JP5422204B2 - DGKα阻害剤を含有する抗癌剤 - Google Patents
DGKα阻害剤を含有する抗癌剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5422204B2 JP5422204B2 JP2008508605A JP2008508605A JP5422204B2 JP 5422204 B2 JP5422204 B2 JP 5422204B2 JP 2008508605 A JP2008508605 A JP 2008508605A JP 2008508605 A JP2008508605 A JP 2008508605A JP 5422204 B2 JP5422204 B2 JP 5422204B2
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Description
Amiri KI, and Richmond A. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2005; 24: 301-313 Ivanov VN, et al, Oncogene. 2003; 22: 3152-3161 Soengas MS, and Lowe SW. Oncogene. 2003; 22: 3138-3151 Morgan M, et al., J Cell Biol. 2002; 157: 975-984 Chen G, et al., Science. 2002; 296: 1634-1635 Baeuerle PA, and Henkel T. F. Annu Rev Immunol. 1994; 12: 141-179 Verma IM, et al., Genes Dev. 1995; 9: 2723-2735 Baldwin AS. J Clin Invest. 2001; 107: 241-246 Hurley JH, et al., Protein Sci. 1997; 6: 477-480 Kazanietz MG. Mol Pharmacol. 2002; 61: 759-767 English D. Cell Signal. 1996; 8: 341-347 Exton JH. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994; 1212: 26-42 Imai S, et al., J Biol Chem. 2005; 280: 39870-39881 Kanoh H, et al., J Biochem. 2002; 131: 629-633 Sakane F, and Kanoh H. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1997; 29: 1139-1143 Topham MK, and Prescott SM. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 11447-11450 van Blitterswijk WJ, and Houssa B. Chem Phys Lipids. 1999; 98: 95-108 Ito T, et al., J Biol Chem. 2004; 279: 23317-23326 Sakane F, et al., J Biol Chem. 1991; 266: 7096-7100 Sakane F, et al., Nature. 1990; 344: 345-348 Yamada K, et al., Biochem J. 1997; 321: 59-64 Alonso R, et al., J Biol Chem. 2005; 280: 28439-28450 Cutrupi S, et al, EMBO J. 2000; 19: 4614-4622 Outram SV, et al., Immunology. 2002; 105: 391-398
本発明にしたがう抗癌剤は,DGKα阻害剤を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする。ここで,「DGKα阻害剤」とは,DGKαの発現量または酵素活性を有意に減少させる物質を意味する。DGKα阻害剤としては,DGKαに特異的な阻害剤でもよく,他のDGKアイソザイムをも阻害しうる阻害剤でもよい。DGKを阻害しうる阻害剤としては,例えば,3-[2-[4-[ビス-(4-フルオロフェニル)メチレン]-1-ピペリジニル]エチル]-2,3-ジヒドロ-2-チオキソ-4(1H)キナゾリノン(R59949とも称される)および6-[2-[4-[(4-フルオロフェニル)フェニルメチレン]-1-ピペリジニル]エチル]-7-メチル-5H-チアゾロ(3,2-a)ピリミジン-5-オン(R59022とも称される)が知られている。これらのいずれも本発明において用いることができる。本発明の抗癌剤は,DGKαの発現が亢進されている癌において,癌細胞のアポトーシスを誘導することができ,特に,乳癌,大腸癌,膵臓癌,卵巣癌などの,NF-κBが活性化されている癌の治療に有用であると考えられる。
