JP5294271B2 - Cdh3ペプチド及びこれを含む薬剤 - Google Patents
Cdh3ペプチド及びこれを含む薬剤 Download PDFInfo
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Description
Nakamura, T., et al., Oncogene 23: 2385-2400 (2004) Obama, K., et al., Hepatology 41: 1339-1348 (2005) Taniuchi, K., et al., Cancer Res 65: 3092-3099 (2005) Soler, A. P., et al., Cancer 86: 1263-1272 (1999) Paredes, J., et al., Clin Cancer Res 11: 5869-5877 (2005) Ingunn, M., et al., J Clin Oncol 22: 1242-1252 (2004) Glenn, L., et al., J Cell Biol 139: 1025-1032 (1997) Bauer, R., et al., Exp Mol Pathol 81: 224-230, (2006) Muzon-Guerra, M.F., et al. Cancer 103: 960-969 (2005) Marck, V. V., et al., Cancer Res 65: 8774-8783 (2005)
(1)以下の(A)または(B)に記載のペプチド。
(A)配列番号1または2に記載のアミノ酸配列を含むペプチド。
(B)配列番号1または2に記載のアミノ酸配列を含むペプチドにおいて、1個、2個または数個のアミノ酸が置換、欠失、挿入、及び/又は付加されており、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を有するペプチド。
(2)N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がロイシンまたはメチオニンである、(1)に記載のペプチド。
(3)C末端アミノ酸がバリンまたはロイシンである、(1)に記載のペプチド。
(4)(1)に記載のペプチドを有効成分として1種類以上含有する、癌に対する免疫誘導剤。
(5)(1)に記載のペプチドを有効成分として1種類以上含有する、癌の治療及び/または予防のための薬剤。
(6)(1)に記載のペプチドを有効成分として1種類以上含有する、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を示す抗原提示細胞を誘導するための薬剤。
(7)(1)に記載のペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを有効成分として1種類以上含有する、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を示す抗原提示細胞を誘導するための薬剤。
(8)(1)に記載のペプチドを有効成分として1種類以上含有する、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞を誘導するための薬剤。
(9)(1)に記載のペプチドに対する抗体。
(10)(1)に記載のペプチドを用いて誘導される、ヘルパーT細胞、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞、又はこれらを含む免疫細胞集団。
(11)(1)に記載のペプチドおよびHLA抗原を含む複合体を提示する抗原提示細胞。
(12)(6)または(7)に記載の薬剤によって誘導される、(11)に記載の抗原提示細胞。
(13)(1)に記載のペプチドおよびHLA抗原を含む複合体を提示するエキソソーム。
(14)HLA抗原がHLA-A2 (HLA-A2*0201)である、(13)のエキソソーム。
(15)抗原提示細胞を(1)に記載のペプチドと接触させる工程を含む、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を示す抗原提示細胞を誘導する方法。
(16)(1)に記載のペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを抗原提示細胞へ導入する工程を含む、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を示す抗原提示細胞を誘導する方法。
(17)T細胞を(1)に記載のペプチドと接触させる工程を含む、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞を誘導する方法。
(18)(1)に記載のペプチドを対象に投与する工程を含む、癌に対する免疫を誘導する方法。
(19)(1)に記載のペプチドを対象に投与する工程を含む、癌を治療及び/または予防する方法。
(20)癌に対する免疫誘導剤を製造するための、(1)に記載のペプチドの使用。
(21)癌の治療及び/または予防のための薬剤を製造するための、(1)に記載のペプチドの使用。
本明細書において用いられる場合、「1つの」、および「その」という単語は、他に明確な指示がない限り「少なくとも1つ」を意味する。
