JP5555256B2 - ゲート3dカメラ - Google Patents
ゲート3dカメラ Download PDFInfo
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- JP5555256B2 JP5555256B2 JP2011544110A JP2011544110A JP5555256B2 JP 5555256 B2 JP5555256 B2 JP 5555256B2 JP 2011544110 A JP2011544110 A JP 2011544110A JP 2011544110 A JP2011544110 A JP 2011544110A JP 5555256 B2 JP5555256 B2 JP 5555256B2
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- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 72
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 37
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 11
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S17/89—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S17/89—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S17/894—3D imaging with simultaneous measurement of time-of-flight at a 2D array of receiver pixels, e.g. time-of-flight cameras or flash lidar
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/20—Image signal generators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/20—Image signal generators
- H04N13/204—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras
- H04N13/207—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras using a single 2D image sensor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/56—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof provided with illuminating means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/73—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene by influencing the exposure time
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/74—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene by influencing the scene brightness using illuminating means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N5/00—Details of television systems
- H04N5/30—Transforming light or analogous information into electric information
- H04N5/33—Transforming infrared radiation
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Optical Radar Systems And Details Thereof (AREA)
- Studio Devices (AREA)
- Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
- Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)
Description
本技術の実施形態の一態様は、カメラによって撮像される場面における特徴を突き止める空間精度を改良した、ゲート3Dカメラを提供することに関する。
本技術の実施形態の一態様は、カメラによって撮像される場面を照明するために用いられる光源と、場面によって反射された光源からの光が撮像されるカメラの感光面をゲートするカメラ・シャッターとのマッチング(matching)を改良したゲート3Dカメラに関する。
カメラ20は、非常に模式的に表されており、レンズ21によって表されるレンズ系と、レンズ系が場面を撮像する画素23を有する感光面22とを備えている。このカメラは、感光面22をオンまたはオフにゲートするシャッター25を備えている。シャッター25は、選択的に低いまたは高い透過度を有するように制御可能である。シャッター25が「閉じている」と言われるのは、その動作帯域における光に対して低い透過度を有し、感光面22をオフにゲートするときであり、「開いている」と言われるのは、その動作帯域における光に対して高い透過性を有し、感光面をオンにゲートするときである。「ゲート」とは、感光面22がシャッター25によってオンにゲートされ、感光面がシャッターを透過した光を受光する期間を言う。
Df=(c/2)[tgs−(τ)(1−Q/Q0)] (1)
tgs≦tγ1(Df)≦tgeの場合、
Df=(c/2)[tgs+(τ)(1−Q/Q0)] (2)
式(1)および(2)から、開始および終了時点tgsおよびtgeをそれぞれ有するゲート110の間に、カメラ20から距離(c/2)tgsのところを中心とする幅cτの場面の「撮像スライス」内に位置する場面30の中にある特徴に対して、距離が求められることを特筆しておく。
Df=DC−ΔDf (3)
tgs≦tγ1(Df)≦tgeの場合、
Df=Dc+ΔDf (4)
任意に、Q0は、比較的長いゲートの間カメラ20をオンにゲートすることによって決定される。これを以後「正規化ゲート」と呼ぶ。これは、時間線103に沿ったハット・パルス112によって表されている。ゲート112は、任意に、3τに等しいゲート幅を有し、光パルスの列40におけるパルス41の発信時点t0に続く時点(tgs−τ)において開始する。この正規化ゲートの幅およびタイミングは、タイミング・ゲート110の間に感光面22の画素上に光を登録する場面30における特徴毎に、正規化ゲート112がQ0に値を与えるように決定される。反射パルス50は、カメラ20から距離Dfにおいて所与の特徴によって反射され、反射パルスと正規化ゲート112の相対的タイミングを示すために、時間線103に沿って示されている。反射パルスは、正規化ゲート112の時間的境界以内に完全に立ち下がり、反射パルスにおける全ての光は、画素によって登録され、Q0の測定値を与える。尚、カメラ20は、異なる光パルス41が放射される時点に応答して、タイミング/ゲート110および正規化ゲート112の間オンにゲートし、したがって、異なる反射光パルス50からの光を登録することもできることを特筆しておく。
ここで、CINは、シャッター25のCRおよび反射光パルス50のスペクトルに対して正規化したコントラスト強度CIである。
Df *=(c/2)[tgs−(τ)(1−[Q+[Q0/CIN](1−Q/Q0)]/Q0)] (6)
tgs≦tγ1≦tgeの場合、
Df *=(c/2)[tgs+(τ)(1−[Q+[Q0/CIN](1−Q/Q0)]/Q0)] (7)
または、
tgs≦tγ2≦tgeの場合、
Df *=DC−ΔDf+(c/2)(τ)(1−Q/Q0)CIN] (8)
tgs≦tγ1≦tgeの場合、
Df *=DC+ΔDf−(c/2)(τ)(1−Q/Q0)CIN] (9)
式(8)および(9)は、タイミング・ゲート110と関連のある撮像スライスにおける特徴について、所与の特徴を撮像する画素23によって登録された電荷から決定されたこの特徴までの距離が、以下の大きさを有する偏倚誤差「δD」だけ、撮像スライスの中心に向かって誤って偏倚されることを示す。
式(10)において、Qは、シャッター25のCRが無限に等しい場合に、特徴を撮像する画素によって登録される電荷量である。
