JP5422482B2 - Impeller manufacturing method - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an impeller (rotary blade) used in a centrifugal compressor and other rotating machines.

For example, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the impeller 10 of the centrifugal compressor has a disk 11 whose one surface is fixed to the rotating main shaft of the centrifugal compressor and is rotated, and a shape facing the curved surface of the disk 11. And a large number of blades 13 provided so as to partition the curved surfaces of the disk 11 and the cover 12 in a spiral shape.
The impeller 10 is a so-called three-piece type in which the disk 11, the cover 12, and the blade 13 are individually manufactured, joined to each other, and assembled. The cover 12 and the blade 13 are integrally manufactured. There is a so-called two-piece type that joins individually manufactured disks 11. In both the three-piece type and the two-piece type impellers 10, the joining is performed by welding or brazing. Whether the joining is performed by welding or brazing is determined by the size, strength, and the like of the impeller 10. The impeller 10 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 is a two-piece type, and shows an example in which a disk 11 and a cover 12 made integrally with a blade 13 are joined by a brazing portion 14. Yes.

Patent Document 1 discloses a method of manufacturing an impeller by brazing.
Patent Document 1 has started quenching at a temperature slightly lower than the liquid phase of the brazing material, but with this, the strength of the brazed joint is insufficient, and as a result, cracks occur in the brazed joint. It was made to solve the problem of the previous brazing method.
Patent Document 1 proposes a brazing thermal cycle whose representative example is shown in FIG. In FIG. 6, the assembly to be brazed to the liquid or liquidus temperature of the brazing material, about 1850 degrees Fahrenheit (1010 ° C.) over about 6 hours is heated and held at that temperature for about 1 hour. Further, the brazing assembly is cooled to about 1300 degrees Fahrenheit (704.4 ° C) over about 2 hours, and then the assembly is lowered to a temperature of about 350 degrees Fahrenheit (176.7 ° C) over 1 hour. Gas quenching. Patent Document 1 states that, due to this thermal cycle, the rotor blade assembly did not exhibit heat-induced distortion, and all the brazed joints were solid and cracked.

Special table 2003-531731 gazette

As described above, according to Patent Document 1, the impeller can be manufactured by brazing without causing cracks. However, when the impeller is used in a centrifugal compressor or other rotating machine, it is required that the mechanical strength of the joint portion by brazing is high. However, it cannot be said that the brazing method (thermal cycle) of Patent Document 1 is sufficiently considered especially for the toughness of the joint portion.
The present invention has been made based on such a technical problem, and an object thereof is to provide a method for obtaining an impeller by brazing while ensuring toughness of a joint portion.

  Patent Document 1 discloses an alloy containing JIS SUS630 as a stainless steel constituting each member of an impeller, and 80% to 85% gold (Au) and 15% to 20% nickel (Ni) as a brazing material. (Hereafter, it may be abbreviated as Ni-Au alloy). In the present specification,% means mass.

  By the way, as a factor affecting the toughness of the joint portion, there is a relationship between a member (base material) to be joined by the brazing material and the tensile strength of the brazing material. That is, when the tensile strength of the base material is large, the tensile strength of the brazing material is small, and the difference in tensile strength between the two is large, the toughness of the joint portion is lowered. This is because when the impact load is applied to the joint part, if the base material is not deformed or the deformation is small, the impact energy is not absorbed by the base material or is small. It is because it is easy to lead to the fracture of a part.

JIS SUS630 disclosed as preferred in Patent Document 1 is chromium (Cr); 15.5% to 17.5%, nickel (Ni); 3.0% to 5.0%, copper (Cu); 3 It is a precipitation hardening type stainless steel having 0.0% to 5.0% as a main element, which is used after being subjected to a heat treatment in which an age hardening heat treatment (or precipitation hardening heat treatment) is applied after a solution heat treatment. . In JIS SUS630, the heating temperature of the age hardening heat treatment differs depending on whether the hardness (tensile strength) is important or the toughness is important. That is, when the hardness is important, the heating temperature is set low (470-490 ° C. H900 (see Table 1)), and when the toughness is important, the heating temperature is set high (610-630 ° C. H1150 (see Table 1). )) Tensile strength when the hardness of age-hardening heat treatment is lowered with emphasis on hardness is about 900 MPa, but tensile strength when importance is placed on toughness exceeds 1300 MPa.
On the other hand, the tensile strength after brazing of the Ni—Au alloy disclosed as preferable in Patent Document 1 is 760 to 780 MPa.

