JP5310675B2 - 光電変換材料用半導体、光電変換素子及び太陽電池 - Google Patents
光電変換材料用半導体、光電変換素子及び太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5310675B2 JP5310675B2 JP2010185904A JP2010185904A JP5310675B2 JP 5310675 B2 JP5310675 B2 JP 5310675B2 JP 2010185904 A JP2010185904 A JP 2010185904A JP 2010185904 A JP2010185904 A JP 2010185904A JP 5310675 B2 JP5310675 B2 JP 5310675B2
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- 125000004673 propylcarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004309 pyranyl group Chemical group O1C(C=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004307 pyrazin-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])N=C(*)C([H])=N1 0.000 description 1
- JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazol-3-one Chemical compound O=C1C=CN=N1 JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004289 pyrazol-3-yl group Chemical group [H]N1N=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002755 pyrazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical group C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005400 pyridylcarbonyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC=C1)C(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005554 pyridyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005030 pyridylthio group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC=C1)S* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001422 pyrrolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QEIQICVPDMCDHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[2,3-d]triazole Chemical compound N1=NC2=CC=NC2=N1 QEIQICVPDMCDHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GZTPJDLYPMPRDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyrazole Chemical compound N1=NC2=CC=NC2=C1 GZTPJDLYPMPRDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004260 quinazolin-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=NC(*)=NC2=C1C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C2[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004546 quinazolin-4-yl group Chemical group N1=CN=C(C2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- SBYHFKPVCBCYGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinuclidine Chemical group C1CC2CCN1CC2 SBYHFKPVCBCYGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GGYFMLJDMAMTAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenelead Chemical compound [Pb]=[Se] GGYFMLJDMAMTAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003346 selenoethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004469 siloxy group Chemical group [SiH3]O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000020 