) based on the dry mass (hereinafter referred to as “cation exchange membrane mass”) is preferably 1 to 4, and preferably 1.5 to 3. More preferred.
Polymerization rate = (Cation exchange membrane mass−Substrate sheet mass) / Substrate sheet mass
(2)
If the polymerization rate is within this range, for example, even if a sheet having a relatively large number of pores, such as a nonwoven fabric, is used as the base sheet, the pores are sufficiently filled with the resin, and pinholes are hardly generated. The polymerization rate can be controlled by adjusting the polymerization conditions such as the polymerization time in the polymerization step. In addition, the measurement of a polymerization rate is based on the method as described in an Example.
The thickness of the cation exchange membrane is preferably 50 to 400 μm, more preferably 80 to 200 μm. The ion exchange capacity is preferably 1.8 to 4.5 meq / g dry resin, more preferably 2.5 to 4.0 meq / g dry resin. In the polymerization reaction step described later, the ion exchange capacity is determined by the polymerization rate, the ratio of the styrene sulfonate ester to the other monomer in the monomer composition, or the ratio of the cation exchange resin and the organic polymer compound. It can be controlled by adjusting etc.
The cation exchange membrane obtained by the production method of the present invention can be suitably used for applications such as diffusion dialysis and electrodialysis gas separation.
＜重合反応工程＞
本発明の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法においては、上記単量体組成物を基材シートに付着させ、単量体組成物の重合反応を行う。重合反応は、単量体組成物が付着した基材シートに離型フィルムを貼り付けた後に行うことが好ましい。
単量体組成物を基材シートに付着させる方法は、コンマダイレクトコート法、グラビアコート法等の塗布による方法、ディップスクイズ加工法等の含浸による方法等公知の方法を挙げることができる。重合方法としては、特に制限されないがラジカル重合が好ましい。重合条件は、単量体組成物の組成等に応じて適宜最適な条件を選定すればよい。重合温度は、好ましくは３０〜１８０℃、より好ましくは、５０〜１２０℃である。温度上昇方法としては、一定時間、例えば０．１〜４８時間で所定温度に上昇させて重合させる方法や、重合温度を数点設定し、段階的に温度上昇、温度保持を繰り返す多段温度重合方法等が挙げられる。温度上昇のための加熱方法としては、例えば、温水槽に浸漬して加熱する方法、空気恒温器を用いて加熱する方法を挙げることができる。
工業的に陽イオン交換膜を製造する方法としては、例えば以下の方法が挙げられる。単量体組成物を付着させた基材シートと離型フィルムの各々をローラで送り出し、上記基材シートの一方の面に離型フィルムを貼り付ける。両者が貼り合わされたシートはローラで巻き取り、当該ローラを温水中に浸漬して、単量体組成物の重合反応工程を行う方法。
<Polymerization reaction process>
In the method for producing a cation exchange membrane of the present invention, the monomer composition is attached to a substrate sheet, and a polymerization reaction of the monomer composition is performed. The polymerization reaction is preferably performed after a release film is attached to the substrate sheet to which the monomer composition is attached.
Examples of the method for attaching the monomer composition to the substrate sheet include known methods such as a method by coating such as a comma direct coating method and a gravure coating method, and a method by impregnation such as a dip squeeze processing method. The polymerization method is not particularly limited, but radical polymerization is preferable. The polymerization conditions may be appropriately selected according to the composition of the monomer composition. The polymerization temperature is preferably 30 to 180 ° C, more preferably 50 to 120 ° C. As a method for raising the temperature, a method of polymerizing by raising the temperature to a predetermined temperature for a certain time, for example, 0.1 to 48 hours, or a multistage temperature polymerization method in which several polymerization temperatures are set and the temperature rise and temperature holding are repeated step by step. Etc. Examples of the heating method for increasing the temperature include a method of heating by immersing in a hot water tank, and a method of heating using an air thermostat.
Examples of a method for industrially producing a cation exchange membrane include the following methods. Each of the base sheet and the release film to which the monomer composition is attached is sent out by a roller, and the release film is attached to one surface of the base sheet. A method of conducting a polymerization reaction step of a monomer composition by winding a sheet on which both are bonded together with a roller and immersing the roller in warm water.
