JP5535291B2 - Elevator and elevator shock absorber - Google Patents

Description

  Embodiments described herein relate generally to an elevator shock absorber provided with an elevator provided with a buffer at the bottom of a hoistway and a stand that supports the buffer.

  The elevator is equipped with a buffer that stops the car while suppressing the impact if the car passes the lowest floor for some reason. The buffer is installed via a stand at the bottom of the pit of the hoistway. The stand is an element for adjusting the height of the buffer with respect to the bottom of the pit, a fixed plate fixed to the bottom of the pit, a support column protruding upward from the fixed plate, and a support plate fixed to the upper end of the support column And. The support plate is a square plate protruding around the support column, and a buffer is fixed on the support plate.

  On the other hand, when the car is moved near the bottom floor of the hoistway, the tail cord hanging from the car or the lower end of a suspended object such as a compensating chain enters the pit and is adjacent to the stand. It becomes.

  For this reason, for example, when a suspended object swings due to an earthquake or the like, the lower end of the suspended object may be caught on the stand, and if the car starts to rise in the same state, the suspended object may break or the stand may be damaged. Can be.

  In order to prevent this, in the conventional stand, a guide plate is disposed outside the support column. The guide plate is a strip-like element having a length extending over the entire length of the support column, and is fixed across the edge of the fixed plate and the edge of the support plate. For this reason, even if the suspended object swings, the lower end of the suspended object only comes into contact with the guide plate, and the lower end of the suspended object can be prevented from being caught by the stand or entering below the support plate.

JP 2009-62180 A

  Since the height of the stand is determined according to the specifications of the elevator, even if the guide plate straddles between the fixing plate and the support plate of the stand, the length differs for each stand.

  For this reason, in the conventional configuration, a dedicated guide plate corresponding to the height of the stand must be prepared for each stand. Therefore, it is unavoidable that labor for manufacturing the guide plate is troublesome and parts management becomes troublesome.

  In addition, conventionally, the guide plates having different lengths for each stand are manually welded to the fixing plate and the support plate of the stand one by one. It takes effort.

  An object of the present invention is to provide a common guide plate without being affected by the height of the stand, and can easily fix the guide plate to the stand so that the elevator and the elevator have excellent workability. It is to obtain a shock absorber.

According to the embodiment, the elevator hangs down from the lifting body and has a displaceable suspension having a folded portion at a lower end thereof, a buffer provided at the bottom of the hoistway, and between the hoistway bottom and the buffer. And an intervening stand. The stand is provided at the upper end of the support column that protrudes upward from the bottom of the hoistway, and extends beyond the outer peripheral surface of the support column to the outside along the radial direction of the support column. And a support member fixed via the support member. A guide plate is fixed to the support member of the stand via a fastener. The guide plate extends downward from the support member so as to face the suspended object, and prevents the lower end of the suspended object including the folded portion from interfering with the stand, and is formed to have a shorter overall length than the support column. The guide plate includes a fixed portion fixed to the support member of the stand via a fastener, a cover portion extending from the fixed portion toward the bottom of the hoistway so as to cover the support column from the outside, and a lower end of the cover unit to the support column. And a guide portion extending obliquely downward so as to approach.

The side view which shows typically the elevator which concerns on 1st Embodiment. The perspective view which shows the state which installed the buffer through the stand in the bottom of the pit of a hoistway. Sectional drawing which follows the F3-F3 line | wire of FIG. (A) is a side view which shows the state which fixed the buffer on the stand. (B) is the side view which looked at FIG. 4 (A) from the direction of arrow B. FIG. The side view which shows the state which fixed the guide plate to the support plate of the stand in a partial cross section. The top view of a buffer. FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a guide plate used in the first embodiment. The perspective view of the guide plate used in 2nd Embodiment. The perspective view of the guide plate used in 3rd Embodiment. The side view which shows the state which fixed the buffer on the stand in 4th Embodiment. The perspective view of the reference example relevant to 1st Embodiment. The top view of the reference example which has relevance with 1st Embodiment.

[First Embodiment]
Hereinafter, a first embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 7.

