JP5371075B2 - Manufacturing method of resin transparent front pillar for automobile - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of manufacturing a front pillar for solving problems that, since a metallic front pillar for an automobile gives a bad visual field on the front side, and a blind spot is generated to cause driving safety problems, measures are implemented by using a well-known resin transparent front pillar, however, there are manufacturing problems in terms of the shape and the structure of the resin transparent pillar, and there is also a problem that a conventional front pillar is inconvenient because the portion of the front pillar cannot be solely repaired nor replaced when damaged because the conventional front pillar is of an integrated structure with a roof and a body. <P>SOLUTION: In the method of manufacturing a resin transparent front pillar for an automobile, the front pillar is formed into a polygonal deformation window-like form such as a triangular window-like form or a rectangular window-like form by increasing and expanding the lower width 29 of the front pillar 1 by transparent reinforced resin molding work to improve a visual field, maintenance such as repair or replacement is facilitated by using an attachable/detachable structure means when the front pillar 1 is damaged, and in order to achieve those, the front pillar is manufactured by a molding work means by being formed of a resin to be integrated. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2013,JPO&amp;INPIT

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

  The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a resin transparent front pillar that replaces a metal front pillar of an automobile.

Conventionally, there is a body structure that eliminates the metal front pillar of an automobile and uses a transparent material instead to improve visibility.
(For example, see Patent Document 1)

In addition, there is a metal front pillar structure with increased rigidity provided with a triangular window with glass.
(For example, see Patent Document 2)

Furthermore, there is a metal front pillar structure with increased rigidity provided with a glass-filled square window.
(For example, see Patent Document 3)

In addition, there is a resin-made structure in which a roof, a front pillar, a center pillar, and a rear pillar are integrally formed.
(For example, see Patent Document 4)

  Hereinafter, description will be given based on the drawings described in Patent Literature 1 to Patent Literature 4.

Referring to FIG. 1 to FIG. 2 and FIG. 5 described in Patent Document 1, FIG. 1 eliminates the conventional metal front pillars on the left and right sides and increases the strength by providing rigid means. Further, there is a pillarless body structure in which the transparent pillar 11 shown in FIG. 2 is attached to the portion where the front pillar is eliminated to improve the visibility.
The transparent pillar 11 is a flat plate having a thickness t of about 15 mm and a width w of about 56 mm, and is fixed to the front windshield glass 10 by adhesion so that it does not come off.
Further, a window glass 15 of a sashless door (door glass without a window frame) on one side is fitted into a portion of the weather strip 13.

  Further, FIG. 5 shows that a pillar holder 20 for holding the upper and lower ends of the flat transparent pillar 21 is provided at the end portion of the roof front edge and the side end of the cowl top outer (not shown), and the pillar holder 20 and the flat transparent pillar. The two ends of the transparent pillar 21 are fixed to the roof and the cowl top using an adhesive 22.

  Subsequently, in FIG. 1 described in Patent Document 2, a triangular window fitted with a glass serving as a front side windshield 5 integrated with a metal front pillar 4 is attached, and the front side is a front part. A triangular window frame is configured with a front pillar and a double pillar on the rear side and front and rear double pillars.

  In FIG. 1 described in Patent Document 3, a square window into which a sub-window glass 7 is fitted is integrated with a metal front pillar 20, and front and rear front and rear pillars 40 and 80 are attached. A square window frame is constructed with double pillars.

  In FIG. 1 and FIG. 11 described in Patent Document 4, the roof 20, the front pillar 5, the center pillar 6, and the rear pillar 7 are integrally formed of a resin member on the upper body 101 of the vehicle body 100. There is a lower body 102 formed of a metal member.

  These are vehicle body structures in which an upper body body 101 made of resin and a lower body body 102 made of metal are connected by respective insertion portions 25, 26, 27.

  Shokai 64-21070   JP-A-8-80868   JP2003-276638   JP2011-88495

  The conventional transparent front pillar described in Patent Document 1 described above is a transparent pillar having a thickness t of 15 mm and a width w of about 56 mm, which is not deformed by flat plate processing, and the front glass extends from the roof side to the bonnet side. Since it is formed in a gentle rounded shape, it is difficult and almost impossible to mount using a transparent pillar having a flat plate shape and no warpage.