上記離型フィルムとしては、単量体組成物の重合反応工程に耐えうる耐熱性を有し、適度な柔軟性が有り、かつ、重合反応工程後に、基材シートに付着した重合体から容易に引き剥がせるものであれば特に制限されない。離型フィルムの材料の例としては、ビニロン（登録商標）等のポリビニルアルコール系樹脂、ポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン（ＰＴＦＥ）、エチレンテトラフルオロエチレン（ＥＴＦＥ）等が挙げられる。
安価で、柔軟性があり、得られる重合体の膜厚みの均一性が高いという観点からは、ビニロン等のビニルアルコール系樹脂からなるフィルムが好ましい。
離型フィルムは１種類のみの樹脂からなるフィルムを用いてもよく２種以上の樹脂からなるフィルムを使用してもよい。また、フィルム表面に、シリコン系、フッ素系等の離型剤を塗布したフィルムも使用することができる。
The release film has heat resistance that can withstand the polymerization reaction step of the monomer composition, has an appropriate flexibility, and can be easily obtained from the polymer attached to the base sheet after the polymerization reaction step. There is no particular limitation as long as it can be peeled off. Examples of the release film material include polyvinyl alcohol resins such as vinylon (registered trademark), polyester, polycarbonate, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), and the like.
A film made of vinyl alcohol resin such as vinylon is preferable from the viewpoint of being inexpensive, flexible and having high uniformity in the film thickness of the resulting polymer.
As the release film, a film made of only one kind of resin may be used, or a film made of two or more kinds of resins may be used. Moreover, the film which apply | coated the mold release agent, such as a silicon type and a fluorine type, to the film surface can also be used.
＜エステル基の加水分解工程＞
本発明の陽イオン交換膜の製造方法においては、上記重合反応工程で得られた重合体中のスルホン酸エステル基を加水分解させて、スルホ基に変換する。
スルホン酸エステル基の加水分解方法としては、公知の方法を採用することができるが、なるべく温和な条件下で行うことが好ましい。加水分解方法として例えば、アルカリ水溶液などで加水分解処理した後に純水で洗浄する方法、あるいは、酸水溶液などで加水分解処理した後に純水で洗浄する方法、多量の水分の存在下で加熱する方法等が挙げられる。
加水分解反応を行う際の溶媒に特に制限はなく、水以外に、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン等のエーテル類；メタノール、エタノール等のアルコール類；ヘキサン等の脂肪族炭化水素類；トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素類；ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド等の非プロトン性極性溶媒が挙げられる。
加水分解方法としては、酸またはアルカリ水溶液で加水分解処理した後に純水で洗浄する方法が好ましい。
<Ester group hydrolysis step>
In the method for producing a cation exchange membrane of the present invention, the sulfonate group in the polymer obtained in the polymerization reaction step is hydrolyzed and converted to a sulfo group.
As a method for hydrolyzing the sulfonic acid ester group, a known method can be adopted, but it is preferable to perform the method under as mild a condition as possible. As a hydrolysis method, for example, a method of washing with pure water after hydrolyzing with an alkaline aqueous solution, a method of washing with pure water after hydrolyzing with an acid aqueous solution, or a method of heating in the presence of a large amount of water Etc.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular in the solvent at the time of performing a hydrolysis reaction, Ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran and a dioxane other than water; Alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol; Aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as hexane; Aromatics, such as toluene and xylene Hydrocarbons; aprotic polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.
As the hydrolysis method, a method of washing with pure water after hydrolyzing with an acid or alkaline aqueous solution is preferable.
