JP5036302B2 - 炎症状態下に血液脳関門で示差的(differentially)に発現される核酸 - Google Patents
炎症状態下に血液脳関門で示差的(differentially)に発現される核酸 Download PDFInfo
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Description
i.大脳の血管原性浮腫は、血漿タンパク質及び水が血液から脳組織に漏出した結果として誘導される疾患(炎症)である。これは、脳卒中、脳内感染、頭部外傷、脳腫瘍、及び多発性硬化症などの障害における死亡及び能力障害の主要原因となっている。浮腫によって、脳が、頭蓋という堅固な環境の中で膨張する。この結果引き起こされる頭蓋内圧の上昇によって、その後、脳ヘルニアが引き起こされることがあり、それに続いて呼吸などの不可欠な脳機能の機能不全が起こり、そして未処置のままであった場合には、重度の障害、昏睡、及び死に至る。
ii.多発性硬化症では、活性化された自己反応性のT細胞が活性化されたBBBを通過する。CNS内部で、これらのT細胞が、ミエリンを標的とした炎症反応を誘導し、それによってBBBの破壊も引き起こされる。そうすると、自己抗体及び補体因子が破壊されたBBBを通過し、それによって、脱髄過程が導かれる。そして今度は、ミエリン断片がBBBを逆に通過して周辺に漏出し、そこで、さらに多くの自己反応性T細胞を活性化し、さらに自己抗体の産生を増加させる。
iii.細胞外液におけるイオン及び神経伝達物質の微妙な均衡を保持し損なうと、ニューロン性シグナル伝達障害が起こり、それによって認知機能障害、神経精神障害、又はてんかん発作が起こる。
iv.BBBを通して毒性タンパク質を血流中に除去する機能の障害が、最近、アルツハイマー病などの神経変性障害、並びに、ヤコブ病及びBSEなどのプリオン病の発病機序と関連付けられている。これらのようなタンパク質の病的な蓄積によって、神経細胞死、及びそれに続く認知機能の障害が導かれる。
本明細書において、「ポリペプチドの活性、又は定常状態レベルの改変」とは、健常個体における正常活性又は定常状態と比較した、そのポリペプチドによって生じる生物活性又はそのタンパク質の定常状態レベルの検出可能な変化を意味する。
第1の態様において、本発明は、内皮細胞の透過性を調整する方法に関する。この方法は、配列番号1〜25に示すアミノ酸配列の1つに対して少なくとも90%の同一性のアミノ酸配列を有するLPSSポリペプチドの活性又は定常状態レベルを内皮細胞中で改変することを含む。本明細書における配列同一性又は類似性の定義は後述する通りである。
1.遺伝子発現を増加させることによって、例えば、
(a)LPSSポリペプチドをコードするヌクレオチド配列が、その中でプロモーターに作用可能に連結されている発現ベクター又は遺伝子療法ベクター;
(b)LPSSポリペプチド受容体をコードするヌクレオチド配列が、その中でプロモーターに作用可能に連結されている発現ベクター又は遺伝子療法ベクター;
(c)LPSSポリペプチド受容体のアゴニストをコードするヌクレオチド配列が、その中でプロモーターLPSSに作用可能に連結されている発現ベクター又は遺伝子療法ベクター;
(d)LPSSポリペプチド受容体のアンタゴニストをコードするヌクレオチド配列が、その中でプロモーターLPSSに作用可能に連結されている発現ベクター又は遺伝子療法ベクター
を提供することによって、
2.任意の機能的RNA分子を提供することによって、遺伝子発現を低減させることによって、例えば、最近、Famulokら(2002年、Trends Biotechnol.、第20(11)巻、462〜466頁)によって概説されているように、
(a)LPSSポリペプチドをコードするヌクレオチド配列に対するアンチセンス核酸分子;
(b)LPSSポリペプチド受容体をコードするヌクレオチド配列に対するアンチセンス核酸分子;
(c)LPSSポリペプチド受容体アゴニストをコードするヌクレオチド配列に対するアンチセンス核酸分子;
(d)LPSSポリペプチド受容体アンタゴニストをコードするヌクレオチド配列に対するアンチセンス核酸分子;
(e)LPSSポリペプチドをコードするヌクレオチド配列に対するアンチセンス核酸配列が、その中でプロモーターに作用可能に連結されている発現ベクター又は遺伝子療法ベクター;