sulfo group Chemical group O=S(=O)([*])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004213 tert-butoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(O*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006633 tert-butoxycarbonylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001981 tert-butyldimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([H])(C([H])([H])[H])[*]C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005329 tetralinyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- GKXDJYKZFZVASJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapropylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC GKXDJYKZFZVASJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000000437 thiazol-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])N=C(*)S1 0.000 description 1
- 125000004149 thio group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- YONPGGFAJWQGJC-UHFFFAOYSA-K titanium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)Cl YONPGGFAJWQGJC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000006276 transfer reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005259 triarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O triethylammonium ion Chemical compound CC[NH+](CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001018 xanthene dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001834 xanthenyl group Chemical group C1=CC=CC=2OC3=CC=CC=C3C(C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AIFRHYZBTHREPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N β-carboline Chemical group N1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 AIFRHYZBTHREPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
Description
2.開放電圧
3.形状因子
4.エネルギー変換効率
5.光吸収スペクトル
などが重要であるが、特に4.のエネルギー変換効率は太陽電池の最大の課題であり、その改良が強く望まれていた。その効率を左右する技術課題の一つとして、光励起された電子を効率的に半導体に移動する能力を有する増感色素が求められている。これまでに検討された種々の色素のうち、前記ルテニウム錯体系色素は比較的優れた特性を有することがわかっているが、色素が高価であること、および錯体の中心金属であるルテニウムが稀少元素であり将来にわたる安定的な供給に懸念がもたれることから、より安価で安定的に供給可能な有機色素がより好ましい。こうした要請からこれまでにも多くの有機色素が検討されているが、その光電変換効率は未だ充分なものではなく、さらに変換効率の高い光電変換素子を構成できる有機色素が待望されていた。
2.下記一般式(2)で表されるモノメチン化合物を含むことを特徴とする光電変換材料用半導体。
3.下記一般式(3)で表されるモノメチン化合物を含むことを特徴とする光電変換材料用半導体。
4.下記一般式(4)で表されるモノメチン化合物を含むことを特徴とする光電変換材料用半導体。
5.下記一般式(5)で表されるモノメチン化合物を含むことを特徴とする光電変換材料用半導体。
6.前記一般式(1)〜(5)で表されるモノメチン化合物群から選択される少なくとも1種の化合物のメタノール溶液中における吸収極大波長が480nm以上であることを特徴とする前記1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換材料用半導体。
8.下記一般式(6)または(7)で表されるモノメチン色素を含むことを特徴とする光電変換材料用半導体。
9.下記一般式(8)または(9)で表されるモノメチン色素を少なくとも1種含むことを特徴とする光電変換材料用半導体。
10.前記一般式(8)または(9)で表されるモノメチン色素のR207が−COOM基であることを特徴とする前記9に記載の光電変換材料用半導体。