以下、実施例により、本発明をより詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれに何ら限定されるものではない。
［折り曲げ試験］
折り曲げ試験は、陽イオン交換膜の４ｃｍ角の陽イオン交換膜サンプルを半分に折り、該サンプルにプレスで加重をかけた後の折り目部分のピンホールの有無の確認を行なう試験である。加重を徐々に増加させ、ピンホールが確認された加重を測定した。ピンホールの有無は、水に濡れた布の上にサンプルをおき、サンプル表面上の水滴を拭き取った後、ろ紙を押し当てる事で水漏れが発生しないかを確認することにより行った。
荷重がかかった時にピンホールが発生しにくいサンプルは、基材と樹脂の密着性が高いと評価することが出来る。
［重合率］
重合率は、基材シート質量と、陽イオン交換膜質量を測定し、下記式（２）によって算出した。
重合率＝（陽イオン交換膜質量−基材シート質量）／基材シート質量
・・・ （２）
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention in detail, this invention is not limited to this at all.
[Bending test]
The bending test is a test in which a 4 cm square cation exchange membrane sample of the cation exchange membrane is folded in half, and the presence or absence of pinholes in the crease portion after the sample is loaded with a press. The weight was gradually increased and the weight at which pinholes were confirmed was measured. The presence or absence of pinholes was determined by placing a sample on a cloth wet with water, wiping off the water droplets on the surface of the sample, and then pressing the filter paper to confirm whether water leakage occurred.
A sample in which pinholes are less likely to occur when a load is applied can be evaluated as having high adhesion between the substrate and the resin.
[Polymerization rate]
The polymerization rate was calculated by the following formula (2) by measuring the mass of the base sheet and the mass of the cation exchange membrane.
Polymerization rate = (Cation exchange membrane mass−Substrate sheet mass) / Substrate sheet mass
(2)
（実施例１）
ジビニルベンゼン８．４モル％、スチレン６．９モル％、ブチルアクリレート２３．２モル％、スチレンスルホン酸エチルエステル６１．５モル％である単量体組成物を調製した。この単量体組成物の総量１００質量部に対して、ラジカル重合開始剤パーヘキサ（登録商標）ＨＣ（日本油脂株式会社製）０．７質量部、アクリロニトリル−ブタジエン共重合体６．５質量部を加えた。あらかじめコロナ処理を行ったポリプロピレン平織布（糸径６８μｍ）を上記単量体組成物に浸した後、３５℃で２時間、次いで７０℃で６時間、次いで９０℃で８時間段階的に加熱重合し膜状の重合体を得た。
次いで、得られた膜状の重合体を８０℃の０．５Ｎ塩酸に２４時間浸漬し、スルホン酸エステル基の加水分解を行い、純水で洗浄し陽イオン交換膜を得た。
上記で得られた陽イオン交換膜は、膜厚１４０μｍ、０．５Ｎ−ＮａＣｌ水溶液中での抵抗が１．４Ω・ｃｍ２であり、イオン交換容量は２．２ミリ当量／ｇ乾燥樹脂であった。重合率は２．４であった。さらに、０．５Ｎ−ＮａＣｌ水溶液中での輸率測定を行ったところ０．９３であり、十分なイオン選択性能を示すことが確認できた。
得られたサンプルについて、折り曲げ試験を実施したところ、８ｃｍ２当たり０．３ｋｇの荷重をかけてもピンホールは発生しなかった。
Example 1
A monomer composition comprising 8.4 mol% divinylbenzene, 6.9 mol% styrene, 23.2 mol% butyl acrylate, and 61.5 mol% styrene sulfonic acid ethyl ester was prepared. Radical polymerization initiator Perhexa (registered trademark) HC (manufactured by NOF Corporation) 0.7 parts by mass, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer 6.5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the monomer composition. added. A polypropylene plain woven fabric (yarn diameter 68 μm) that has been subjected to corona treatment is immersed in the monomer composition, and then heated stepwise at 35 ° C. for 2 hours, then at 70 ° C. for 6 hours, and then at 90 ° C. for 8 hours. Polymerization was performed to obtain a film-like polymer.
Next, the obtained film-like polymer was immersed in 0.5N hydrochloric acid at 80 ° C. for 24 hours to hydrolyze the sulfonate group, and washed with pure water to obtain a cation exchange membrane.
