JP5525889B2 - 液化剤および液化方法 - Google Patents
液化剤および液化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5525889B2 JP5525889B2 JP2010079476A JP2010079476A JP5525889B2 JP 5525889 B2 JP5525889 B2 JP 5525889B2 JP 2010079476 A JP2010079476 A JP 2010079476A JP 2010079476 A JP2010079476 A JP 2010079476A JP 5525889 B2 JP5525889 B2 JP 5525889B2
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Landscapes
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Description
なお、前記式(1)において、代表的には、環Zがベンゼン環又はナフタレン環、R2がC2−4アルキレン基、mが0〜4、nが1〜3であってもよい。
上記式(2)において、糖鎖又は糖から誘導された基は、例えば、下記式(A1)で表される基、下記式(A2)で表される基又は下記式(A3)で表される基であってもよい。
本発明の液化剤は、フルオレン骨格を有する化合物(9,9−ビスアリールフルオレン骨格を有する化合物)を含む。そして、このような液化剤は、多糖を含有する成分を液化するための液化剤(又は液状化剤又は可溶化剤又は可塑剤)として好適である。
フルオレン骨格を有する化合物は、9,9−ビスアリールフルオレン骨格(例えば、9,9−ビスフェニルフルオレン骨格、9,9−ビスナフチルフルオレン骨格)を有する限り特に限定されないが、通常、9,9−ビス(アミノアリール)フルオレン[例えば、9,9−ビス(4−アミノフェニル)フルオレンなど]、9,9−ビス(カルボキシアリール)フルオレン[例えば、9,9−ビス(カルボキシフェニル)フルオレンなど]、9,9−ビス(ヒドロキシアリール)フルオレンなどの官能基(例えば、アミノ基、カルボキシル基、ヒドロキシル基、エポキシ基など)を有するフルオレン骨格を有する化合物を好適に使用できる。
上記式(1)において、環Zで表される芳香族炭化水素環としては、例えば、ベンゼン環、縮合多環式炭化水素環[例えば、縮合二環式炭化水素環(例えば、インデン、ナフタレンなどのC8−20縮合二環式炭化水素環、好ましくはC10−16縮合二環式炭化水素環)、縮合三環式炭化水素環(例えば、アントラセン、フェナントレンなど)などの縮合2乃至4環式炭化水素環]などが挙げられ、ベンゼン環又はナフタレン環であるのが好ましい。なお、フルオレンの9位に置換する環Zの置換位置は、特に限定されない。例えば、環Zがナフタレン環の場合、フルオレンの9位に置換する環Zに対応する基は、1−ナフチル基、2−ナフチル基などであってもよい。
液化剤は、フルオレン骨格を有する化合物(前記式(1)で表される化合物など)単独で構成されていてもよく、他の液化剤(又は液化助剤)を含んでいてもよい。他の液化剤としては、ヒドロキシ化合物、窒素含有環式ケトン、アミド類、スルホキシド類などが使用でき、これらの成分は単独で又は二種以上組み合わせて使用できる。
多糖を含有する成分(多糖を含む成分、多糖含有成分などということがある)において、多糖を構成する糖(構成糖)としては、例えば、ペントース(例えば、アラビノース、キシロースなどのピラノース;デオキシリボース、リボースなどのフラノース)、ヘキソース[例えば、ガラクトース、グルコース(D−グルコースなど)、マンノース、フルクトース、ソルボース、ガラクチュロン酸、グルクロン酸、マンヌロン酸、グルコサミンなどのピラノース;ソルビトール、マンニトールなどの糖アルコール]、ヘプトース、オクトース、ノノースなどが挙げられる。多糖は、単独又は2種以上の糖を構成糖とする多糖(すなわち、ホモ多糖又はヘテロ多糖)であってもよい。
本発明の液化剤は、前記のように、多糖を含有する成分の液化剤として好適である。そのため、本発明には、前記液化剤を用いて、多糖を含有する成分が液化した液状物を製造する方法(又は多糖を含有する成分を液化する方法)も含まれる。
上記のようにして、多糖を含有する成分が液化した液状物(液状組成物)が得られる。このような液状組成物において、多糖を含有する成分は分解され、低分子量化された形態で含まれている。すなわち、液状組成物は、通常、多糖を含有する成分の分解物を少なくとも含んでいる。このような液状組成物は、多糖の分解物や、後述するようにリグニンなどの非結晶成分の分解物を含み、このような分解物は、ヒドロキシル基、カルボキシル基などの官能基を有しており、樹脂原料などの各種用途に利用可能である。
多糖を含む成分の分解物としては、多糖を含む成分の分解により生成する化合物、例えば、多糖の分解物、多糖を含む成分のうち多糖以外の他の成分(例えば、リグニン)の分解物などが挙げられる。なお、分解物には、二次分解物(例えば、分解後、さらに開環、縮合などして得られる化合物)も含まれる。
