JP5604017B2 - 電気化学用電極とその製造方法 - Google Patents
電気化学用電極とその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5604017B2 JP5604017B2 JP2014501322A JP2014501322A JP5604017B2 JP 5604017 B2 JP5604017 B2 JP 5604017B2 JP 2014501322 A JP2014501322 A JP 2014501322A JP 2014501322 A JP2014501322 A JP 2014501322A JP 5604017 B2 JP5604017 B2 JP 5604017B2
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Images
Classifications
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/26—Deposition of carbon only
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C18/08—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of metallic material
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- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
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- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
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Description
特許文献2ではダイヤモンドを陽極材料に用いて有機廃水が分解できることが示唆されている。特許文献3では導電性ダイヤモンドを陽極と陰極として使用し、有機物を電気化学的に処理する方法を提案している。また特許文献4では導電性ダイヤモンド電極を陽極とし、陰極として過酸化水素発生用ガス拡散電極を使用し、水処理を行う方法を提案している。
しかしながら、この方法では、結晶面が制御された、高品質の導電性ダイヤモンド層を製造することができない。
本発明は、上記課題を解決するため、第2の解決手段として、前記微細孔を残留、形成させた多結晶導電性ダイヤモンド層内および層上に、白金族金属及び/又はその酸化物を有する電極物質の触媒層を形成させた電気化学用電極の製造方法を提供することにある。
本発明の電気化学用電極は、各種電解に使用でき、その用途は特に限定されないが、各種めっき(例えば高速亜鉛めっき)、金属電解採取(電解銅箔製造)、食塩電解、有機電解、オゾン製造、水処理、溶融塩電解、燃料電池、センサーなどに好ましく使用できる。
反応装置内は水素気流下とし、炭素源として、CH4、CH3OHなどを供給するが、気化可能な有機化合物であれば制限なく使用できる。水素に対する有機化合物ガス濃度は0.1vol%以上5vol%以下、装置内圧力は0.002MPa以上0.1MPa以下が好ましい。
C + CO2 = 2CO
2mm厚さ、2cm×2cmのニオブ板を電極基体として、以下の条件で熱フィラメントCVD装置を用いて直接ダイヤモンドを析出させた。ダイヤモンド微粒子(3μm径)からなる研磨材を用いて、電極基体表面を研磨し、表面の活性化、核付けを行った後、該電極基体を熱フィラメントCVD装置に装着した。炭素源としてはエチルアルコールを用い、これに酸化ホウ素2500ppmの濃度で溶解させておいた。水素ガスを0.1L/分の速度で流し、一部は炭素源容器にバイパスさせ、水素に対するエチルアルコールガス濃度は0.5vol%とし、これらのガスを装置内に流しながら、フィラメントに電流を流し、炭素ラジカルが生成する温度2200℃以上2400℃以下に昇温した。フィラメント直下にある電極基体の温度を測定したところ、800℃であった。3時間CVD操作を継続した後、電極基体を取出した。
このようにして作製した5μm厚さの2500ppmボロン添加ダイヤモンド電極を、0.2L/分の速度で二酸化炭素ガスを流しながら、800℃にて4時間処理し、電極表面に微細孔を形成した。
図2に高解像度走査型電子顕微鏡写真を示したが、800℃にて処理したダイヤモンドでは、0.1〜0.2μmオーダーのピットと0.5μmオーダーのより微細な結晶が生じ、四角形(正方晶系)の構造面が残留、形成されていた。
実施例1と同様に作製した5μmの厚さのダイヤモンド電極に、0.1MPaにて0.2L/分の速度で二酸化炭素ガスを流しながら、900℃にて4時間処理し、電極表面に微細孔を形成した。
図3は、実施例2の方法に記載の方法により処理した高解像度走査型電子顕微鏡写真を示したが、(100)配向が主体となる平板状の構造が観察され、(111)構造を形成していた炭素が選択的に消耗されていることが確認された。電極表面に直径が0.1μm以上1μm以下の微細孔が形成された。
図5(b)は、実施例1に記載の処理方法(ニオブ基板の表面にボロンをドープした多結晶導電性ダイヤモンドを0.2L/分の速度で二酸化炭素ガスを流しながら、800℃にて4時間処理)により生じた微細孔を有する多結晶導電性ダイヤモンドについて、1mMのフェリ/フェロシアンイオン対の0.1M硫酸ナトリウム中100mV/sのサイクリックボルタモグラムで、酸化還元ピーク幅は、61mVであった。15日間空気中に放置した後に、再度測定したが、ピーク高さおよび幅は変化なく、安定性の高いことが確認された。