The cation exchange membrane obtained above had a film thickness of 140 μm, a resistance in a 0.5N-NaCl aqueous solution of 1.4 Ω · cm 2 , and an ion exchange capacity of 2.2 meq / g dry resin. It was. The polymerization rate was 2.4. Furthermore, when the transport number was measured in a 0.5N-NaCl aqueous solution, it was 0.93, and it was confirmed that sufficient ion selection performance was exhibited.
When a bending test was performed on the obtained sample, no pinhole was generated even when a load of 0.3 kg per 8 cm 2 was applied.
（実施例２）
あらかじめコロナ処理を行なったポリエチレン平織布（糸径８６μｍ）を実施例１と同様の単量体組成物に浸した後、ビニロンフィルムにて両面を覆い、３５℃で２時間、次いで７０℃で６時間、次いで９０℃で８時間段階的に加熱重合し、膜状の重合体を得た。次いで膜状の重合体を８０℃の０．５Ｎ水酸化ナトリウム水溶液に２４時間浸漬し、スルホン酸エステル基の加水分解を行った後、純水で洗浄し陽イオン交換膜を得た。
上記で得られた陽イオン交換膜は、膜厚２００μｍ、０．５Ｎ−ＮａＣｌ水溶液中での抵抗が１．６Ω・ｃｍ２であり、イオン交換容量は２．０ミリ当量／ｇ乾燥樹脂であった。重合率は２．３であった。０．５Ｎ−ＮａＣｌ水溶液中での輸率測定を行ったところ０．９４であり、十分なイオン選択性能を示すことが確認できた。折れ曲げ試験を行ない基材と樹脂の密着性の確認を行なったところ、８ｃｍ２当たり０．５ｋｇの荷重をかけてもピンホールは発生しなかった。
(Example 2)
A polyethylene plain woven fabric (yarn diameter 86 μm) that has been subjected to corona treatment in advance is dipped in the same monomer composition as in Example 1, and then covered on both sides with a vinylon film, at 35 ° C. for 2 hours, and then at 70 ° C. Heat polymerization was carried out stepwise for 6 hours and then at 90 ° C. for 8 hours to obtain a film polymer. Next, the membrane polymer was immersed in an aqueous solution of 0.5N sodium hydroxide at 80 ° C. for 24 hours to hydrolyze the sulfonate group, and then washed with pure water to obtain a cation exchange membrane.
The cation exchange membrane obtained above had a film thickness of 200 μm, a resistance in a 0.5N-NaCl aqueous solution of 1.6 Ω · cm 2 , and an ion exchange capacity of 2.0 meq / g dry resin. It was. The polymerization rate was 2.3. When the transport number was measured in a 0.5N-NaCl aqueous solution, it was 0.94, and it was confirmed that sufficient ion selection performance was exhibited. When the bending test was conducted to confirm the adhesion between the substrate and the resin, no pinhole was generated even when a load of 0.5 kg per 8 cm 2 was applied.
（比較例１）
ジビニルベンゼン１５．３モル％、ブチルアクリレート２３．２モル％、スチレン６１．５モル％である単量体混合物を調製した。この単量体混合物の総量１００質量部に対して、ラジカル重合開始剤パーヘキサ（登録商標）ＨＣ（日本油脂株式会社製）０．７質量部、アクリロニトリル−ブタジエン共重合体６．５質量部を加えた。実施例１と同様のポリエチレン平織布を単量体混合物に浸した後、ビニロンフィルムにて両面を覆い、３５℃で２時間、次いで７０℃で６時間、次いで９０℃で８時間段階的に加熱重合し膜状の重合体を得た。次いで膜状の重合体を４５℃の９８％硫酸に１６時間浸漬する事で膜厚１３０μｍの陽イオン交換膜を得た。重合率は２．０であった。
得られた膜は、基材と樹脂の密着性が悪く、折り曲げ試験を実施したところ、８ｃｍ２当たり０．１ｋｇの荷重をかけるとピンホールが発生した。
(Comparative Example 1)
A monomer mixture comprising 15.3 mol% divinylbenzene, 23.2 mol% butyl acrylate, and 61.5 mol% styrene was prepared. Radical polymerization initiator Perhexa (registered trademark) HC (manufactured by NOF Corporation) 0.7 parts by mass and acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer 6.5 parts by mass are added to 100 parts by mass of the monomer mixture. It was. A polyethylene plain woven fabric similar to that of Example 1 was dipped in the monomer mixture, then covered on both sides with a vinylon film, and stepwise at 35 ° C. for 2 hours, then at 70 ° C. for 6 hours, and then at 90 ° C. for 8 hours. A film-like polymer was obtained by heat polymerization. Next, the membrane polymer was immersed in 98% sulfuric acid at 45 ° C. for 16 hours to obtain a cation exchange membrane having a thickness of 130 μm. The polymerization rate was 2.0.