When the heating temperature of the age hardening heat treatment is increased with an emphasis on toughness, the tensile strength exceeds 1300 MPa, and the difference from the tensile strength of the Ni—Au alloy becomes large.
Further, if the age hardening heat treatment temperature is lowered with emphasis on hardness, the tensile strength can be reduced to about 900 MPa as described above, so that the difference from the tensile strength of the Ni—Au alloy can be made relatively small. However, when the temperature of the age hardening heat treatment is lowered, the yield strength is lowered with a decrease in the tensile strength, and the base material does not satisfy the mechanical properties required for the impeller.

The combination of JIS SUS630 and 15-20% Ni-80-15% Au alloy (brazing material) is preferable for producing an impeller, but as described above, the toughness of the joint portion and the mechanical properties of the base metal It is not easy to satisfy the two properties (strength).
In the impeller manufacturing method according to the present invention, a heat treatment is performed on an assembly in which a brazing material made of an Au alloy containing Ni is arranged at a joint portion of at least two impeller constituent members. This heat treatment includes a solution heat treatment and an age hardening heat treatment. In the solid solution heat treatment, brazing is also performed by melting and solidification of the brazing material, and in the age hardening heat treatment, the solid solution heat treatment has already been performed, and at least two impeller components are joined by the brazing material. Is age-hardened.
In the production method of the present invention, the impeller component is composed of Cr; 15.5% to 17.5%, Ni; 3.0% to 5.0%, Cu; 3.0% to 5.0%. It consists of precipitation hardening type stainless steel. The brazing material is made of an Au alloy containing 15% to 20% Ni and has a thickness of 200 to 1000 μm.
Moreover, the manufacturing method of this invention makes the cooling rate at the time of cooling of an age-hardening heat processing 0.5-10 degreeC / min.
Although the impeller manufacturing method of the present invention will be described in detail later, the thickness of the brazing material is specified, and the cooling rate at the time of cooling in the age hardening heat treatment is specified, thereby ensuring the toughness of the joint portion. .

  In the present invention, the thickness of the brazing material is 250 to 450 μm, and the cooling rate during cooling of the age hardening heat treatment is preferably 0.5 to 2.0 ° C./min.

  According to the present invention, the impeller can be obtained by brazing while ensuring the toughness of the joint portion by specifying the thickness of the brazing material and specifying the cooling rate at the time of cooling in the age hardening heat treatment.

It is a flowchart which shows the manufacturing process of the impeller in this embodiment. It is a figure which shows the pattern of the solution heat treatment in this embodiment, and age-hardening heat processing. It is a graph which shows the result of the absorbed energy obtained by performing the Charpy impact test using the test piece produced by varying the thickness of the brazing material and the cooling rate of the age hardening heat treatment. It is a top view of the impeller of a centrifugal compressor. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view along the blade of the impeller shown in FIG. 4. 10 is a graph showing a heat treatment pattern disclosed in Patent Document 1.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail based on embodiments.
In the present embodiment, a two-piece impeller shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 will be described as an example. However, it goes without saying that the present invention can also be applied when manufacturing a three-piece impeller.

<Material for covers and discs>
As shown in FIG. 1, materials for the disk 11 and the cover 12 are prepared. This material is provided as a rod-shaped steel material. This material basically has the following chemical composition (mass%) defined by SUS630. SUS630 is a precipitation hardening type stainless steel that improves the strength of the steel by dissolving Cu in the matrix by a solution heat treatment and then precipitating a fine Cu-Ni intermetallic compound by a subsequent age hardening heat treatment. In addition to the following elements, elements that improve specific characteristics of SUS630 may be included.

<SUS630 chemical composition>
Cr: 15.5% to 17.5% (preferably 15.5% to 17.0%)
Ni: 3.0% to 5.0% (preferably 3.5% to 4.5%)
Cu: 3.0% to 5.0% (preferably 3.0% to 4.0%)
Nb + Ta; 0.15% to 0.40% (preferably 0.3% to 4.0%)
C; 0.07% or less Si; 1.0% or less Mn; 1.0% or less P; 0.004% or less S; 0.03% or less Remainder; Fe and inevitable impurities

<Forging-cutting>
The material for the disk 11 and the cover 12 is processed into the shape of the disk 11 and the cover 12 by forging and cutting, respectively. Since the cover 12 is integrally provided with the blade 13, a cutting process for forming the blade 13 is performed.

<Assembly>
The manufactured disk 11 and the cover 12 integrated with the blade 13 are brought into contact with each other on the joining surface side to obtain an assembly. The cover 12 has the blade 13 side opposed to the joining surface side of the disk 11. A brazing material is disposed on the abutting surface. At this time, in order to secure the thickness of the brazing material after brazing, a jig can be used so as to maintain a distance between the abutting surfaces of the disk 11 and the cover 12.