本発明のDGKα阻害剤として好ましいものの1つは抗DGKα抗体である。本明細書において,「抗DGKα抗体」とは,DGKαと抗原抗体反応により結合しうる抗体を意味する。抗体はモノクローナル抗体であってもポリクローナル抗体であってもよい。
DGKα阻害剤の他の例としては,アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド,リボザイム,RNA干渉(RNAi)を引き起こす分子(例えば,dsRNA,siRNA,shRNA,miRNA)等の,DGKα遺伝子の発現(転写および/または翻訳)の抑制剤を挙げることができる。このような核酸は,DGKα遺伝子またはDGKαをコードするmRNAに結合しその発現を阻害することができる。アンチセンス,リボザイム技術およびRNAi技術を用いて遺伝子発現を制御する一般的方法,またはこのようにして外因性遺伝子を発現させる遺伝子治療方法は当該技術分野においてよく知られている。
DGKα阻害剤は,そのまま投与することも可能であるが,通常,医薬で用いられる担体を用いて製剤される。製剤に用いる担体としては,製剤分野で常用されるいずれのものをも用いることができ,例えば,滅菌水,生理食塩水,賦形剤,安定剤,酸化防止剤,緩衝剤,界面活性剤,結合剤等が好ましく用いられる。さらに,DGKα阻害剤をマイクロカプセルや高分子ゲル中に封入して,徐放性製剤としてもよい。
別の観点においては,本発明は,多様な試験物質から,抗癌剤,癌細胞のアポトーシス誘導剤,メラノーマ細胞のアポトーシス誘導剤,またはNF-κBの発現の抑制剤の候補物質をスクリーニングする方法を提供する。スクリーニングは,試験物質をDGKαと接触させ,この試験物質がDGKαの発現または酵素活性を阻害するか否かを判定することにより行うことができる。試験物質がDGKαの発現を阻害する能力は,既知の方法によりDGKαのmRNA量またはタンパク質量を測定することにより評価することができる。試験物質がDGKαの酵素活性を阻害する能力は,既知の方法によりジアシルグリセロールキナーゼ活性を測定することにより評価することができる。これらのアッセイにより,DGKαの発現または酵素活性を阻害するものとして同定された物質は,抗癌剤,癌細胞のアポトーシス誘導剤,メラノーマ細胞のアポトーシス誘導剤,またはNF-κBの発現の抑制剤の候補物質であると考えられる。
1.細胞
ヒトメラノーマ由来細胞株AKIとMMAcは北海道大学遺伝子病制御研究所,守内哲也,濱田淳一両博士より,70W,G361,SK-mel-23,SK-mel-118はSloan Kettering Cancer Center,Houghton博士より供与された。正常ヒト表皮メラノサイト(NHEM)はクラボウより購入した。メラノーマ由来細胞は,10%ウシ胎仔血清(Roche Diagnostics, Germany),ペニシリンGナトリウム(100 U/ml)および硫酸ストレプトマイシン(100 μg/ml)を添加したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(Sigma-Aldrich, U.S.A.)中で,CO2インキュベーター(5% CO2,37℃)を用いて培養した。NHEMの培養は,ウシ脳下垂体抽出液(0.2%V/V),ウシ胎仔血清(0.5%V/V),ヒト組換え型塩基性繊維芽細胞増殖因子(3 ng/ml),ハイドロコーチゾン(5×10-7 M),インスリン(5 μg/ml),トランスフェリン(5 μg/ml),ホルボールミリステートアセテート(10 ng/ml),ヘパリン(3 μg/ml)を添加したMedium 254(Cascade Biologics, U.S.A.)中で,CO2インキュベーター(5% CO2,37 ℃)を用いて行った。
野生型(WT)ブタDGKα(Sakane F, et al., Nature. 1990; 344: 345-348),キナーゼ不活性(kinase-dead)型(KD)-ブタDGKα(G435D)(Yamada K, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 305: 101-107),野生型ラットDGKβ(Goto K, and Kondo H. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993; 90: 7598-7602),および野生型ヒトDGKγ(Kai M, et al., J Biol Chem. 1994; 269: 18492-18498)を,pEGFP-C3 Vector(タカラバイオ-クロンテック)に組み込み,グリーン蛍光タンパク質(GFP)との融合タンパク質として発現させた。発現ベクターの導入は,Effectene transfection reagent(Qiagen, Germany)を用い。添付のプロトコールに従い行った。
GFP(コントロール),DGKα,DGKγをノックダウンするsiRNAは,以下の配列を有するように設計した:
GFP センス;5'-ACGGCAUCAAGGUGAACUUCAAGAU-AG-3'(配列番号2),