本発明の光電変換材料用半導体に用いられる半導体としては、シリコン、ゲルマニウムのような単体、周期表(元素周期表ともいう)の第3族〜第5族、第13族〜第15族系の元素を有する化合物、金属のカルコゲニド(例えば酸化物、硫化物、セレン化物等)、金属窒化物等を使用することができる。
本発明に係る前記一般式(1)表されるモノメチン化合物について説明する。
一般式(2)中、R1は、−NR4R5またはヒドロキシル基を表し、R4、R5は、各々独立に水素原子、アルキル基、アリール基または複素環基を表す。
一般式(3)において、R1、R2、R3、B1、Qで各々表される基は、前記一般式(2)において、R1、R2、R3、B1、Qで各々表される基と同義である。
一般式(4)において、R8、R9は、各々、前記一般式(2)に記載のR4、R5と同義であるが、中でも、炭素原子数が1〜18のアルキル基が最も好ましい。B3は、前記一般式(2)におけるB1と同義である。R7は、前記一般式(2)に記載のR7と同義である。
一般式(5)において、Qは、前記一般式(2)に記載のQと同義であり、R8、R9は、各々、前記一般式(2)に記載のR4、R5と同義であるが、中でも、炭素原子数が1〜18のアルキル基が最も好ましい。B3は、前記一般式(2)におけるB1と同義である。
本発明に係る前記一般式(1)〜(5)で各々表されるモノメチン化合物に可視域または金赤外域に吸収能を付与可能な原子団Qについて詳細に説明する。
一般式(Cp−3)において、R61は、アルキル基、アリール基、複素環基、アシルアミノ基、アミノ基、カルボキシル基、アルコキシル基、アリールオキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、ウレイド基またはアルコキシカルボニルアミノ基を表す。R62はアルキル基、アリール基または複素環基を表す。
一般式(Cp−4)、(Cp−5)において、R63、R64は各々、水素原子、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、複素環基、アシルアミノ基、アルキルスルホニルアミノ基、アリールスルホニルアミノ基、アミノ基、アルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、アルコキシル基、アリールオキシ基、ウレイド基、アルコキシカルボニルアミノ基、カルバモイル基、カルボキシル基またはアルコキシカルボニル基を表す。
一般式(Cp−13)において、R74はカルバモイル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、カルボキシル基、シアノ基、スルファモイル基、アシルアミノ基、ウレイド基、アルコキシカルボニルアミノ基またはアルキルもしくはアリールスルホニルアミノ基を表し、R75はハロゲン原子、アルキル基、アリール基、複素環基、アシルアミノ基、アルキルもしくはアリールスルホニルアミノ基、アミノ基、アルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、アルコキシル基、アリールオキシ基、カルボキシル基、ウレイド基またはアルコキシカルボニルアミノ基を表し、dは0ないし4のいずれかの整数を表す。dが複数のとき、複数個のR75は同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
一般式(Cp−17)において、R85、R86は、各々、水素原子、アルキル基、アリール基、複素環基、アシルアミノ基、アルキルスルホニルアミノ基、アリールスルホニルアミノ基、アミノ基、アルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、アルコキシル基、アリールオキシ基、ウレイド基、アルコキシカルボニルアミノ基、アシル基、アルコキシカルボニル基またはカルバモイル基を表す。
上記一般式(6)、(7)の各々において、R201、R202は、各々水素原子、アルキル基、アリール基または複素環基を表し、R203、R204は、各々置換基を表し、R205、R206は、各々水素原子または置換基を表し、R201、R202は互いに結合し環状構造を形成しても良く、R201またはR202と、R205またはR206とが互いに結合し環状構造を形成しても良く、B11及びB12は各々独立して=C(R209)−または=N−を表し、R207〜R209は、各々水素原子または置換基を表すが、R201〜R209で表される基の少なくとも一つは、直接または連結基を介して−COOM基を少なくとも一つ有する。Mは水素原子または塩形成性陽イオンを表す。
上記一般式(8)及び(9)の各々において、B11、B12は、上記一般式(6)、(7)のB11、B12と同義である。
《例示化合物II−91の合成》
以下に記載の合成ルートに従い、例示化合物II−32を合成した。
以下に記載の合成ルートに従い、例示化合物III−11を合成した。
本発明の光電変換材料用半導体は、前記一般式(1)〜(9)で表されるいずれか1種の化合物を含むことにより増感し、本発明に記載の効果を奏することが可能となる。ここで、該化合物を含むとは、半導体表面への吸着、半導体が多孔質などのポーラスな構造を有する場合には、半導体の多孔質構造に前記化合物が入りこむ等の種々の態様が挙げられる。
本発明の光電変換材料用半導体の作製方法について説明する。
まず、半導体の微粉末を含む塗布液を調製する。この半導体微粉末は、その1次粒子径が微細な程好ましく、その1次粒子径は、1nm〜5000nmが好ましく、更に好ましくは2nm〜50nmである。半導体微粉末を含む塗布液は、半導体微粉末を溶媒中に分散させることによって調製することができる。溶媒中に分散された半導体微粉末は、その1次粒子状で分散する。溶媒としては、半導体微粉末を分散し得るものであればよく、特に制約されない。