  FIG. 1 schematically shows a traction type elevator 1. As shown in FIG. 1, the elevator 1 has a machine room 3 at the upper end of a hoistway 2. A car 4 and a counterweight 5 are supported on the hoistway 2 through a guide rail (not shown) so as to be movable up and down. The car 4 and the counterweight 5 are examples of a lifting body.

  A hoisting machine 6 is installed in the machine room 3. The hoisting machine 6 suspends the car 4 and the counterweight 5 from the hoistway 2 via the main rope 7. The hoisting machine 6 is configured to move the car 4 and the counterweight 5 up and down along the hoistway 2 by winding and unwinding the main rope 7.

  A compensating chain 8 is bridged between the bottom of the car 4 and the lower end of the counterweight 5. The compensating chain 8 has a U-shaped folded portion 8a which is suspended from the car 4 and the counterweight 5 into the hoistway 2 and is inverted upward at the lower end thereof.

  Further, a tail cord 9 is connected to the bottom of the car 4. The tail cord 9 is a bundle of electric wires that electrically connects the car 4 and the control panel installed in the hoistway 2, and hangs down from the bottom of the car 4 into the hoistway 2. The tail cord 9 has a U-shaped folded portion 9a that is inverted upward at its lower end.

  The compensating chain 8 and the tail cord 9 are an example of a suspended body that hangs down from a lifting body. It has become.

  As shown in FIG. 1, when the car 4 is moved to the vicinity of the lowest floor of the building, the folded portion 8 a of the compensating chain 8 and the folded portion 9 a of the tail cord 9 are in the pit at the lower end of the hoistway 2. 10 The pit 10 is located below the lowest floor.

  As shown in FIG. 1, a first buffer 12 and a second buffer 13 are installed in the pit 10 of the hoistway 2. The first buffer 12 is an emergency safety device that receives the car 2 from below when the car 2 passes the lowest floor for an unexpected reason. Similarly, the second buffer 13 is an emergency safety device that receives the counterweight 5 from below when the counterweight 5 passes the lowermost floor due to an unexpected cause.

  The first buffer 12 and the second buffer 13 are supported in an upright posture on the bottom 10a of the pit 10 via the stand 14, respectively. Since the first and second buffers 12 and 13 have a common support structure, the first buffer 12 will be described as a representative in this embodiment.

  As shown in FIGS. 2, 4, and 6, the first buffer 12 includes a cylinder 16 and a plunger 17. The cylinder 16 has a cylindrical cylinder body 18 filled with oil, and a mounting seat 19 formed at the lower end of the cylinder body 18. The mounting seat 19 is a square plate having four corners, and the peripheral edge of the mounting seat 19 projects around the cylinder body 18.

  The plunger 17 is supported by the cylinder body 18 so as to be movable in the axial direction of the cylinder body 18 and is urged in a direction protruding from the upper end of the cylinder body 18 by a spring (not shown). Further, a disc-shaped cushion rubber 20 is attached to the protruding end of the plunger 17.

  The stand 14 is an element for adjusting the height of the first buffer 12 with respect to the bottom 10 a of the pit 10, and is interposed between the bottom 10 a of the pit 10 and the first buffer 12.

  As shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, the stand 14 includes a support 22, a fixed plate 23, and a support plate 24. The column 22 has a cylindrical shape and has a total length L1 along the height direction of the hoistway 2. The total length L1 of the column 22 is set as appropriate according to the specifications of the elevator 1.

  The fixed plate 23 is fixed to the lower end portion of the column 22. The fixing plate 23 is a square plate having four corners, and an outer peripheral edge of the fixing plate 23 projects around the support column 22. The support plate 24 is an example of a support member, and is fixed to the upper end portion of the support column 22. The support plate 24 is a square plate having four corners, and the outer peripheral edge of the support plate 24 extends around the support column 22. In the present embodiment, the support plate 24 has the same size as the mounting seat 19 of the first buffer 12.

  The fixing plate 23 of the stand 14 is installed on the bottom 10 a of the pit 10. More specifically, in the present embodiment, a pair of beams 25 a and 25 b and a receiving seat 26 are fixed to the bottom 10 a of the pit 10. The beams 25a and 25b extend horizontally in the width direction of the car 4, and are arranged in parallel with a space therebetween. The beams 25a and 25b are connected to each other by a rib 27. Further, the beams 25a and 25b connect between the lower ends of a pair of guide rails that guide the raising / lowering movement of the car 4 at the bottom 10a of the pit 10.