  Further, there is a problem of peeling because the vicinity of both side edges 10a of the front window glass 10 attached via the transparent pillar 11 shown in FIG. 2 of Patent Document 1 is attached, and a sashless door on one side. The weatherstrip 13 that fits the window glass 15 is not airtight and watertight, and the mounting method and the housing structure are poor, so there is a problem when the door glass window frame is attached. was there.

  In addition, in FIG. 5 of Patent Document 1, the adhesive 22 is used between the pillar holders 20 that hold both ends of the transparent pillars 21, so that the peeling may occur, and the pillar holders 20 and the transparent pillars 21 The construction means for connecting both ends to the roof and the cowl top outer is not clear and not described, and there is a problem in maintenance for repair and replacement when only the transparent pillar 21 is damaged.

  Therefore, the transparent pillars 11 and 21 shown in Patent Document 1 are structured to be bonded and fixed, and these transparent pillars 11 and 21 are detachable structure means for repairing and replacing when damaged. It was not.

  Furthermore, the conventional flat transparent pillars 11 and 21 of Patent Document 1 are inconvenient because they cannot deal with the triangular window shape and the square window shape, and the flat transparent pillars 11 and 21 are manufactured. There were problems with processing and manufacturing methods.

The problems of Patent Document 2 to Patent Document 3 will be described below. The triangular window of Patent Document 2 and the rectangular window of Patent Document 3 are both metal front pillars that are rigid structure means in which glass is fitted, The pillar is integrated with the roof and body structure, and is composed of complex steel sheet metal bending and numerous welding joints. For this reason, there are problems such as time-consuming and high cost, and poor visibility due to being made of metal.

In addition, triangular windows and square windows fitted with glass have a problem that the glass itself is not strong and cannot be used as a rigid means. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a rigid structure of reinforcing members including pillars before and after the glass. was there.

  Therefore, the front and rear pillars including the front pillars made of metal and having a rigid structure become thick, and there is a problem that the front and rear double pillars further become worse in visibility.

  In addition, when each pillar portion is broken, it is inconvenient that only each pillar cannot be attached / detached and partial repair cannot be exchanged.

  Subsequently, the front pillar 5 of Patent Document 4 is not a front pillar for the purpose of transparency, but a vehicle body structure for other purposes, and the structure, shape, and molding method are described in detail for the front pillar 5. It was not described and was unclear.

  The present invention is intended to solve the problems of such a conventional configuration. A polygonal window shape is integrally formed by using a transparent front pillar made of resin, thereby improving visibility. At the same time, it is intended to facilitate the maintenance by using the front pillar as a detachable structure means, and in order to achieve these, the shape and shape of the resin transparent front pillar can be manufactured and processed by molding. Is to build.

As a problem-solving means, a resin-made transparent front pillar that inclines in a substantially deformed warp shape of the windshield 6 that is warped in the direction of the bonnet 8 from the roof 2 in a curved manner. 1 is mounted, a narrow upper width 28 brought to the transparent front pillar 1 of the roof 2 side direction, formed in a substantially triangular window shape to expand the lower width 29 wider as the body 4 side direction, the substantially Rigidity is increased by the front and rear double pillars in which the direction side in contact with the windshield 6 in the triangular window-shaped lower width 29 direction portion is the front pillar side 10 and the direction side in contact with one door window 7 direction is the rear pillar side 11. and, the wall thickness 12 is provided on the portion of the glass receiving portion 13 provided on the front pillar side 10, thicker in the portion of the window receiving portion 15 provided on one of said rear pillar side 11 12 The lower width of the lower portion forming the substantially triangular window shape by reducing the cost by providing the substantially triangular window shape central surface by the concave portion 25 so as to have a substantially curved shape that is thinner than the thicknesses 12 and 12. The lower width portion 29 has improved rigidity and visibility, and these are made of resin and are integrally manufactured by molding means. (The above-mentioned thin wall 20 means that the thickness of the meat is small and thin.) In addition, the above-mentioned molding processing means is to process a transparent resin material into a fixed shape using a mold, and has a complicated shape. However, it is possible to produce an integrated molded product with increased rigidity, making mass production easy and reducing costs.
In addition to the above-mentioned substantially triangular window shape , it may be formed in a polygonal window shape such as a rectangular window shape .