(f)LPSSポリペプチド受容体をコードするヌクレオチド配列に対するアンチセンス核酸配列が、その中でプロモーターに作用可能に連結されている発現ベクター又は遺伝子療法ベクター;
(g)LPSSポリペプチド受容体アゴニストをコードするヌクレオチド配列に対するアンチセンス核酸配列が、その中でプロモーターに作用可能に連結されている発現ベクター又は遺伝子療法ベクター;
(h)LPSSポリペプチド受容体アンタゴニストをコードするヌクレオチド配列に対するアンチセンス核酸配列が、その中でプロモーターに作用可能に連結されている発現ベクター又は遺伝子療法ベクター
を含めた機能的RNA分子を提供することによって、
3.アゴニストによって、例えば、
(a)LPSSポリペプチドの完全又は部分アゴニスト、例えば、
(i)天然リガンド;
(ii)LPSSポリペプチド又はその断片;
(iii)ペプチド模倣物質;
(iv)アゴニスト抗体又は抗体断片;
(v)小分子、又は他の薬物など;
(b)LPSSポリペプチド受容体の完全又は部分アゴニスト、例えば、
(i)天然リガンド;
(ii)LPSSポリペプチド又はその断片;
(iii)ペプチド模倣物質;
(iv)アゴニスト抗体又は抗体断片;
(v)小分子、又は他の薬物など
を含めたアゴニストによって、
4.アンタゴニストによって、例えば、
(a)LPSSポリペプチドの完全又は部分アンタゴニスト、例えば、
(i)天然アンタゴニスト;
(ii)LPSSポリペプチド断片;
(iii)ペプチド模倣物質;
(iv)アンタゴニスト抗体若しくは抗体断片、又は中和抗体若しくは抗体断片;
(v)小分子、又は他の薬物など;
(b)LPSSポリペプチド受容体の部分又は逆アゴニスト、例えば、
(i)天然リガンド;
(ii)LPSSポリペプチド断片;
(iii)ペプチド模倣物質;
(iv)抗体又は抗体断片;
(v)小分子、又は他の薬物など;
(c)LPSSポリペプチド受容体の完全又は部分アンタゴニスト、
(i)LPSSポリペプチド受容体の天然アンタゴニスト;
(ii)LPSSポリペプチド断片;
(iii)ペプチド模倣物質;
(iv)アンタゴニスト抗体若しくは抗体断片、又は中和抗体若しくは抗体断片;
(v)小分子、又は他の薬物など
を含めたアンタゴニストによって、行うことができる。
別の態様では、本発明は、対象の微小血管透過性変性障害を治療又は予防する方法に関する。この方法は、対象の微小血管内皮細胞における、配列番号1〜25に示すアミノ酸配列の1つに少なくとも90%の同一性のアミノ酸配列を有するLPSSポリペプチドの活性、又は定常状態レベルを薬理学的に改変することを含む。この改変は、上記微小血管透過性変性障害の症状を軽減するのに十分なものであることが好ましい。この方法は、配列番号1〜25に示すアミノ酸配列の1つに少なくとも90%の同一性のアミノ酸配列を有するLPSSポリペプチド、又は、そのLPSSポリペプチドをコードするヌクレオチド配列を含む核酸分子、又は、本明細書において上述したLPSSポリペプチドの活性若しくは定常状態レベルを改変するのに有効な別の物質を含む医薬組成物を、対象に治療有効量投与することを含むことが好ましい。この方法では、LPSSポリペプチドが、配列番号2、3、4、6、7、8、9、10、11、19、20、23、24、及び25に示すアミノ酸配列から成る群より選択される1つのアミノ酸配列に対して少なくとも90%の同一性のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドであることが好ましい。透過性の低減は、下方調節されている分泌因子(配列番号2、3、4、及び23)、下方調節されているシグナル伝達経路(配列番号6、7、8、9、10、及び11)、示差的に上方調節されているシグナル伝達経路(配列番号19)、下方調節されている受容体及び接着性分子(配列番号20)、及び示差的に上方調節されている代謝酵素(配列番号23〜25)から成る群より選択されるLPSSポリペプチドの活性、又は定常レベルを増加させることによって行うのがさらに好ましい。この核酸分子は、上記ヌクレオチド配列の発現を内皮細胞、好ましくは微小血管内皮細胞で推進できるプロモーターによって、上記ヌクレオチド配列が制御されている遺伝子療法ベクターであることが好ましい。