本発明のペプチドは以下の何れかのペプチドである。
(A)配列番号1または2に記載のアミノ酸配列を含むペプチド。
(B)配列番号1または2に記載のアミノ酸配列を含むペプチドにおいて1個、2個または数個のアミノ酸が置換、欠失、挿入、及び/又は付加されており、キラーT細胞の誘導活性を有するペプチド。
(C)N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がロイシンまたはメチオニンである、(B)に記載のペプチド。
(D)C末端アミノ酸がバリンまたはロイシンである、(B)に記載のペプチド。
実施例では、本発明のペプチドは、生体内における癌細胞特異的キラーT細胞を誘導することができることが示された。さらに、先の発明では、CDH3は、膵癌、胆管細胞癌、胃癌、大腸癌、非小細胞肺癌、精巣癌、子宮頸癌、骨肉腫、軟部肉腫等の大部分の症例で高発現していることが示された。したがって本発明のペプチドを含む免疫誘導剤には、癌の治療、予防剤としての効果が期待できる。つまり、本発明のペプチドを適当なアジュバントと共に、あるいはペプチドを樹状細胞などの抗原提示細胞に負荷した後に体内に注入することにより、腫瘍攻撃性キラーT細胞を誘導ならびに活性化し、その結果として抗腫瘍効果が期待できる。また発明のペプチドをコードする遺伝子を適当なベクターに組み込み、この組換えDNAで形質転換されたヒトの抗原提示細胞(樹状細胞など)、BCG結核菌などの細菌、または本発明のペプチドをコードするDNAをゲノムに組み込まれたワクシニアウイルス等のウイルスは、ヒト癌の治療・予防用生ワクチンとして有効に利用できる。なお、癌ワクチンの投与量及び投与法は通常の種痘やBCGワクチンと同様である。
(1)CDH3を発現する細胞を含む腫瘍に対するキラーT細胞の誘導、
(2)CDH3を発現する細胞を含む腫瘍を認識する抗体の誘導、および
(3)抗腫瘍性サイトカイン産生の誘導。
本発明は、上記した本発明のペプチドの一部もしくは全部をエピトープ(抗原)として認識する抗体、ならびに当該蛋白質又はペプチドを用いてインビトロ刺激により誘導されたキラーT細胞にも関する。一般的には、キラーT細胞のほうが抗体よりも強い抗腫瘍活性を示す。
本発明はまた、本発明のペプチドを用いてインビトロ刺激により誘導されたヘルパーT細胞、キラーT細胞、又はこれらを含む免疫細胞集団に関する。例えば、末梢血リンパ球や腫瘍浸潤リンパ球を本発明のペプチドを用いて、インビトロで刺激すると腫瘍反応性活性化T細胞が誘導され、この活性化されたT細胞は養子免疫療法に有効に用いることができる。また本発明のペプチドを強力な抗原提示細胞である樹状細胞に負荷、あるいは遺伝子導入により発現させて、これらを用いてT細胞をインビボあるいはインビトロで刺激することにより、抗腫瘍免疫応答を誘導することができる。
本発明はさらに、本発明のペプチドとHLA抗原の間で形成された複合体をその表面上に提示するエキソソームと呼ばれる細胞内小胞を提供する。エキソソームは、例えば、第平11-510507号および第2000-512161号の公開された日本語翻訳文に詳細に記載された方法を用いることにより調製することができ、好ましくは、治療および/または予防の標的である被検体から得られた抗原提示細胞を用いて調製される。本発明のエキソソームは、本発明のペプチドと同様に、癌ワクチンとして接種することができる。
本発明は、本発明の1つまたは複数のペプチドを用いて抗原提示細胞を誘導する方法を提供する。末梢血単球から誘導した樹状細胞に本発明の1つまたは複数のペプチドを負荷して、刺激することにより抗原提示細胞を誘導することができる。本発明のペプチドを被検体へ投与する場合、本発明のペプチドを細胞表面に提示している抗原提示細胞を、被検体の生体内において誘導することができる。あるいは、本発明のペプチドと抗原提示細胞とを接触させた後(あるいは本発明のペプチドを抗原提示細胞へ負荷した後)、該細胞をワクチンとして被検体に投与するエクスビボ法を用いることができる。例えば、エクスビボ投与は以下の工程を含みうる:
(1) 被検体から抗原提示細胞を収集する工程、および
(2) 工程(1)の抗原提示細胞と本発明のペプチドとを接触させる(あるいは工程(1)の抗原提示細胞に本発明のペプチドを負荷する)工程。
(1)被検体から抗原提示細胞を収集する工程、
(2)工程(1)の抗原提示細胞と本発明のペプチドとを接触させる工程(あるいは工程(1)の抗原提示細胞に本発明のペプチドを負荷する工程)、
(3)細胞傷害性T細胞を誘導するために、工程(2)の抗原提示細胞をCD8+ T細胞と混合し共培養する工程、および
(4)工程(3)の共培養物からCD8+ T細胞を収集する工程。
なお本明細書において引用されたすべての先行技術文献は、参照として本明細書に組み入れられる。
悪性腫瘍におけるCDH3の発現
過去のcDNAマイクロアレイ解析によるとCDH3は隣接する正常組織と比較して胃癌や大腸癌など様々な悪性腫瘍において発現が亢進していた。(表1) (Nakamura T, et al., Oncogene 2004;23:2385-2400., Kitahara O, Cancer Res 2001;61:3544-3549., Obama K, et al. Hepatology 2005;41:1339-1348.)