<Brazing material>
The brazing material used in the present embodiment is an alloy containing Ni based on Au. This brazing filler metal contains 15 to 20% Ni, and the balance is made of Au and inevitable impurities. By setting it as this composition range, the wettability with respect to a base material is favorable, and high joint strength can be obtained. As this gold brazing material, one having a melting point (liquidus temperature) of 930 to 1050 ° C. lower than the holding temperature of the solution heat treatment is used. This gold brazing material preferably has a chemical composition of 16-19% Ni-81-84% Au, more preferably 17.5-18.5% Ni-81.5-82.5% Au. This brazing filler metal typically has a composition of 18% Ni—Au and has a melting point of about 1000 ° C. The tensile strength after brazing of this gold brazing material is 760 to 780 MPa.
The form of the brazing material disposed on the abutting surfaces of the disk 11 and the cover 12 is arbitrary. For example, any of those known in brazing may be used, such as a thin piece, a thin strip, a linear material, a powder, or a paste. However, it is necessary to satisfy the thickness of the brazing material after brazing that is set in order to ensure the toughness of the joint portion.

<Heat treatment>
After assembling the disk 11 and the cover 12 via the brazing material, the assembly is inserted into a heating furnace to perform heat treatment. As shown in FIG. 2, the heat treatment is composed of two stages of a solution heat treatment and an age hardening heat treatment.
Table 1 shows standards for SUS630 heat treatment (from JIS G4303).
In this embodiment, the solution heat treatment selects the temperature (holding temperature) at which the assembly is held from the range of 1020 to 1060 ° C. based on this standard. The time required to reach the holding temperature (temperature rising time) and the time for holding at the holding temperature (holding time) are arbitrary, but the temperature rising time is from 3 to 8 hours, and the holding time is 0.5 to 3 Select from a range of hours. The cooling rate at the time of cooling in the solid solution heat treatment can be arbitrarily determined on the assumption that the object of dissolving Cu in the matrix can be achieved, but it is 1 to 10 ° C./min, preferably 3 to 5 ° C./min. .
Since the gold brazing material used in this embodiment has a melting point of 930 to 1050 ° C., the brazing material is melted and solidified in the course of the solution heat treatment to braze the disk 11 and the cover 12. Thereby, brazing and solid solution treatment can be combined. In addition, in order to make a structure | tissue into a martensite, it is necessary to reduce to Mf point (Martensite transformation completion temperature), The temperature is 100-140 degreeC although it is dependent on a composition and a cooling rate, It makes it below this temperature There is a need.

When the solution heat treatment is completed, an age hardening heat treatment is then performed.
The age hardening heat treatment employs H1150 (610 to 630 ° C.) shown in Table 1 as a holding temperature. This is because the tensile strength of the brazing filler metal is about 760 to 780 MPa, and the tensile strength of the cover 12 and the disk 11 is made close to that of the brazing filler metal. However, the proof stress in the case of age hardening heat treatment at the temperature of H1150 shown in Table 1 does not satisfy the value required for the impeller. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the cooling rate of the age hardening heat treatment is regulated to 0.5 ° C./min or more in order to suppress a decrease in yield strength.

  SUS630, which is a precipitation hardening type stainless steel, improves the strength of the steel by precipitating the Cu-Ni intermetallic compound during the age hardening heat treatment, but the effect of precipitation hardening increases as this precipitate is finely dispersed. large. The precipitation form of this precipitate depends on the retention temperature of the age hardening heat treatment. The higher the retention temperature, the more fine precipitates are deposited. The lower the retention temperature, the larger the precipitates and the fewer the number of precipitates. If it does so, tensile strength and yield strength will fall. However, the present inventors have found that when the cooling rate of the age hardening heat treatment is 0.5 ° C./min or more, the absorbed energy (hereinafter, Charpy absorbed energy) obtained by the Charpy impact test can be increased. It was also found that when the cooling rate of the age hardening heat treatment was 0.5 ° C./min or more, the degree of decrease in proof stress was smaller than the decrease in tensile strength. If the cooling rate is increased, the Charpy absorbed energy can be increased. However, if the cooling rate is increased too much, the base material may be cracked. Therefore, in this embodiment, the upper limit of the cooling rate of the age hardening heat treatment is set to 10 ° C./min. The cooling rate is preferably 0.7 to 5.0 ° C./min, more preferably 0.7 to 2.0 ° C./min.