  The receiving seat 26 is fixed to the bottom 10a of the pit 10 so as to be adjacent to the one beam 25a. A buffer base 28 is fixed between the upper surface of the beam 25 a and the upper surface of the receiving seat 26. The buffer base 28 is a square plate having four corners, and has the same size as the fixed plate 23 of the stand 14.

  The fixing plate 23 of the stand 14 is fixed to the upper surface of the buffer base 28 via four bolts 29 and four nuts 30. The bolt 29 penetrates the corner of the fixing plate 23 and the corner of the buffer base 28 and projects below the buffer base 28. The nut 30 is screwed into the tip of the bolt 29 and sandwiches the fixing plate 23 and the buffer base 28 between the head 29 a of the bolt 29.

  As a result, the stand 14 is fixed to the bottom 10a of the pit 10 in a posture in which the stand 14 stands vertically from the bottom 10a of the pit 10 toward the bottom of the car 4.

  As shown in FIGS. 2, 4, and 5, the mounting seat 19 of the first buffer 12 is overlaid on the upper surface of the support plate 24 with its corners aligned with the corners of the support plate 24. . Further, the mounting seat 19 is fixed to the upper surface of the support plate 24 via four bolts 31 and nuts 32.

  The bolt 31 is an example of a male screw member, and protrudes below the support plate 24 through the corner of the mounting seat 19 and the corner of the support plate 24. The nut 32 is an example of a female screw member, is screwed into the tip of the bolt 31, and sandwiches the mounting seat 19 and the support plate 24 between the head 31 a of the bolt 31. In this embodiment, the bolt 31 and the nut 32 cooperate with each other to constitute a fastener.

  As a result, the first buffer 12 is coaxially fixed to the upper end of the stand 14, and the buffer rubber 20 positioned at the upper end of the plunger 17 faces the bottom of the car 4.

  As shown in FIGS. 2, 4, and 5, the guide plate 34 is attached to the support plate 24 of the stand 14. The guide plate 34 is an element for preventing the lower end of the tail cord 9 including the folded portion 9a from being caught by the stand 14. As shown in FIG. 7, the guide plate 34 of the present embodiment is integrally provided with a fixing portion 35, a cover portion 36, and a guide portion 37.

  The fixed portion 35 is superimposed on the lower surface of the support plate 24 and has a pair of through holes 38a and 38b through which two adjacent bolts 31 pass. The cover portion 36 extends vertically from the edge of the fixed portion 35 toward the bottom 10 a of the pit 10, and has a width dimension over the entire length of one side edge of the support plate 24. Therefore, the cover part 36 covers the upper part of the column 22 from the outside.

  The guide part 37 extends obliquely downward from the lower end of the cover part 36 so as to approach the column 22. Therefore, the guide part 37 is inclined by a predetermined angle α with respect to the cover part 36. The guide portion 37 of this embodiment is formed in a tapered shape toward the support column 22. The distal end 37 a of the guide portion 37 is close to or in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the support column 22. Furthermore, the total length L2 along the vertical direction of the guide plate 34 extending from the cover portion 36 to the tip 37a of the guide portion 37 is formed shorter than the total length L1 of the support column 22.

  In a state where the fixing portion 35 of the guide plate 34 is superimposed on the lower surface of the support plate 24, the tip of the bolt 31 passes through the through holes 38 a and 38 b of the fixing portion 35. The nut 32 screwed into the tip of the bolt 31 sandwiches the fixing portion 35 with the lower surface of the support plate 24. Therefore, the guide plate 34 is fastened to the stand 14 by using the bolt 31 and the nut 32 that fix the first buffer 12 to the stand 14.

  Note that a guide plate 34 that prevents the lower end of the compensating chain 8 including the folded portion 8 a from being caught on the stand 14 is fastened together with the stand 14 that supports the second buffer 13. The configuration of the guide plate 34 is the same as that of the guide plate 34 of the stand 14 that supports the first buffer 12.

  For example, when an earthquake occurs, the folded portion 8a of the compensating chain 8 or the folded portion 9a of the tail cord 9 may be swung so as to enter below the support plate 24 of the stand 14. At this time, for example, when the car 4 starts to rise, there is a concern that the folded part 9a of the tail cord 9 follows the car 4 and the folded part 9a is caught on the peripheral edge of the support plate 24 of the stand 14. .