The obtained film had poor adhesion between the substrate and the resin, and when a bending test was performed, a pinhole was generated when a load of 0.1 kg per 8 cm 2 was applied.
（比較例２）
ポリエチレン平織布を実施例２と同様のポリプロピレン平織布に変更した以外は、比較例１と同様にして膜状の重合体を得て、折り曲げ試験を実施した。その結果、０．１ｋｇの荷重をかけるとピンホールが発生した。
(Comparative Example 2)
A film-like polymer was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the polyethylene plain woven fabric was changed to the same polypropylene plain woven fabric as in Example 2, and a bending test was performed. As a result, pinholes were generated when a load of 0.1 kg was applied.
（実施例３）
ジビニルベンゼン９．１モル％、クロロメチルスチレン１５．５モル％、ブチルアクリレート１８．５モル％、スチレンスルホン酸エチルエステル５６．９モル％である単量体組成物を調製した。この単量体組成物の総量１００質量部に対して、ラジカル重合開始剤パーヘキサ（登録商標）ＨＣ（日本油脂株式会社製）１．４０質量部、水素化ニトリルゴム１０質量部を加えた。あらかじめコロナ処理を行なったポリエチレン平織布（糸径８６μｍ）を上記単量体組成物に浸した後、ビニロンフィルムにて両面を覆い、３５℃で２時間、次いで７０℃で６時間、次いで９０℃で８時間段階的に加熱重合し、膜状の重合体を得た。次いで膜状の重合体を８０℃０．５Ｎ水酸化ナトリウムに２４時間浸漬し、スルホン酸エステル基の加水分解を行った後、純水で洗浄し陽イオン交換膜を得た。膜厚２３０μｍ、０．５Ｎ−ＮａＣｌ水溶液中での抵抗が３．９Ω・ｃｍ２の陽イオン交換膜を得た。イオン交換容量は２．８ミリ当量／ｇ乾燥樹脂であり、重合率は２．０であった。折り曲げ試験を行ない基材と樹脂の密着性の確認を行なったところ、８ｃｍ２当たり３．５ｋｇの荷重でもピンホールは発生しなかった。
Example 3
A monomer composition comprising 9.1 mol% divinylbenzene, 15.5 mol% chloromethylstyrene, 18.5 mol% butyl acrylate, and 56.9 mol% styrene sulfonic acid ethyl ester was prepared. The radical polymerization initiator perhexa (registered trademark) HC (manufactured by NOF Corporation) 1.40 parts by mass and hydrogenated nitrile rubber 10 parts by mass were added to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the monomer composition. A polyethylene plain woven fabric (yarn diameter 86 μm) that has been pre-corona treated is dipped in the monomer composition, and then covered with a vinylon film, covered at 35 ° C. for 2 hours, then 70 ° C. for 6 hours, and then 90 Polymerization was carried out stepwise for 8 hours at 0 ° C. to obtain a film-like polymer. Next, the membrane polymer was immersed in 0.5N sodium hydroxide at 80 ° C. for 24 hours to hydrolyze the sulfonate group, and then washed with pure water to obtain a cation exchange membrane. A cation exchange membrane having a thickness of 230 μm and a resistance of 3.9 Ω · cm 2 in a 0.5N-NaCl aqueous solution was obtained. The ion exchange capacity was 2.8 meq / g dry resin, and the polymerization rate was 2.0. When the bending test was performed and the adhesion between the substrate and the resin was confirmed, no pinhole was generated even at a load of 3.5 kg per 8 cm 2 .