Claims (14)
- 場面までの距離を判定するカメラであって、
特性スペクトルを有する光パルス列によって前記場面を照明するように制御可能な、少なくとも1つの縦型面発光レーザー(VCSEL)を備えている光源と、
感光面と、
前記場面によって前記光パルス列から反射された光を前記感光面上に撮像する光学素子と、
前記特性スペクトルの光に対して、前記感光面を選択的にオンおよびオフにゲートするように動作可能なシャッターと、
を備え、
シャッター・コントラスト比(CR)および前記特性スペクトルの正規化畳み込みが、前記シャッターと前記光源との間における約20°C以上の温度差に対して、約10以上である、カメラ。 - 請求項1記載のカメラにおいて、前記光源が、FWHMが約1.5nm以上である特性スペクトルを有する、カメラ。
- 請求項1記載のカメラにおいて、前記特性スペクトルが、約2.0nm以上のFWHM幅を有する、カメラ。
- 請求項1記載のカメラにおいて、前記特性スペクトルが、約2.5nm以上のFWHM幅を有する、カメラ。
- 請求項1記載のカメラにおいて、前記VCSELが、約20μm以上の直径を特徴とするレーザー・キャビティ(lasing cavity)を有する、カメラ。
- 請求項1記載のカメラにおいて、前記VCSELが、約25μm以上の直径を特徴とするレーザー・キャビティを有する、カメラ。
- 請求項1記載のカメラにおいて、前記光源が、前記場面を前記光パルス列で照明するために、約12ワット以上の電力レベルで動作する、カメラ。
- 請求項7記載のカメラにおいて、前記電力レベルが、約15ワット以上である、カメラ。
- 請求項7記載のカメラにおいて、前記電力レベルが、約18ワットである、カメラ。
- 場面までの距離を判定する装置であって、
VCSELのアレイを有する光源であって、当該光源のカメラシャッターに対するマッチングを改良し、偏倚誤差を低減し、特性スペクトルを有する光パルス列によって前記場面を照明するように制御可能な、光源と、
感光面と、
前記場面によって前記光パルス列から反射された光を前記感光面上に撮像するレンズ系と、
前記特性スペクトルの光に対して、前記感光面を選択的にオンおよびオフにゲートするように動作可能なシャッターと、
を備え、
シャッター・コントラスト比(CR)および前記特性スペクトルの正規化畳み込みが、前記シャッターと前記光源との間における約20°C以上の温度差に対して、約10以上である、装置。 - 請求項10記載の装置において、前記光源が、FWHMが約1.5nm以上である特性スペクトルを有する、装置。
- 請求項10記載の装置において、 前記VCSELが、約20μm以上の直径を特徴とするレーザー・キャビティ(lasing cavity)を有する、装置。
- 請求項10記載の装置において、前記光源が、前記場面を前記光パルス列で照明するために、約12ワット以上の電力レベルで動作する、装置。
- 場面までの距離を判定するカメラであって、
VCSELのアレイを有する光源であって、当該光源の前記カメラのシャッターに対するマッチングを改良し、特性スペクトルを有する光パルス列によって前記場面を照明するように制御可能であり、FWHMが約1.5nm以上である特性スペクトルと、約20μm以上の直径を特徴とするレーザー・キャビティとを有する、光源と、
前記光源に結合されているコントローラーと、
CCDまたはCMOS光感応表面を備えている感光面と、
前記場面によって前記光パルス列から反射された光を前記感光面上に撮像するレンズ系と、
前記特性スペクトルの光に対して、前記感光面を選択的にオンおよびオフにゲートするように動作可能なシャッターと、
を備え、
シャッター・コントラスト比(CR)および前記特性スペクトルの正規化畳み込みが、前記シャッターと前記光源との間における約20°C以上の温度差に対して、約10以上である、カメラ。
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14236109P | 2009-01-04 | 2009-01-04 | |
US61/142,361 | 2009-01-04 | ||
US12/651,022 | 2009-12-31 | ||
US12/651,022 US8681321B2 (en) | 2009-01-04 | 2009-12-31 | Gated 3D camera |
PCT/IB2010/000002 WO2010076775A2 (en) | 2009-01-04 | 2010-01-04 | Gated 3d camera |
Publications (2)
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JP2012514884A JP2012514884A (ja) | 2012-06-28 |
JP5555256B2 true JP5555256B2 (ja) | 2014-07-23 |
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JP2011544110A Active JP5555256B2 (ja) | 2009-01-04 | 2010-01-04 | ゲート3dカメラ |
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US (2) | US8681321B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2374282A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5555256B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101645054B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102273191B (ja) |
BR (1) | BRPI1006121A2 (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2534933C2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2010076775A2 (ja) |
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- 2010-01-04 EP EP10726794.0A patent/EP2374282A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-01-04 RU RU2011127188/08A patent/RU2534933C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-01-04 WO PCT/IB2010/000002 patent/WO2010076775A2/en active Application Filing
- 2010-01-04 KR KR1020117015411A patent/KR101645054B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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US8681321B2 (en) | 2014-03-25 |
EP2374282A2 (en) | 2011-10-12 |
US20140160254A1 (en) | 2014-06-12 |
BRPI1006121A2 (pt) | 2016-06-28 |
CN102273191A (zh) | 2011-12-07 |
KR20110112813A (ko) | 2011-10-13 |
US20100171813A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
KR101645054B1 (ko) | 2016-08-02 |
RU2011127188A (ru) | 2013-01-10 |
JP2012514884A (ja) | 2012-06-28 |
WO2010076775A2 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
EP2374282A4 (en) | 2014-04-16 |
WO2010076775A3 (en) | 2010-09-30 |
CN102273191B (zh) | 2014-03-26 |
RU2534933C2 (ru) | 2014-12-10 |
US9641825B2 (en) | 2017-05-02 |
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