log [i/(1-efη)]= log(i0)-αFη/(2.3RT)
を示したものである。
(上記式中、iは電流密度、eは自然対数の底、i0は交換電流密度、ηは過電圧、
αは電荷移動反応の移動係数、Fはファラデー定数、Rは気体定数、 Tは絶対温
度、fはF/RTである。)
実施例1に記載の方法により処理した多結晶導電性ダイヤモンド層の不均一系電子移動係数は、線bに示す通り、0.008cm s-1、交換電流密度i0は、7.6μAであった。
実施例2に記載の方法で処理した電極を示す線cの不均一系電子移動係数は、0.002cm s-1であり、交換電流密度i0は、5.1μAで増加した。
その結果、実施例1及び2により処理された電極を示す線b及び線cの多結晶導電性ダイヤモンド層の不均一系電子移動係数の値は、未処理電極示す線aの多結晶導電性ダイヤモンド層の不均一系電子移動係数の値より大きい値を示し、これは実施例1及び2による処理後の多結晶導電性ダイヤモンド電極が、高品位かつ活性であることを示唆している。
微細孔の形成を行わなかったこと以外は実施例1と同様にして電気化学用電極を作製した。その表面状態は図1の電子顕微鏡写真に示す通りで、図1の二酸化炭素処理前の電子顕微鏡写真からは、立方体配向である(100)面と八面体配向である(111)面の微細結晶構造が確認され、多くは1〜2μmのオーダーを有していた。微細孔は形成されていなかった。
フェリ/フェロシアンイオン対の0.1M硫酸ナトリウム中100mV/sのサイクリックボルタモグラムでは、図5(a)に示すように、初期のピーク幅が61mVであったのに対して、15日間空気中に放置すると116mVに増加し、不可逆の応答を示した。未処理のダイヤモンド電極は、15日間置いておくだけで表面が酸化され、不活化した。
フェリ/フェロシアンイオン対の不均一系電子移動係数、交換電流密度i0は、図6の線(a)に示すように、それぞれ0.002cm s-1、3.6μAであった。
塩化イリジウムとブチルタンタレートを金属モル比2:1の割合で混合したブチルアルコールと塩酸混合物を溶媒とした溶液を、触媒前駆体溶液として準備した。実施例1と同様に二酸化炭素処理を行い作製したダイヤモンド層を形成させたニオブ板に、前記触媒前駆体溶液を塗布し、乾燥後、流通空気中500℃で10分間加熱分解を行ない、これを5回繰り返してイリジウム換算で0.04モル/m2の電極物質を被覆した。このように作製した電極を面積1cm2に切り出し陽極とし、対極をジルコニウム板とし、極間を1cmとして、150g/L硫酸、60℃の条件で電解を行ったところ、5A/cm2の電流密度で1600時間安定したセル電圧を維持し、長期間の使用が可能であることが確認された。
比較例2においては、多結晶導電性ダイヤモンド層の二酸化炭素処理を行わなかったこと以外は、実施例3と同様に、触媒層を形成した電極を作製した。これを使用して電解したところ、500時間経過後に電極基体の腐食と考えられる触媒層被覆の脱離が起こり、電解が継続できなくなった。
Claims (3)
- (1)カーボンあるいはチタン、タンタル及びニオブから選択される少なくとも一つからなる導電性電極基体上に、多結晶ボロン添加導電性ダイヤモンド層を形成する工程と、
(2)前記多結晶ボロン添加導電性ダイヤモンド層を形成した前記電極基体を、二酸化炭素雰囲気下で400℃以上1000℃以下の温度に保持することにより、前記多結晶ボロン添加導電性ダイヤモンド層の(100)面に微細孔を形成する工程とからなることを特徴とする電気化学用電極の製造方法。 - 前記微細孔を形成させた多結晶ボロン添加導電性ダイヤモンド層内および層上に、白金族金属及び/又はその酸化物を有する電極物質の触媒層を形成させる請求項1に記載の電気化学用電極の製造方法。
- 前記微細孔の代表径が1nm以上1μm以下の範囲である請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学用電極の製造方法。
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US10259726B2 (en) * | 2011-12-21 | 2019-04-16 | GLOBAL WATER INVESTMENTS, LLC a Delaware Limited Liability Company | Electrolytic cell with advanced oxidation process and electro catalytic paddle electrode |
US9945185B2 (en) | 2014-05-30 | 2018-04-17 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Methods of forming polycrystalline diamond |
JP6415133B2 (ja) * | 2014-06-25 | 2018-10-31 | 国立大学法人 大分大学 | 導電性ダイヤモンド電極の製造方法 |
US12037703B2 (en) | 2015-02-06 | 2024-07-16 | Ecotricity Group Limited | Method of producing a synthetic diamond |
GB2535152A (en) * | 2015-02-06 | 2016-08-17 | Ecotricity Group Ltd | A method of producing a synthetic diamond |