Further, the transparent front pillar is manufactured by molding processing means in a slim window shape with the wide width of the upper width and the lower width being substantially the same width. The shape is not necessarily limited to the triangular window shape or the square window shape described above, and a wide shape is selected and manufactured depending on the vehicle type. (See drawing, Fig. 5)

  The transparent front pillar is made of a transparent reinforced polycarbonate resin, or by means of an integrated molding process using a thermoplastic resin such as a carbon fiber composite material (CFRP), (GFRP), or (FRP) and a thermosetting resin. Form as. In addition, tempered glass or the like may be used, but it is necessary to consider the problem of rigidity.

  The resin transparent front pillar manufacturing method according to the present invention includes a roof, a front pillar, a center pillar, and a rear pillar, which are made of a resin body upper body, as shown in the above-mentioned Patent Document 4. It may be formed using the manufacturing means according to the above. By doing so, the rear pillar can also be made transparent, and the field of view during back operation is further enhanced. Or you may join the transparent front pillar of a single object shown below.

  Further, as a manufacturing method, the transparent front pillar is formed as an independent single body with an upper end portion and a lower end portion, and each connection portion is provided on the roof side and the body side to provide the upper end portion of the transparent front pillar. And the lower end portion are manufactured by being detachably attached to each connection portion. (See Figure 4)

By forming such a single object, it can be combined with a metal body structure instead of the conventional metal front pillar, and only the front pillar portion of the resin body upper body shown in Patent Document 4 is used. The transparent front pillar of the single object of the present invention may be connected and fixed as a detachable structure means.
Then, it becomes convenient for replacement repair when only the transparent front pillar part is damaged.

  In addition, a glass receiving portion of the windshield provided on the front pillar side is formed in an L shape, and an L-shaped glass receiving holder member is mounted along the portion, and a window receiving portion provided on the other rear pillar side. Are formed in a staircase shape or L shape, and a window receiving holder member is attached along the portion, and attached along the longitudinal shape direction of the transparent front pillar.

The glass receiving holder member and the window receiving holder member may be made of metal, making it convenient as a mounting base for the glass pressing molding and the weather strip while serving as the rigid means of the transparent front pillar made of resin and the holder.
In addition, when a windshield, a glass holding molding, a weather strip, or the like is in direct contact with the transparent front pillar, mounting traces on the back side appear and are used as a blindfold cover.

In order to attach each holder member described above, a mounting groove receiving portion of the holder member is formed in an L shape or a concave groove shape on the transparent front pillar, and is manufactured by molding.

Since the transparent front pillar is partially exposed to the outer surface, it may be covered with a protective cover material such as a transparent glass system to prevent damage.
If there is some damage, only the protective cover member can be replaced.
It does not necessarily mean that a protective cover material has to be attached, and when it is not attached, it can be repaired by a polishing process.

  The transparent front pillar is a reinforced polycarbonate resin which is formed in the longitudinal direction of the above-mentioned uneven deformation warpage and formed in a thick structure means on a wide and enlarged polygonal window-shaped uneven deformation portion. If it is made, etc., it becomes a front pillar capable of a rigid structure shape superior to that of a conventional metal front pillar, and therefore, it can exhibit a function higher than that of a conventional metal front pillar. As is well known, the strength of reinforced resin is about 10 times that of iron. (See the Nikkei Ecology December 2011 issue)

Substantially transparent front pillar triangular window-like and integrally formed made of resin present invention as described above, since it is formed in an uneven deformation warp-like longitudinal direction, flows warped gentle curvature from the roof to the bonnet direction The windshield can be fitted and attached in close contact with the rounded curvature of the windshield.
And the rigidity by double pillars before and after the front pillar side and rear pillar side, increases the more rigid further provided a wall thickness in the portion of the receiving portion and the window receiving portion glass, center of the substantially triangular window-like lowering the cost side facing generally curved shape of the thin by the recess, and, hardly broken by a triangular plastic window-like, the rigidity of the lower width of the entire lower width of forming a substantially triangular window shape, including a transparent front pillar And improve visibility.