GFP アンチセンス;3'-UA-UGCCGUAGUUCCACUUGAAGUUCUA-5'(配列番号3),
DGKα アンチセンス;5'-CAAAGAUCCUCAAGGAUUUAGAGAU-AG-3'(配列番号4),
DGKα アンチセンス;3'-UA-GUUUCUAGGAGUUCCUAAAUCUCUA-5'(配列番号5),
DGKγ センス;5'-CCAAAGAACUGAAAUUCUGCGUUCA-AG-3'(配列番号6),
DGKγ アンチセンス;3'-GGUUUCUUGACUUUAAGACGCAGU-5'(配列番号7)。
siRNAの導入は,HiPerFect transfection reagent(Qiagen)を用い,添付のプロトコールに従い行った。
各種発現ベクターまたはsiRNAを導入した細胞をリシスバッファ(150 mM NaCl,20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.2),1 mM EDTA,1 mM フッ化フェニルメチルスルホニル,プロテアーゼインヒビターカクテル(1 錠/50ml,Roche Diagnostics))にて融解し,超音波処理(4 ℃)により破砕後,4 ℃,5分,3000 rpmで遠心分離し,上清(溶解物)を回収した。この溶解物の一部を用い,蛋白量をBCA プロテインアッセイ(Pierce Biotechnology, U.S.A.)により定量した。残りに5分の1容量のドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(SDS)-サンプルバッファ(125 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8),10% SDS,50% グリセロール,10% 2-メルカプトエタノール,0.005% ブロモフェノールブルー)を加え,100 ℃,5分煮沸し,これをSDS-ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(PAGE)用試料とした。SDS-PAGEを行った後,ポリビニリデンジフルオリド膜(Bio-Rad Laboratories, U.S.A.)へ転写(400 mA,1時間)し,転写膜をブロックエース(大日本製薬)でブロッキングした。抗DGKα抗体(Kanoh H, et al., J Biol Chem. 1986; 261: 5597-5602),抗アクチン抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, U.S.A.)または抗GFP抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology)をブロックエースで希釈し,1時間反応させた。洗浄後,それぞれの一次抗体に応じたペルオキシダーゼ標識二次抗体(Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories, U.S.A.)と反応させた。洗浄後,ECLウエスタンブロッティング検出システム(Amersham Biosciences, U.K.)を用いて発光させ,Hyperfilm(Amersham Biosciences)に露光させてバンドを検出した。バンドの濃さはImage Jソフトウェア(National Institute of Health, U.S.A.)を用いて定量した。
各細胞からISOGEN(ニッポンジーン)を用いて総 RNAを抽出した。5 μgの総 RNAよりSuperScript First-Strand Synthesis System(Invitrogen, U.S.A.)を用いてcDNAを合成した。この第1鎖cDNA(500 ng 総RNA相当)にEx Taq ポリメラーゼ(タカラバイオ)とヒトDGKα特異的プライマー(Yamada K, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 305: 101-107)を加え,94℃,4分の初期変性に続いて, 94℃,30秒(変性),60℃,30秒(アニーリング),72℃,2分(伸長)のサイクルを30回繰り返す遺伝子増幅を行った。コントロールとして,グリセルアルデヒド-3-リン酸 デヒドロゲナーゼcDNAを25サイクルのPCRで増幅した。PCR産物はアガロースゲル電気泳動を行い分離し,臭化エチジウム染色により検出した。
ポリ-L-リジンでコートしたカバーグラスに細胞を播種し,各種発現ベクターまたはsiRNAを導入し,導入24時間後に50 ng/ml TNF-α(Strathmann Biotec AG, Germany)を加えアポトーシスを誘導した。更に24時間インキュベーション後,3.7% ホルムアルデヒドを用いて固定した。0.1% Triton X-100を用いて透過性を高めた後,In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit(Roche Diagnostics)を用いて,TdT 媒介dUTP ニック末端ラベル(TUNEL)法に基づく染色を行った。Vectashield(Vector Laboratories, U.S.A.)を用いて封入し,共焦点レーザー顕微鏡(Zeiss LSM 510)にて1,000個以上の細胞を観察し,陽性細胞をカウントした。