HLA-A2に結合性を示すCDH3ペプチドレパートリーの選択
ヒトCDH3のアミノ酸配列をBIMAS system により検索して、推定されたHLA-A2との結合親和性(binding affinity) が高いものから順に18種類を選択した(表2)。
先に報告した方法を用いて(Komori Hら、Clinical Cancer Research 12: 2689-2697, 2006)、まずHLA-A2トランスジェニックマウスの骨髄細胞から樹状細胞(DC)を誘導した。このようにして得られたBM-DCに、CDH3ペプチドを添加(10μM)し、HLA-A2トランスジェニックマウスの一匹あたり5×105の個数を腹腔内に投与した。1週間の間隔をおいて2回同様に投与しマウスを免疫した後、マウスの脾細胞を回収してキラーT細胞の検出に用いた。CD8+T細胞由来のキラーT細胞の誘導を厳密に検討するために、脾臓の採取後に脾細胞からMACS ビーズを用いてCD4+ T細胞を取り除いたものを用いた。
Day-21 (1)HLA-A2トランスジェニックマウスの骨髄細胞にGM-CSFを加え、骨髄由来の樹状細胞(以下BM-DC)の誘導を開始する。
Day-14 (2) 誘導したBM-DCに3種類のCDH3ペプチドの混合物を添加し、2時間後に1匹あたり5×105個を腹腔内に投与する。
(1)(2)を1週毎2回繰り返す。
Day 0 免疫したHLA-A2トランスジェニックマウスの脾細胞を回収し、再びBM-DCを CDH3ペプチドと2時間インキュベートしたものと共培養した後に、6日間培養した。
Day 6 CDH3ペプチドを特異的に認識するキラーT細胞を検出するために、抗原刺激後にガンマーインターフェロン(INF-γ)を産生するT細胞を、ELISPOT法により定量した。ターゲット細胞としてBM-DCに、それぞれのCDH3ペプチドを負荷したものと、負荷していないものを利用した。
これらの誘導したキラーT細胞の中に、確かにCDH3に特異的に反応してIFN-γを産生するものが存在するかどうかをELISPOT法にて検出した。IFN-γの検出は、Mouse IFN-γ ELISPOT set (BD社)を用いて行った。刺激細胞(ターゲット)に対して、キラーT細胞(エフェクター)が反応してIFN-γを産生すると、それぞれが赤いスポットとして検出される。標的細胞として、BM-DCと、CDH3ペプチドを負荷したBM-DCを用いた。まず、抗マウス IFN-γ抗体を、ELISPOTプレート(BD Bioscience社)に18時間コーティングした。その後、10%FCS/RPMIにて2時間ブロッキングを行った。エフェクター細胞(100μL /well)と標的細胞(100μL /well)を混合し、37℃で22時間培養した。エフェクター/ターゲット比(E/T比)は、10:1で実験を行なった。その後、プレートを滅菌水で洗浄し、ビオチン化抗マウスIFN-γ抗体と2時間、さらにストレプトアビジン-HRPと1時間反応させ、基質溶液にてIFN-γ陽性のスポットを検出した。スポットのカウントは、MINERVA TECH社の自動解析ソフトを用いて行った。この結果、CDH3-4、CDH3-7ペプチドで誘導したキラーT細胞において、CDH3特異的キラーT細胞の免疫応答が観察されたが、その他のペプチドで誘導したキラーT細胞については、CDH3特異的な免疫応答は観察されなかった (図2および図3)。
CDH3-4(配列番号:1)およびCDH3-7(配列番号:2)ペプチドで誘導したキラーT細胞のELISPOT解析結果を図3に示す。
ELISPOTアッセイで得られたデータと治療群間の腫瘍サイズの統計学的有意差はtwo-tailed Student’s t testにより評価した。P値0.05未満を有意とした。統計解析には市販の統計ソフトを使用した(SPSS for Windows(登録商標), version 11.0、シカゴ、イリノイ州、米国)。
細胞株およびHLA発現
細胞傷害活性の評価に用いたヒト膵癌細胞株PANC1、口腔癌細胞株HSC3、TAP欠損およびHLA-A2 (A*0201)-陽性細胞株T2は理化学研究所cell bank(筑波、日本)より購入した。ヒト膵癌細胞株PK8は東北大学加齢医学研究所医用細胞資源センターより提供を受けた。ヒト大腸癌細胞株HCT116はDr. B. Vogelstein, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD, USA) から提供を受けた。ヒト肝癌細胞株SKHep1は久留米大学伊藤恭悟教授より提供を受けた。HLA-A2陽性血液ドナーの選択及び細胞毒性試験のための細胞株の選別のために、抗HLA-A2モノクローナル抗体BB7.2(One Lambda社)を用いたフローサイトメトリーによりHLA-A2の発現を検査した。また、これらの細胞は10% FCS含有RPMI1640またはDMEM培地中で37oC、5%CO2の条件で培養した。
レンチウイルスベクターを用いた遺伝子導入は従来の方法を用いた(Tahara-Hanaoka S, et al. Exp Hematol 2002;30:11-17.)。すなわち、CDH3のcDNAを組み込んだ17μgの自己不活性化ベクターCSII-CMV-RfAおよびCSIIEF-RfA (Miyoshi H, et al. J Virol 1998;72:8150-8157.)、10μgのpCMV-VSV-G-RSV-RevおよびpCAG-HIVgpを、リポフェクタミン2000(Invitrogen、CA、USA)を用いて10cm培養皿中で増殖させた293T細胞を形質転換した。60時間後に培養液を回収し、超遠心(50,000 × g, 2時間)によりウイルス粒子をペレット化した。ペレットを50μLのRPMI1640培地に懸濁し、10μLのウイルス懸濁液を平底96穴プレートに1ウェルあたり5×104個となるように播種したPANC1細胞またはSKHep1細胞へ加えた。遺伝子導入したCDH3の発現はウエスタンブロットにより確認した。