  Since the glass receiving holder member is attached to the glass receiving part provided on the front pillar side, it is possible to easily attach the windshield while keeping the airtight and watertight with the glass holding molding. Since the window receiving holder member is attached to the receiving portion, the weather strip keeps water and air tightness, and also closes as a window frame receiver for the door.

Further, each holder member serves as a rigid reinforcing material for the transparent front pillar, and also serves as a blind cover as a trace mark that can be seen when the windshield, molding, weather strip, and the like are attached.
In order to do so, the mounting groove receiving portion of the holder member is formed, and the cut end surface of the holder member becomes the same surface so that the cut end surface is not exposed from the outer surface and fits and fits.

  By integrally forming the L-shaped glass receiving portion on the front pillar side and the stepped or L-shaped window receiving portion on the rear pillar side, the above-described configuration becomes possible and convenient.

  The lower width of the front pillar side and the rear pillar side are widened and widened to form a polygonal window, thereby increasing the rigidity of the lower width and further improving the visibility as a triangular window or a rectangular window. It is possible to achieve a rigid and safe effect.

  Furthermore, if it is made into a polygonal window, it can be used for a cab forward type vehicle that gradually reduces the inclination angle of the windshield, which has recently increased, and the visibility of the windshield is further improved and the air resistance of the windshield is reduced. Increases efficiency.

  By connecting and fixing the transparent front pillar of a single object to each connecting portion on the roof side and the body side as attachment / detachment means, repair and replacement at the time of damage are facilitated.

Since the resin-made transparent front pillar is partly exposed on the outer surface, maintenance is facilitated by covering and protecting with a transparent protective cover as a countermeasure in case of damage.
Some scratches can be treated with simple polishing.

  When manufacturing conventional metal front pillars, it was expensive due to complicated steel sheet metal bending and welding processes, but the transparent front pillar of the present invention is made of resin and is a manufacturing method by molding, so forming Advantages of easy processing are achieved, and the cost can be reduced. In addition, the strength of the reinforced resin is about 10 times that of iron, so it is better than the metal pillar.

  Regardless of the triangular or square window shape, the transparent front pillar serves as a window even if it is a slim and elongated front pillar shape. (See Figure 5)

  By forming the resin transparent front pillar of the present invention using the above-described manufacturing method by molding, the effect that did not exist in the conventional metal front pillar and the known resin transparent front pillar is epoch-making. can do.

  The front left perspective view which attached the front pillar which shows embodiment of this invention   A-A line sectional view of the front pillar   Sectional view along line B-B with polygonal window shape of the front pillar   Broken perspective view showing the mounting state when the front pillar is viewed from the driver's seat side   The perspective view of the side skeleton which shows other embodiment of this invention.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.

FIG. 1 is a view showing a state in which a resin transparent front pillar 1 according to the present invention is attached instead of a conventional metal front pillar, and is attached at a position of a metal front pillar that has been conventionally attached. It was.
As for the attachment method, the connection portion 3 provided in the direction of the roof 2 and the connection portion 3 provided in the direction of the body 4 are attached and fixed.

  The attached transparent front pillar 1 is attached between the windshield 6 and the door window 7 of the closed door 27, and is attached to the roof 2 from the roof 2 to the bonnet 8 in the direction of the gentle rounded windshield 6. .

A windshield 6 is attached to the front pillar side 10 in front of the transparent front pillar 1, and a door 27 is closed and a window frame 18 is in contact with the rear pillar side 11 at the rear.
The shape of the transparent front pillar 1 is such that the upper width 28 is narrower in the direction of the upper roof 2, the lower width 29 is wider in the direction of the lower body 4, and the lower part is widened to form a triangular window.

  In the case of a square window shape, the upper width 28 and the lower width 29 have the same width, or the upper width 28 is slightly narrower than the lower width 29 and is warped against the inclination of the windshield 6, and the upper and lower connecting portions are formed. Connect to 3 and 3 and install.

In addition, it is not necessarily limited to a triangular or square window shape, and may be formed in a window shape with a slim and slender shape in the vertical direction with substantially the same width dimension interval, and the window shape may be selected depending on the type of vehicle.
These are illustrated in FIG. 5 below.

2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA of FIG. 1, wherein the direction surface of the windshield 6 of the transparent front pillar 1 is a front pillar side 10, and the direction surface of one door window 7 is a rear pillar side 11. As shown in FIG.
The inner side of the vehicle is formed into a substantially concave portion 25 and the outer side of the vehicle is formed into a substantially convex portion 26 in accordance with the inclination warp of the windshield 6.