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JP2022530648A (ja) | 2019-04-30 | 2022-06-30 | シックスケー インコーポレイテッド | 機械的に合金化された粉末原料 |
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WO2021118762A1 (en) | 2019-11-18 | 2021-06-17 | 6K Inc. | Unique feedstocks for spherical powders and methods of manufacturing |
US11590568B2 (en) | 2019-12-19 | 2023-02-28 | 6K Inc. | Process for producing spheroidized powder from feedstock materials |
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JPS58160860A (ja) | 1982-03-18 | 1983-09-24 | Rikagaku Kenkyusho | 電気化学的試験・分析用電極 |
JPH01246116A (ja) * | 1988-03-29 | 1989-10-02 | Natl Inst For Res In Inorg Mater | 針状,繊維状,多孔質状ダイヤモンドまたはそれらの集合体の製造法 |
JP2761751B2 (ja) | 1989-03-20 | 1998-06-04 | ペルメレック電極株式会社 | 耐久性電解用電極及びその製造方法 |
JP2574699B2 (ja) | 1989-04-21 | 1997-01-22 | ダイソー 株式会社 | 酸素発生陽極及びその製法 |
JPH05202483A (ja) * | 1991-04-25 | 1993-08-10 | Shipley Co Inc | 無電解金属化方法と組成物 |
US5844252A (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 1998-12-01 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Field emission devices having diamond field emitter, methods for making same, and methods for fabricating porous diamond |
US5399247A (en) | 1993-12-22 | 1995-03-21 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method of electrolysis employing a doped diamond anode to oxidize solutes in wastewater |
JP3554630B2 (ja) | 1996-04-11 | 2004-08-18 | ペルメレック電極株式会社 | 耐久性を有する電解用電極 |
JP4157615B2 (ja) | 1998-03-18 | 2008-10-01 | ペルメレック電極株式会社 | 不溶性金属電極の製造方法及び該電極を使用する電解槽 |
JP4116726B2 (ja) | 1999-02-04 | 2008-07-09 | ペルメレック電極株式会社 | 電気化学的処理方法及び装置 |
JP3913923B2 (ja) | 1999-03-15 | 2007-05-09 | ペルメレック電極株式会社 | 水処理方法及び水処理用装置 |
US6569308B2 (en) * | 1999-10-14 | 2003-05-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Fabrication of a high surface area diamond-like carbon or dirty diamond coated metal mesh for electrochemical applications |
JP4756572B2 (ja) | 2004-12-28 | 2011-08-24 | 国立大学法人信州大学 | 多孔性ダイヤモンド層及び多孔性ダイヤモンド粒子の製造方法及びそれらを使用する電気化学用電極 |
JP3893397B2 (ja) | 2005-03-14 | 2007-03-14 | ペルメレック電極株式会社 | 電解用陽極および該電解用陽極を使用するフッ素含有物質の電解合成方法 |
JP2007242433A (ja) | 2006-03-09 | 2007-09-20 | Permelec Electrode Ltd | 電気化学反応用電極触媒、その製造方法及び前記電極触媒を有する電気化学用電極 |
US7833581B2 (en) * | 2006-09-11 | 2010-11-16 | The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology | Method for making a highly stable diamond film on a substrate |
JP5324501B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-09 | 2013-10-23 | 国立大学法人信州大学 | 電気化学用電極とその製造方法 |
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