HLA-A2陽性の膵癌患者、胃癌患者、結腸直腸癌患者または健常人ドナーのヘパリン処理血液由来のPBMCはFicoll-Conray密度勾配遠心法により単離し、末梢単核球由来のDCは過去に報告された方法で調整した(Yoshitake Y, et al. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:6437-6448., Komori H, et al. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:2689-2697.)。熱不活性自己血漿2%含有AIM-V (Invitrogen) 中、37℃で2時間、4μg/mLのβ2-ミクログロブリン(Sigma-Aldrich、セントルイス、ミズーリ州、米国)の存在下で20μg/mL の候補ペプチドをDCへパルスした。このDCへ放射線照射し(40Gy)、CD8陽性細胞とともにインキュベートした。この培養は24穴プレートで行い、各ウェルは2%の自己血漿含有AIM-V2mL中に、1×105個のペプチドパルスDC、2×106個のCD8陽性T細胞および5ng/mLのヒト組み換えIL-7(Wako、大阪、日本)となるよう調整した。2日後、ヒト組み換えIL-2(PeproTec Inc.)を最終濃度が20IU/mLになるよう加えた。さらに7日目と14日目に、同じペプチド負荷自己DCを用いて同様の方法で1週毎2回刺激した。最後の刺激から6日後、誘導されたCTLの抗原特異的反応を51Cr放出試験およびINF-γ ELISPOT法により評価した。各種癌細胞またはペプチド負荷T2細胞(5×103個/ ウェル)を標的細胞として、適切なエフェクター/標的比でCTLと共培養し、既存の方法により51Cr放出試験を行った(Komori H, et al. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:2689-2697.)。
誘導したCTLがHLA-クラスI拘束性に標的細胞を認識するか否かについて確認するため、51Cr放出試験およびELISPOT法のためのCTLと癌細胞株の共培養前に、標的癌細胞は10 μg/mLの抗クラスI mAb(W6/32)または10 μg/mLの抗HLA-DR mAb(H-DR-1)と1時間インキュベートし、CTLによる細胞傷害活性またはIFN-γの産生に与えるmAbの効果を従来の方法で評価した(Gomi S, et al. J Immunol 1999;163:4994-5004.)。この結果、抗HLA-クラスI抗体は、CDH3-4655-663ペプチドで刺激して産生したCTLによるSKHep1/CDH3に対するELISPOT 法ではINF-γの産生を統計学的有意差を持って抑制した(図4D左、P < 0.01)。また、51Cr放出試験においてもHCT116に対して細胞傷害活性を抑制した(図4D中央)。同様に、抗クラスI抗体もまたCDH3-7757-765ペプチドによる刺激で産生したCTLによるHSC3細胞に対するELISPOT 法でINF-γの産生を統計学的有意差を持って抑制した(図4D右、P < 0.01)。以上より、HLA-クラスI拘束性にCDH3発現標的細胞を認識するCTLが誘導されていることが示唆された。
養子免疫療法
NOD/SCIDマウスに対する養子免疫したCDH3誘導ヒトCTLのin vivoでの抗癌活性
CDH3陽性ヒト癌細胞移植マウスへのCDH3応答性CTL接種の治療効果を評価するため、実験的養子免疫治療が従来の方法で行われた(Komori H, et al. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:2689-2697.)。簡潔には、NOD/SCIDマウスの右側腹部へHLA-A2および内生のCDH3陽性細胞であるHCT116細胞(4×106個)を皮下注射で接種した。マウスへ腫瘍接種した後7日目で腫瘍サイズが25mm2になったときに、100μLのPBSに懸濁 させた5人の健常人ドナー由来のCDH3 peptide-4655-663、-7757-765-特異的CTL株または陰性コントロールとしてHLA-A2拘束性HIVペプチド (SLYNTYATL、配列番号:19)で刺激されたCD8陽性T細胞株(4×106個)を静脈注射した。さらに、このT細胞を14日目に静脈注射した。腫瘍サイズは1週間に2度測定され、ノギスで垂直な2つの直径を測定することで評価した。腫瘍サイズの統計学的有意差はtwo-tailed Student’s t testにより評価した。P値0.05未満を有意とした。統計解析には市販の統計ソフトを使用した(SPSS for Windows(登録商標), version 11.0)。