The transparent front pillar 1 formed in a substantially uneven deformed warp shape is attached via the windshield 6 and the door window 7, and an L-shaped glass receiving portion 13 is formed on the front pillar side 10, and glass is formed in that portion. A receiving holder member 14 is mounted.
A window receiving portion 15 having a stepped shape was formed on one rear pillar side 11, and a window receiving holder member 16 was attached to that portion.
Note that the shape of the window receiving portion 15 is not necessarily a staircase shape, and an L shape may be used.

  When the windshield 6 is pressed against the glass receiving holder member 14 by the glass holding molding 24 and is fixed with increased watertightness and airtightness, and the door is closed to one of the window receiving holder members 16, a weather strip 17 attached to the window frame 18. The door closes while keeping water tight and airtight.

Further, the outer surface of the transparent front pillar 1 is covered with a transparent protective cover material 19 such as a glass system so as to prevent damage.
For small scratches, only the protective cover member 19 can be repaired and replaced.

  The width 9 between the front pillar side 10 and the rear pillar side 11 of the transparent front pillar 1 is preferably about 30 mm or more, and may be widened freely and formed as a deformed window depending on the type of automobile.

  In FIG.Approximately triangular window-shaped partBB sectional view of FIG.From the roof It is made of resin on the windshield 6 mounted against the gentle curve in the bonnet direction.Transparent front pillar 1And the flow in the lower width 29 direction portion of the substantially triangular window shape. Direction side in contact with the front glass 6Front pillar side 10And the direction in contact with one door window 7 direction SideRear pillar side 11The front and rear double pillars have increased rigidity.
Furthermore, in the portion of the glass receiving portion 13 provided on the front pillar side 10Thickness 12One of the AboveRear pillar side 11Also in the part of the window receiver 15 provided inThickness 12To provide even higher rigidity I tried. In addition, the substantially triangular window-like central surface on the inner side of the vehicle is formed as a substantially concave portion 25, and the central surface on the outer side of the vehicle is defined. As the shape of the substantially flat convex portion 26, the thickness 12, 1 is determined by the substantially concave portion 25 on the center surface. Lower the cost as a generally curved shape with a wall thickness 20 thinner than 2.Almost uneven deformation warpedRoughly triangleLike a window As a singleFormed.

  When the glass receiving portion 13 and the glass receiving holder member 14 on the front pillar side 10 are described separately for the sake of clarity, the glass receiving holder member 14 is provided at the outer side of the glass receiving portion 13 and the front end portion of the inner side of the vehicle. The L-shaped groove receiving portions 5 and 5 are formed so that the cut end faces 30 and 30 can be easily engaged with each other.

When the glass receiving holder member 14 that is engaged with the groove receiving portions 5 and 5 is attached, the cut end surfaces 30 and 30 are covered and become the same surface, and a molding process is performed so as to improve the fit.
The window receiving portion 15 to which one of the window receiving holder members 16 is attached is formed by the same method.
The shape of the L-shaped groove receiving portions 5 and 5 is described. However, this is not necessarily the case. For example, a concave groove portion is formed and the surfaces of the cut end portions 30 and 30 are inserted to provide a good fit. There is also a way to do it.

  A stepped window receiving portion 15 is provided on one rear pillar side 11, and a window receiving holder member 16 is attached to that portion, and a weather strip 17 attached to the window frame 18 when the door is closed contacts and adheres closely. I did it.

In the above description, the door window 7 with the window frame 18 is described. However, in the case of a door window of a sashless door without the window frame 18 depending on the vehicle type, the weather strip is directly attached to the window receiving holder member 16. Can be fixed and attached.
In the following, FIG. 3 is the same as the contents described with reference to FIG.

Referring to FIG. 4, the transparent front pillar 1 of the present invention is mounted on the left side when viewed from the driver's seat in the vehicle, and the independent object is independent of the upper end portion 22 in the roof 2 direction and the lower end portion 22 in the body 4 direction. It is formed as.
And the bag-shaped pocket brackets 21 and 21 are attached to the connection part 3 of the roof 2 direction and the connection part 3 of the body 4 direction, respectively.
The fixing means for the bag-like pocket brackets 21 and 21 may be either welding or bolting, and constitutes a slotted ridge structure with these as hollow insertion holes.