  However, according to the first embodiment, the cover portion 36 of the guide plate 34 extends downward from the side edge portion of the support plate 24, and obliquely downward so as to approach the support 22 at the lower end of the cover portion 36. An extended guide portion 37 is formed.

  Therefore, as shown in FIG. 5, even if the folded portion 9a of the tail cord 9 rises along the support column 22, the folded portion 9a is inclined when the folded portion 9a reaches the position of the tip 37a of the guide portion 37. By being transferred to the guide portion 37, the support plate 24 is guided from the guide portion 37 through the cover portion 36.

  Therefore, the folded portion 9 a of the tail cord 9 is smoothly pulled out of the stand 14 without being caught by the support plate 24. Therefore, disconnection of the tail cord 9 and damage to the stand 14 due to the rising of the car 4 can be prevented.

  According to the first embodiment, since the total length L2 of the guide plate 34 is shorter than the total length L1 of the support column 22, the single guide plate 34 can correspond to the stand 14 having various lengths. Therefore, it is not necessary to prepare a dedicated guide plate corresponding to the height of the stand 14, and the guide plate 34 can be shared. Therefore, the operation of manufacturing the guide plate 34 is facilitated, and component management is not complicated.

  Further, the guide plate 34 is fastened together with the support plate 24 of the stand 14 using a bolt 31 and a nut 32 that fix the first buffer 12 (second buffer 13) to the stand 14. Therefore, the guide plate 34 can be easily fixed to the stand 14 as compared with conventional welding, and workability is improved.

  The guide plate 34 of the first embodiment has a guide portion 37 that extends from the lower end of the cover portion 36 toward the support column 22. The guide portion 37 is an essential element when the overall length L1 of the support column 22 is much longer than the overall length L2 of the guide plate 34, for example, when the folded portion 9a of the tail cord 9 rises along the support column 22. . However, for example, when the difference between the total length L1 of the support column 22 and the total length L2 of the guide plate 34 is very small, the guide portion 37 can be omitted.

  In other words, for example, when the lower end of the cover part 36 is infinitely close to the fixing plate 23 of the stand 14 and the tail cord 9 cannot enter between the lower end of the cover part 36 and the fixing plate 23. Alternatively, the guide portion 37 may be omitted and the lower end of the cover portion 36 may be opposed to the fixed plate 23.

[Second Embodiment]
FIG. 8 discloses a second embodiment. The second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in the configuration of the fixing portion 35 of the guide plate 34. Other configurations of the guide plate 34 are the same as those in the first embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 8, the fixing portion 35 of the guide plate 34 has a pair of edge portions 41 a and 41 b located on the opposite side of the cover portion 36. Further, through holes 42 a and 42 b through which the bolts 31 pass are formed in the fixing portion 35. The through holes 42a and 42b have groove shapes that are notched so as to open to the edges 41a and 41b of the fixed portion 35, respectively.

  In order to fix the guide plate 34 to the lower surface of the support plate 24, first, the nut 32 is loosened to form a gap between the nut 32 and the lower surface of the support plate 24. Thereafter, the edge portions 41a and 41b of the fixing portion 35 are inserted into the gap between the nut 32 and the lower surface of the support plate 24, and the bolt 31 is guided into the through holes 42a and 42b. Subsequently, the nut 32 is tightened. As a result, the fixing portion 35 is sandwiched between the nut 32 and the lower surface of the support plate 24, and the fixing operation of the guide plate 34 to the stand 14 is completed.

  According to the second embodiment, the guide plate 34 can be fixed to the support plate 24 of the stand 14 without removing the nut 32 from the bolt 31. Therefore, the fixing work and the removing work of the guide plate 34 can be executed in a state where the first buffer 12 (second buffer 13) is temporarily fixed to the stand 14.

  Furthermore, even when the guide plate 34 is fixed to the support plate 24 in the wrong direction, the guide plate 34 can be removed from the stand 14 by simply loosening the nut 32 and releasing the fastening of the fixing portion 35.