本実験により、新規TAAとしてCadherin 3 (CDH3)/P-cadherinが膵癌のcDNAマイクロアレイ分析により同定された。CDH3は膵癌細胞において強く発現しているが、cDNAマイクロアレイ分析によると卵巣および乳腺に、ごく僅かに発現している以外は、他の重要な組織においてもほとんど検出されなかった。さらに、マイクロアレイならびにRT-PCRデータは、CDH3は、膵癌と同様に、胃癌、結直腸癌で発現しているが、対応する正常組織においてはほとんど発現していないことを示した。CDH3は、免疫組織染色により膵臓の正常管や腺房細胞ではほとんど発現が確認されていないが、膵癌組織の大部分で過剰発現していることは既に報告されている(Taniuchi K, et al. Cancer Res 2005;65:3092-3099.)。これらの結果よりCDH3は、上記癌に対して自己免疫反応を誘導する危険性が少ない、新規免疫療法の標的であることが示唆されている。
Claims (18)
- 配列番号1または2に記載のアミノ酸配列からなるペプチド。
- 配列番号1または2に記載のアミノ酸配列において、N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がロイシンまたはメチオニンに置換されたアミノ酸配列からなり、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を有するペプチド。
- (a)配列番号1または2に記載のアミノ酸配列または(b)配列番号1または2に記載のアミノ酸配列においてN末端から2番目のアミノ酸がロイシンまたはメチオニンに置換されたアミノ酸配列において、C末端アミノ酸がバリンまたはロイシンに置換されたアミノ酸配列からなり、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を有するペプチド。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドを有効成分として1種類以上含有する、CDH3を発現する癌に対する免疫誘導剤。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドを有効成分として1種類以上含有する、CDH3を発現する癌の治療及び/または予防のための薬剤。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドを有効成分として1種類以上含有する、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を示す抗原提示細胞を誘導するための薬剤。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを有効成分として1種類以上含有する、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を示す抗原提示細胞を誘導するための薬剤。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドを有効成分として1種類以上含有する、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞を誘導するための薬剤。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドに対する抗体。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドを用いて誘導される、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞、又はこれを含む免疫細胞集団。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドおよびHLA抗原を含む複合体を提示する抗原提示細胞。
- 請求項6または7に記載の薬剤によって誘導される、請求項11に記載の抗原提示細胞。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドおよびHLA抗原を含む複合体を提示するエキソソーム。
- HLA抗原がHLA-A2 (HLA-A*0201)である、請求項13に記載のエキソソーム。
- 抗原提示細胞を請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドとインビトロで接触させる工程を含む、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を示す抗原提示細胞を誘導する方法。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドをインビトロで抗原提示細胞へ導入する工程を含む、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞の誘導活性を示す抗原提示細胞を誘導する方法。
- T細胞を請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドとインビトロで接触させる工程を含む、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞を誘導する方法。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドとインビトロで接触させた抗原提示細胞を、CD8+T細胞と共培養する工程を含む、細胞傷害性(キラー)T細胞を誘導する方法。
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