  The upper end 22 and the lower end 22 of the transparent front pillar 1 are transferred to the upper and lower bag-shaped pocket brackets 21, 21, inserted in a vertical manner, and detachably connected by bolts 23, 23. The manufacturing method is such that the transparent front pillar 1 is molded so as to be fixed.

  The upper and lower bag-like pocket brackets 21 and 21 are used as welding or bolting fixing means, but the bag-like pocket brackets 21 and 21 are not used as fixing means, and are fastened and fixed by the bolts 23 and 23 simultaneously with the mounting of the transparent front pillar 1. Needless to say, it's useful.

The windshield 6 is fitted on the front pillar side 10 of the attached transparent front pillar 1, and the door window 7 when the door 27 is closed is in close contact with one rear pillar side 11.
The upper width 28 of the transparent front pillar 1 is narrowed and the lower width 29 is widened to form a triangular window.

In FIG. 5, the transparent front pillar 1 of the present invention is attached to the side skeleton body 31 as attachment / detachment means to the connection portion 3 in the roof 2 direction and the connection portion 3 in the body 4 direction.
The side skeleton body 31 may be made of metal or resin, and if the resin side skeleton body 31 is a manufacturing method by an integrated molding process, the transparent front pillar 1 of the present invention is also molded simultaneously. You may do it. By doing so, the rear pillar 32 can also be made a transparent pillar at the same time.

  In the case of such an integral molding process, the transparent front pillar 1 of the present invention cannot be attached / detached, and in order to attach / detach, it can be used if it is connected using the transparent front pillar of the present invention formed as a single object. It is.

The transparent front pillar 1 shown in FIG. 5 is formed into a thin slim window-shaped transparent front pillar 1 having the same width between the upper width 28 and the lower width 29 or slightly widening the lower width 29.
The transparent front pillar 1 can be formed as a window having a slightly different image from the widened and enlarged method such as the above-described triangular or square window shape.
What is necessary is just to select the formation method of wide expansion according to the vehicle model of a motor vehicle.
In addition to the above description, FIG. 5 is substantially the same as the content described with reference to FIG.

Thus, by that resin transparent front pillar integral configured substantially triangular window shape of the present invention shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 described above, to increase the rigidity, the prevention of dead by sight improvement This is a manufacturing method by molding which is an epoch-making mass production structure means that has not been achieved in the past .

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Transparent front pillar 2 Roof 3 Connection part 4 Body 5 Groove receiving part 6 Windshield 7 Door window 9 Wide 10 Front pillar side 11 Rear pillar side 13 Glass receiving part 14 Glass receiving holder member 15 Window receiving part 16 Window receiving holder member 17 Weather Strip 18 Window Frame 19 Protective Cover Material 21 Bag-shaped Pocket Bracket 22 Upper and Lower Ends 25 Recess 26 Convex 28 Upper Width 29 Lower Width 30 Cut End Face 31 Side Frame

Claims (1)

In the windshield 6 attached to the bonnet 8 in the direction of the bonnet 8 from the roof 2, the transparent front pillar 1 made of resin that is inclined in a substantially deformed warped shape that is warped of the windshield 6 is attached. narrowing the upper width 28 as the roof 2 side direction of the transparent front pillar 1, it is formed into a substantially triangular window shape to expand the lower width 29 wider as the body 4 side direction, of the substantially triangular window-like The front side 6 of the lower width 29 direction part is a front pillar side 10 and the direction side of the door window 7 is a rear pillar side 11. the thickness 12 provided in a portion of the glass receiving portion 13 provided on the part pillar side 10, one, more rigid in providing the thickness 12 is also part of the window receiving portion 15 provided on the rear pillar side 11 The central surface of the substantially triangular window shape is made thinner than the wall thicknesses 12 and 12 by the recess 25, so that the rigidity and visibility improvement of the lower width portion of the lower width 29 forming the substantially triangular window shape is enhanced. In addition, a method for producing a resin-made transparent front pillar for automobiles, characterized in that these are made of resin and are integrally produced by molding means.

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