上記のようにして得られた半導体微粉末含有塗布液を導電性支持体上に塗布または吹きつけ、乾燥等を行った後、空気中または不活性ガス中で焼成して、導電性支持体上に半導体層(半導体膜)が形成される。
半導体の増感処理は、上記のように、色素を適切な溶媒に溶解し、その溶液に前記半導体を焼成した基板を浸漬することによって行われる。その際には半導体層(半導体膜ともいう)を焼成により形成させた基板を、あらかじめ減圧処理したり加熱処理したりして膜中の気泡を除去し、前記一般式(1)〜(9)のいずれか1種の化合物が半導体層(半導体膜)内部深くに進入できるようにしておくことが好ましく、半導体層(半導体膜)が多孔質構造膜である場合には特に好ましい。
前記一般式(1)〜(9)のいずれか1種の化合物を溶解するのに用いる溶媒は、前記化合物を溶解することができ、且つ、半導体を溶解したり半導体と反応したりすることのないものであれば格別の制限はないが、溶媒に溶解している水分および気体が半導体膜に進入して、前記化合物の吸着等の増感処理を妨げることを防ぐために、あらかじめ脱気および蒸留精製しておくことが好ましい。
半導体を焼成した基板を、前記一般式(1)〜(9)のいずれか1種の化合物を含む溶液に浸漬する時間は、半導体層(半導体膜)に前記化合物が深く進入して吸着等を充分に進行させ、半導体を十分に増感させ、且つ、溶液中のでの前記化合物の分解等により生成して分解物が化合物の吸着を妨害することを抑制する観点から、25℃条件下では、3時間〜48時間が好ましく、更に好ましくは、4時間〜24時間である。この効果は、特に、半導体膜が多孔質構造膜である場合において顕著である。但し、浸漬時間については、25℃条件での値であり、温度条件を変化させて場合には、上記の限りではない。
本発明の光電変換素子について、図1を用いて説明する。
図1を用いながら、光電変換素子の製造方法を説明する。
本発明の太陽電池について説明する。
本発明の光電変換素子や本発明の太陽電池に用いられる導電性支持体には、金属板のような導電性材料や、ガラス板やプラスチックフイルムのような非導電性材料に導電性物質を設けた構造のものを用いることができる。導電性支持体に用いられる材料の例としては金属(例えば白金、金、銀、銅、アルミニウム、ロジウム、インジウム)あるいは導電性金属酸化物(例えばインジウム−スズ複合酸化物、酸化スズにフッ素をドープしたもの)や炭素を挙げることができる。導電性支持体の厚さは特に制約されないが、0.3mm〜5mmが好ましい。
本発明に用いられる電荷移動層について説明する。
本発明に用いられる対向電極について説明する。
《光電変換素子1の作製》
下記に記載のようにして、図1に示すような光電変換素子を作製した。
光電変換素子1の作製において、例示化合物II−1を表1に記載の化合物に変更した以外は同様にして、光電変換素子2〜37を得た。
光電変換素子1の作製において、表1に記載の比較化合物R1、R2に変更した以外は同様にして、光電変換素子R1、R2を得た。
光電変換素子1の側面を樹脂で封入した後、リード線を取り付けて、本発明の太陽電池SC−01〜SC−37を各々3ロットずつ作製した。
上記の太陽電池SC−01の作製において、比較の光電変換素子R1、R2を各々用いた以外は同様にして、太陽電池SC−R1、SC−R2を各々3ロットずつ作製した。
上記で得られた太陽電池SC−01〜SC−37、及び太陽電池SC−R1、SC−R2の各々にソーラーシミュレーター(JASCO(日本分光)製、低エネルギー分光感度測定装置CEP−25)により100mW/m2の強度の光を照射した時の短絡電流密度Jsc(mA/cm2)および開放電圧値Voc(V)を測定し表1に示した。示した値は、同じ構成および作製方法の太陽電池3つについての測定結果の平均値とした。
《光電変換素子101〜120、R3の作製》
実施例1に記載の光電変換素子1の作製において、例示化合物II−1を表2に記載の化合物に変更した以外は同様にして、光電変換素子101〜120、R3を各々作製した。
実施例1に記載の太陽電池SC−01の作製において、光電変換素子1を表2に記載の光電変換素子を用いた以外は同様にして、太陽電池SC−101〜SC−120、SC−R3を各々、3ロットずつ作製した。
上記で得られた太陽電池SC−101〜SC−120、及び太陽電池SC−R3の各々にソーラーシミュレーター(JASCO(日本分光)製、低エネルギー分光感度測定装置CEP−25)により100mW/m2の強度の光を照射した時の短絡電流密度Jsc(mA/cm2)および開放電圧値Voc(V)を測定し表2に示した。示した値は、同じ構成および作製方法の太陽電池3つについての測定結果の平均値とした。
2 感光層
3 電荷移動層
4 対向電極
Claims (5)
- 下記一般式(4)で表されるモノメチン化合物を含むことを特徴とする光電変換材料用半導体。
で表される構造を表し、R8、R9は、各々独立に水素原子、アルキル基、アリール基または複素環基を表し、B3は=C(R6)−または=N−を表し、R6、R7は、各々独立に水素原子または置換基を表す。Yは酸素原子、窒素原子または硫黄原子を表す。〕 - 前記モノメチン化合物が、下記化学式III−13、III−41、III−51、III−55、III−61、III−62、III−63、III−64、III−71およびIII−75からなる群から選択される化合物である、請求項1に記載の光電変換材料用半導体:
- 前記光電変換材料用半導体が、金属酸化物半導体または金属硫化物半導体であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の光電変換材料用半導体。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換材料用半導体が導電性支持体上に設けられていることを特徴とする光電変換素子。
- 請求項4に記載の光電変換素子、電荷移動層および対向電極を有することを特徴とする太陽電池。
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