ポリ-L-リジンにてコートしたカバーグラスに細胞を播種し,各種発現ベクターまたはsiRNAを導入し,24時間後に50 ng/ml TNF-αを加えアポトーシスを誘導した。更に24時間インキュベーション後,3.7% ホルムアルデヒドを用いて固定した。0.1% Triton X-100を用いて透過性を高めた後,2% ウシ血清アルブミン/PBSで希釈した抗DGKα抗体または抗NF-κB抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology)と1時間反応させた。洗浄後,それぞれの一次抗体に応じたAlexa Fluor 488またはAlexa Fluor 594を結合した二次抗体(Eugene, U.S.A.)と反応させた。Vectashieldを用いて封入し,共焦点レーザー顕微鏡(Zeiss LSM 510)にて細胞内局在を観察した。
NF-κBのプロモーター配列と,その下流にルシフェラーゼcDNAがレポーターとして組み込まれているpNF-κB-Luc Vector(タカラバイオ-クロンテック)を各種発現ベクターまたはsiRNAと共にAKIメラノーマ細胞に導入し,導入後24時間後に50 ng/ml TNF-αを加えアポトーシスを誘導した。更に12時間後,細胞をGlo Lysis Buffer(Promega, U.S.A.)にて融解し,ルシフェラーゼの基質(Steady-Glo,Promega)を加えて反応させた。ルシフェラーゼによる発光はWallac 1420 ARVOsxマルチラベルプレートリーダー(PerkinElmer, U.S.A.)を用いて測定した。なお,ルシフェラーゼ活性は,pSV-β-Galactosidase Control Vector(Promega)をコトランスフェクションしてβ-ガラクトシダーゼ活性を測定し,発現効率を求めて補正した。
1.I型DGKのメラノーマ細胞と正常メラノサイトにおける発現
これまでに,DGKアイソザイムのメラノーマ細胞における発現の有無は全く明らかになっていない。そこで,まずI型DGK(α-, β-, γ-アイソザイム)のmRNAとタンパク質の発現を,RT-PCR法とウェスタンブロット法により調べた。その結果,6種のメラノーマ細胞の全てで,DGKα mRNAが検出された(表1)。
DGKαがメラノーマ細胞に特化した機能をもっていることが示唆されたので,その機能を明らかにすることを試みた。メラノーマ細胞は種々の刺激や薬剤によって誘導されるアポトーシスに高い抵抗性を示すことが知られている。そこで,次に,AKI細胞を用いて DGKα を過剰発現,または逆に内在性のDGKα の発現量を低下させることによって,メラノーマ細胞のアポトーシスにおける本アイソザイムの寄与・役割を検討した。
メラノーマ細胞がTNF-αによって刺激されると,最終的にはアポトーシスが誘導されるが,他方,抗アポトーシス効果として,p65を含むNF-κBが核内へ移行し,アポトーシス抑制因子をはじめとする様々なタンパク質の転写が促進される。したがって,DGKαの過剰発現,またはノックダウンによるNF-κBの核内局在への影響を調べた。結果を図4に示す。
本発明のDGKα阻害剤が癌を抑制する効果は、公知の文献(例えば、Y.Takei, et al., Cancer Res., 64, 3365 (2004);Y.Minakuchi, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 32, e109 (2004);F.Takeshita, et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 102, 12177 (2005))に記載の方法にしたがって、動物で実験することができる。
Claims (3)
- 配列番号4または配列番号5に記載のRNA配列からなるsiRNAを含有する、ジア
シルグリセロールキナーゼのアイソザイムα(DGKα)の活性を阻害し、かつNF(n
uclear factor)−κBの発現を抑制することを特徴とする抗癌剤。 - 配列番号4または配列番号5に記載のRNA配列からなるsiRNAを含有する、ジア
シルグリセロールキナーゼのアイソザイムα(DGKα)の活性を阻害し,かつNF(n
uclear factor)−κBの発現を抑制することを特徴とするメラノーマ治療
剤。 - ジアシルグリセロールキナーゼのアイソザイムα(DGKα)の活性を阻害し,かつN
F(nuclear factor)−κBの発現を抑制することを特徴とする抗癌剤お
よび/またはメラノーマ治療剤の候補物質を同定する方法であって、試験物質をDGKα
を発現する細胞と接触させ、前記試験物質がDGKαの発現および/または機能を阻害す
るか否かを判定するステップと、NF(nuclear factor)−κB活性を測
定するステップと、を含む方法。
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