  Therefore, without removing the first buffer 12 (second buffer 13) from the stand 14, the direction of the guide plate 34 can be changed and the support plate 24 can be reattached to the proper position.

[Third Embodiment]
FIG. 9 discloses a third embodiment. The third embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the guide plate 34 is divided into a pair of divided pieces 51a and 51b, and other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment. .

  As shown in FIG. 9, each of the split pieces 51a and 51b is integrally provided with a fixing portion 52, a cover portion 53, and a guide portion 54, respectively. The fixing portion 52 is overlapped with the lower surface of the corner portion of the support plate 24 and has a through hole 55 through which one bolt 31 passes. The cover portion 53 extends vertically downward from the edge of the fixed portion 52, and is displaced in the radial direction of the column 22 with respect to the column 22. The guide part 54 extends obliquely downward from the lower end of the cover part 53 so as to approach the support column.

  The fixing portion 52 of the one split piece 51 a is fastened together with a bolt 31 and a nut 32 to the lower surface of one corner portion of the support plate 24. Similarly, the fixing portion 52 of the other split piece 51 b is fastened together with the lower surface of the other corner portion of the support plate 24 via bolts 31 and nuts 32. As a result, the divided pieces 51 a and 51 b are fixed to the support plate 24 so as to be arranged in the lateral direction of the support plate 24 with a space therebetween.

  In the third embodiment, the guide plate 34 is divided into a pair of divided pieces 51 a and 51 b, and these divided pieces 51 a and 51 b are individually fixed to the lower surfaces of the adjacent corners of the support plate 24. For this reason, for example, even when the size of the support plate 24 changes, the divided pieces 51 a and 51 b can be fixed to the support plate 24, and the divided pieces 51 a and 51 b are not affected by the size of the support plate 24. Can be shared.

  As a result, it is not necessary to prepare various guide plates 34 corresponding to the size of the support plate 24, and the productivity of the guide plate 34 can be increased.

[Fourth Embodiment]
FIG. 10 discloses a fourth embodiment. In the fourth embodiment, the shape of the guide portion 37 of the guide plate 34 is different from that of the first embodiment. Other configurations are the same as those in the first embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 10, the guide portion 37 of the guide plate 34 has an extension portion 61 that extends in a straight line obliquely downward from the tip thereof. The extension part 61 is distributed to both sides along the radial direction of the column 22 so as to avoid the column 22. Further, when the stand 14 is viewed from the radial direction of the support column 22, the extension 61 is maintained in a positional relationship so as to overlap the support column 22.

  According to the fourth embodiment, for example, even when the folded portion 9a of the tail cord 9 swings greatly to a position where it hits the outer peripheral surface of the support column 22, the extended portion 61 of the guide portion 37 crosses the folded portion 9a.

  For this reason, even if the folding | turning part 9a raises along the outer peripheral surface of the support | pillar 22, the folding | turning part 9a is received by the inclined extension part 61, and it is a support plate via the guide part 37 and the cover part 36 from the extension part 61. 24 is led to a position off.

  Therefore, the folded portion 9 a of the tail cord 9 can be prevented from being caught on the tip of the guide portion 37.

[Reference example]
11 and 12 disclose a reference example having relevance to the first embodiment. In the reference example, the support plate 24 positioned at the upper end of the stand 14 is formed in a perfect circular disk shape. The diameter of the support plate 24 is set to be equal to or slightly larger than the diagonal length of the mounting seat 19 of the first buffer 12 (second buffer 13). For this reason, the outer peripheral edge 24 a of the support plate 24 that is curved in an arc shape projects around the mounting seat 19 so as to surround the mounting seat 19.

  According to such a configuration, for example, when the tail cord 9 starts to rise while the folded portion 9 a of the tail cord 9 enters the lower side of the support plate 24, the folded portion 9 a is pulled to the outer peripheral edge portion 24 a of the support plate 24. Try to hang.

  However, since the outer peripheral edge 24a of the support plate 24 is curved in a smooth arc shape with no corners, the folded-back portion 9a of the tail cord 9 is in contact with the outer peripheral edge of the support plate 24 as the tail cord 9 rises. It moves along the outer peripheral edge part 24a without being caught by 24a, and finally comes out of the support plate 24 naturally.