（比較例３）
ジビニルベンゼン９．１モル％、クロロメチルスチレン １５．５モル％、ブチルアクリレート１８．５モル％、スチレン５６．９モル％である単量体組成物を調製した。この単量体組成物の総量１００質量部に対して、ラジカル重合開始剤パーヘキサ（登録商標）ＨＣ（日本油脂株式会社製）１．４０質量部、水素化ニトリルゴム１０質量部を加えた。あらかじめコロナ処理を行なったポリエチレン平織布（糸径８６μｍ）を上記単量体組成物に浸した後、ビニロンフィルムにて両面を覆い、３５℃で２時間、次いで７０℃で６時間、次いで９０℃で８時間段階的に加熱重合し、膜状の重合体を得た。次いで膜状の重合体を９８％硫酸に６０℃にて１６時間浸漬しスルホン化を行ない、膜厚２３０μｍ、０．５Ｎ−ＮａＣｌ水溶液中での抵抗が３．７Ω・ｃｍ２の陽イオン交換膜を得た。イオン交換容量は２．８ミリ当量／ｇ乾燥樹脂であり、重合率は２．０であった。折り曲げ試験を行ない基材と樹脂の密着性の確認を行なったところ、８ｃｍ２当たり３．５ｋｇの荷重にてピンホールが発生した。
(Comparative Example 3)
A monomer composition comprising 9.1 mol% divinylbenzene, 15.5 mol% chloromethylstyrene, 18.5 mol% butyl acrylate, and 56.9 mol% styrene was prepared. The radical polymerization initiator perhexa (registered trademark) HC (manufactured by NOF Corporation) 1.40 parts by mass and hydrogenated nitrile rubber 10 parts by mass were added to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the monomer composition. A polyethylene plain woven fabric (yarn diameter 86 μm) that has been pre-corona treated is dipped in the monomer composition, and then covered with a vinylon film, covered at 35 ° C. for 2 hours, then 70 ° C. for 6 hours, and then 90 Polymerization was carried out stepwise for 8 hours at 0 ° C. to obtain a film-like polymer. Next, the membrane polymer was immersed in 98% sulfuric acid at 60 ° C. for 16 hours for sulfonation, and the cation exchange membrane had a thickness of 230 μm and a resistance in a 0.5N-NaCl aqueous solution of 3.7 Ω · cm 2. Got. The ion exchange capacity was 2.8 meq / g dry resin, and the polymerization rate was 2.0. When the bending test was performed and the adhesion between the substrate and the resin was confirmed, a pinhole was generated at a load of 3.5 kg per 8 cm 2 .
各実施例、比較例における単量体等の配合例および折り曲げ試験の結果を下記表１および表２に示す。 Tables 1 and 2 below show the blending examples of the monomers and the results of the bending test in each Example and Comparative Example.
※２：加重は折り曲げた陽イオン交換膜の８ｃｍ２当たりの値。
* 2: Weight is the value per 8 cm 2 of the folded cation exchange membrane.
※２：加重は折り曲げた陽イオン交換膜の８ｃｍ２当たりの値。
* 2: Weight is the value per 8 cm 2 of the folded cation exchange membrane.
Claims (10)
重合率＝（陽イオン交換膜質量−基材シート質量）／基材シート質量
・・・ （２）
（式中、基材シート質量は、単位面積当たりの基材シートの乾燥質量を表わし、陽イオン交換膜質量は、陽イオン交換膜の単位面積あたりの乾燥質量を表わす。） A cation exchange membrane obtained by the method for producing a cation exchange membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 9 , wherein the polymerization rate represented by the following formula (2) is 1 to 4. Ion exchange membrane.
Polymerization rate = (Cation exchange membrane mass−Substrate sheet mass) / Substrate sheet mass
(2)
(In the formula, the mass of the base sheet represents the dry mass of the base sheet per unit area, and the mass of the cation exchange membrane represents the dry mass per unit area of the cation exchange membrane.)
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