<Brazing material thickness>
In this embodiment, the thickness of the brazing material is set to 200 to 1000 μm in order to ensure the toughness of the joint portion. This thickness is the thickness after brazing.
If the thickness of the brazing material is less than 200 μm, the Charpy absorbed energy is small and the toughness of the joint portion after brazing is insufficient. Therefore, the lower limit of the thickness of the brazing material is 200 μm, but the preferable lower limit is 250 μm, and the more preferable upper limit is 300 μm.
In consideration of toughness, it can be said that the brazing material is thicker, but the brazing material made of Ni—Au alloy is inferior in rigidity. Therefore, there is a possibility that a fall occurs during rotation between the disk 11 and the cover 12 being joined. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the thickness of the brazing material is set to 1000 μm or less.

<Experimental example>
Two steel pieces made of SUS630 were butted together and brazed with a gold brazing material to prepare a test piece for Charpy impact test (conforming to JIS Z2242). The chemical composition of the steel slab used, the composition of the brazing material, the conditions for the solution heat treatment, the conditions for the age hardening heat treatment, the thickness of the brazing material are as follows. ing. In addition, the brazing material used the thin ribbon of the following thickness, and it heat-processed maintaining the space | interval of two steel pieces so that the original thickness might be maintained.

Steel slab chemical composition (according to JIS SUS630):
Cr: 15.5%, Ni: 4.3%, Cu: 3.5%, Nb + Ta: 0.35%,
C; 0.05%, Si; 0.25%, Mn; 0.8%, P; 0.0035%,
S; 0.007%, balance; composition of Fe and inevitable impurity brazing filler metal: 18% Ni-82% Au

Conditions for solution heat treatment Holding temperature: 1000 to 1040 ° C., holding time: 1.5 hours, cooling rate: 5.0 ° C./min

Age hardening heat treatment conditions:
Holding temperature: 620 ° C., holding time: 1.5 hours Cooling rate: 0.1 ° C./min, 0.5 ° C./min, 0.7 ° C./min
1.0 ° C / min, 1.5 ° C / min, 2.0 ° C / min

Brazing material thickness: 50 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 300 μm, 500 μm

The Charpy absorbed energy of the brazed joint was obtained under the above conditions. In addition, the steel pieces were subjected to solution heat treatment and age hardening heat treatment, and then subjected to a tensile test (based on JIS Z2201, Z2241) to measure tensile strength (σB) and yield strength (σY). The results are shown in Table 2 and FIG. 3 (Charpy absorbed energy only).
Looking at the thickness of the brazing material, only a Charpy absorption energy of 10 J or less is obtained at a thickness of 100 μm, whereas a Charpy absorption energy of 15 J or more is obtained at a thickness of 200 μm. The effect of improving the Charpy absorbed energy by setting the thickness to 200 μm or more is remarkable. Further, when looking at the cooling rate of the age hardening heat treatment, the Charpy absorbed energy is remarkably improved at 0.5 ° C./min compared to the case of 0.1 ° C./min. As described above, when the brazing filler metal thickness is 200 μm or more and the cooling rate of the age hardening heat treatment is 0.5 ° C./min or more, the Charpy absorbed energy is remarkably improved. In particular, when the thickness of the brazing material is 500 μm or more, Charpy absorbed energy exceeding 27 J, which is the Charpy absorbed energy of a welded joint required by the API (American Petroleum Institute) standard, is obtained.
Moreover, when it sees about tensile strength ((sigma) B) and yield strength ((sigma) Y), when the cooling rate of age hardening heat processing becomes high, it turns out that the grade of a proof stress becomes small compared with the grade of the fall of tensile strength.
Based on the above results, the inventors specified the thickness of the brazing material and the cooling rate of the age hardening heat treatment as in the present invention.

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 ... Impeller, 11 ... Disc, 12 ... Cover, 13 ... Blade, 14 ... Brazing part

Claims (3)

An impeller manufacturing method in which heat treatment is performed on an assembly in which a brazing material made of an Au alloy containing Ni is disposed at a joint portion of at least two impeller constituent members,
Subjecting the assembly to a solution heat treatment to melt and solidify the brazing material;
A step of performing an age hardening heat treatment on the assembly in which the solution heat treatment is performed and at least two impeller constituent members are joined by the brazing material,
The impeller constituent member is a precipitation hardening type mainly containing Cr; 15.5% to 17.5%, Ni; 3.0% to 5.0%, Cu; 3.0% to 5.0%. Made of stainless steel,
The brazing material contains 15% to 20% Ni and has a thickness of 200 to 1000 μm,
The cooling rate during cooling of the age hardening heat treatment is 0.5 to 10 ° C./min.
An impeller manufacturing method characterized by the above. The brazing material has a thickness of 250 to 500 μm.
The method for manufacturing an impeller according to claim 1. The cooling rate during cooling of the age hardening heat treatment is 0.5 to 2.0 ° C./min.
The manufacturing method of the impeller of Claim 1 or 2.

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