  Therefore, similarly to the first embodiment, disconnection of the tail cord 9 and damage to the stand 14 can be prevented.

  Furthermore, according to the reference example, the suspension plate such as the tail cord 9 can be prevented from being caught only by forming the support plate 24 of the stand 14 in a disk shape. This eliminates the need for a dedicated component such as a guide plate that prevents the suspended object from being caught. Therefore, there are advantages that the number of parts of the stand 14 can be reduced and the assembling work of the stand 14 can be simplified.

  In the reference example, the support plate is a perfect circular disk, but the same effect can be obtained even if the support plate is an ellipse, for example.

  Although several embodiments of the present invention have been described, these embodiments are presented by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These novel embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, replacements, and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. These embodiments and modifications thereof are included in the scope and gist of the invention, and are included in the invention described in the claims and the equivalents thereof.

  2 ... hoistway, 4, 5 ... elevating body (car, counterweight), 8, 9 ... suspended object (compensating chain, tail cord), 8a, 9a ... folded portion, 10a ... bottom, 12, 13 ... Buffers (first buffer, second buffer), 14 ... stand, 22 ... support, 24 ... support member (support plate), 31, 32 ... fastener (bolt, nut), 34 ... guide plate.

Claims (7)

A lifting body that is moved up and down along the hoistway;
A suspendable suspended object that hangs down from the lifting body toward the bottom of the hoistway and has a folded portion at the lower end thereof;
A buffer provided at the bottom of the hoistway and receiving the hoisting body in an emergency;
A support column that protrudes upward from the bottom of the hoistway, and is provided at the upper end of the support column. A support member fixed via a tool, and a stand interposed between the bottom of the hoistway and the buffer to adjust the height of the buffer relative to the bottom of the hoistway,
A guide plate extending downward from the support member so as to face the suspension, and preventing a lower end of the suspension including the folded portion from interfering with the stand,
The guide plate is fixed to the support member of the stand via the fastener, and is formed to have a shorter overall length than the support column,
Further, the guide plate is extended from the fixing portion toward the bottom of the hoistway so as to cover the support column from the outside, and a fixing portion fixed to the support member of the stand via the fastener. An elevator including a cover portion and a guide portion that extends obliquely downward so as to approach the support column from a lower end of the cover portion .   2. The elevator according to claim 1, wherein the guide portion includes an extension portion that extends to a position overlapping with the support when the stand is viewed from a radial direction of the support.   3. The elevator according to claim 1, wherein the fastener includes a male screw member that penetrates the lower end of the buffer, the support member, and the fixing portion of the guide plate, and a female screw member that is screwed into a tip of the male screw member. , Including elevators.   The elevator according to claim 3, wherein the fixing portion of the guide plate has a through hole through which the male screw member passes, and the through hole is notched so as to open to an outer peripheral edge of the fixing portion. An elevator having a shape.   2. The elevator according to claim 1, wherein the guide plate is divided into a plurality of divided pieces, and the divided pieces are supported via the fasteners so as to be arranged in a lateral direction at intervals. An elevator fixed to a member. A lifting body that is moved up and down along the hoistway;
A suspension device that is used in an elevator including a displaceable suspended object that hangs down from the lifting body toward the bottom of the hoistway and has a folded portion at a lower end thereof,
A stand having a support column that protrudes upward from the bottom of the hoistway, and a support member that is provided at the upper end of the support column and projects outward from the outer peripheral surface of the support column along the radial direction of the support column; ,
A buffer fixed to the support member of the column via a fastener, and receiving the lifting body in an emergency;
A guide plate extending downward from the support member so as to face the suspension, and preventing a lower end of the suspension including the folded portion from interfering with the stand,
The guide plate is fixed to the support member of the stand via the fastener, and is formed to have a shorter overall length than the support column,
Further, the guide plate includes a fixing portion fixed to the support member of the stand via the fastener, and a cover portion extending from the fixing portion toward the bottom of the hoistway so as to cover the support column from the outside. And a guide part extending obliquely downward so as to approach the support column from the lower end of the cover part .   The elevator shock absorber according to claim 6, wherein the fastener includes a bolt that penetrates the lower end of the buffer, the support member and the fixing portion of the guide plate, and a nut screwed into a tip of the bolt. Elevator shock absorber including.

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