また、前記液状組成物は、フルオレン骨格を有する化合物と多糖を有する成分(又はその分解物)とが反応して得られる化合物を含んでいてもよい。このような化合物としては、フルオレン骨格を有する化合物の種類にもよるが、例えば、前記式(1)において、Xがヒドロキシル基である化合物を用いると、下記式(2)で表される化合物[すなわち、フルオレン骨格(9,9−ビスアリールフルオレン骨格)と糖由来の骨格とを有する化合物]が生成する。
上記式(2)のAにおいて、糖鎖に対応する糖としては、多糖であってもよいが、通常、単糖又はオリゴ糖(例えば、2〜30糖程度)、特に、単糖であってもよい。前記のように、糖として、多糖を使用しても、多糖が分解した単糖、さらには単糖が分解した形態でフルオレン骨格を有する化合物に結合した化合物が生成する場合が多い。
好ましい前記式(2)で表される化合物には、下記式(2B)で表される化合物[すなわち、前記式(2A)において、A1が、前記式(A1)で表される基、前記式(A2)で表される基、又は前記式(A3)で表される基である化合物]などが含まれる。
特に、上記式(1B)において、基A2が前記式(A2)で表される基である化合物は、代表的には、下記式で表される化合物であってもよい。
なお、前記式(2)において、Z、R1、R2、R3、k、m、n、およびpは、前記式(1)と同様であり、好ましい態様もまた同様である。なお、前記式(1)においてmが1以上の化合物を用いても、前記式(2)において、基−OA1(式中、A1は、糖鎖又は糖から誘導された基に置換された基)を有する化合物が得られる場合がある。
三口フラスコ(容量100mL)に、9,9−ビス[4−(2−ヒドロキシエトキシ)フェニル]フルオレン(BPEF、大阪ガスケミカル(株)製)20g、微結晶セルロース(メルク社製、重合度200、粒子の平均直径10μm)10g、及び濃度6Nの硫酸0.7gを加え、200℃のオイルバスを用いて加熱下で1時間撹拌し、液状の反応混合物(液化組成物)を得た。得られた液状反応混合物を、1,4−ジオキサンと水(9/1、v/v)の混合溶媒に分散させてから濾紙を用いて減圧下でろ過した。得られた残渣を105℃で3時間乾燥してから、微結晶セルロースの残渣率をセルロースの仕込量に基づいて計算した結果、残渣率は25重量%であり、75重量%もの微結晶セルロースを液化できたことがわかった。また、液状反応混合物の粘度は約500mPa・sであった。
13C−NMR(CDCl3)ppm:δ38.0(C−1””),61.6(C−β),62.4(C−4””),63.1(C−3””),64.3(C−A),65.7(C−2””),66.0(C−5””),69.2(C−α),114.3(C−3”,C−3”’),120.3(C−3,3’),126.1(C−6,6’),127.5(C−4,4’),127.9(C−5,5’),129.4(C−2”’,C−2”),138.8(C−1”’),138.9(C−1”),140.1(C−2,2’),151.7(C−1’),151.8(C−1),157.1(C−4”’),157.5(C−4”),161.0(C−6””)。
13C−NMR(CDCl3)ppm:δ59.4(C−6””),61.3(C−β),64.0(C−A),66.6(C−β’),66.9(C−α’),68.9(C−α),71.28(C−5””),73.38(C−4””),73.9(C−3””),74.6(C−2””),98.6(C−1””),114.3(C−3”,C−3”’),120.1(C−3,3’),125.9(C−6,6’),127.3(C−4,4’),127.6(C−5,5’),129.1(C−2”’,C−2”),138.4(C−1”,1”’),139.8(C−2,2’),151.4(C−1,1’),157.0(C−4”,4”’)
実施例1において、微結晶セルロースに代えて米松を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、液状の反応混合物(液化組成物)を得た。なお、液状反応混合物の粘度は約450mPa・sであった。
参考例2において、BPEF20gに代えてBEPF/グリセリン(14g/6g)を用いたこと以外は、参考例2と同様にして、液状の反応混合物(液化組成物)を得た。得られた反応混合液は200℃での粘度は約300mPa・sであった。
Claims (8)
- リグニンを含有せず、かつセルロースを含有する成分と、請求項1に記載の式(1)で表される化合物を含む液化剤とを加熱下で混合し、前記リグニンを含有せず、かつセルロースを含有する成分が液化した液化物を製造する方法。
- 式(1)で表される化合物の混合割合が、リグニンを含有せず、かつセルロースを含有する成分100重量部に対して、3〜500重量部である請求項2記載の製造方法。
- 酸触媒の存在下で混合する請求項2又は3記載の製造方法。
- 液状物がセルロースの分解物を含む請求項2〜4のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 請求項2〜7のいずれかに記載の製造方法で得られる液状物。
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