さらに別の態様では、本発明は、治療薬は若しくは診断薬、例えば向神経活性薬、又はその薬学的に許容される担体を、配列番号1〜25に示すアミノ酸配列の1つに少なくとも90%の同一性のアミノ酸配列を有するLPSSポリペプチドに対して標的化して、CNS又は微小血管系の障害を患っているか、又は発症する危険がある患者に投与することによって、CNS又は微小血管系の障害を治療又は診断する方法に関する。この向神経活性薬、又はその担体は、配列番号1、5、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、及び21〜25に示すアミノ酸配列の1つに対して少なくとも90%の同一性のアミノ酸配列を有する、上方制御されているLPSSポリペプチドを標的としたものが好ましい。このアミノ酸配列は、上方制御されている分泌因子(配列番号1、13、14、及び22)、上方制御されているシグナル伝達経路(配列番号5、12、15、16、17、及び19)、上方制御されている受容体及び接着性分子(配列番号21及び22)、並びに上方制御されている代謝酵素(配列番号、23〜25)のアミノ酸配列から成る群より選択されるものがさらに好ましい。なお一層に好ましいのは、配列番号21又は22に示すアミノ酸配列の1つに少なくとも90%の同一性のアミノ酸配列を有する、上方制御されているLPSSポリペプチドである。
アルキル化剤、例えば、塩酸メクロレタミン(ナイトロジェンマスタード、Mustargen(登録商標)、HN2)、シクロホスファミド(Cytovan(商標)、Endoxana(登録商標))、イホスファミド(IFEX)、クロランブシル(リューケラン(登録商標))、メルファラン(フェニルアラニンマスタード、L−サルコリシン、アルケラン(登録商標)、L−PAM))、ブスルファン(マイレラン(登録商標)))、チオテパ(トリエチレンチオホスホルアミド)、カルムスチン(BiCNU、BCNU)、ロムスチン(CeeNU(登録商標)、CCNU(登録商標))、ストレプトゾシン(ザノサル(登録商標))など;植物アルカロイド、例えば、ビンクリスチン(オンコビン(登録商標))、ビンブラスチン(ベルパン(登録商標)、Velbe(登録商標))、パクリタキセル(タキソール(登録商標))など;
代謝拮抗剤、例えば、メトトレキセート(MTX)、メルカプトプリン(ピュリネソール(登録商標)、6−MP)、チオグアニン(6−TG)、フルオロウラシル(5−FU)、シタラビン(サイトサール−U(登録商標)、Ara−C(登録商標))、アゼチジン(Mylosar(登録商標)、5−AZA)など;抗生物質、例えば、ダクチノマイシン(アクチノマイシンD、コスメゲン(登録商標))、ドキソルビシン(アドリアマイシン(登録商標))、ダウノルビシン(ダウノマイシン、Cerubidine(登録商標))、イダルビシン(イダマイシン(登録商標))、ブレオマイシン(Blenoxane(登録商標))、ピカマイシン(ミトラマイシン、ミトラチン(登録商標))、マイトマイシン(Mutamycin(登録商標))など、並びに他の抗細胞増殖薬(anticellular proliferative agent)、例えば、ヒドロキシ尿素(ハイドレア(登録商標))、プロカルバジン(Mutalane(商標))、ダカルバジン(DTIC−Dome(登録商標))、シスプラチン(Platinol(登録商標))、カルボプラチン(パラプラチン(登録商標))、アスパラギナーゼ(Elspar(登録商標))、エトポシド(ベプシド(登録商標)、VP−16−213)、アムサルクリン(Amsarcrine)(AMSA、m−AMSA)、ミトタン(Lysodren(登録商標))、ミトキサントロン(Novatrone(登録商標))など;ゲフィチニブ(ZD1839又はイレッサ(商標))及びメシル酸イマチニブ(Gleevec(登録商標)又はグリベック(登録商標));原発脳腫瘍、又は体性腫瘍(somatic tumor)の脳転移を治療するための、抗体(リツキサン(登録商標)すなわちリツキシマブ;ハーセプチン(登録商標)すなわちトランスズマブ;ゼバリン(登録商標)すなわちイブリツモマブチウキセタン(放射性同位元素標識);エルビタックス(登録商標)すなわちセツキシマブ;アバスチン(商標)、すなわち ベバシズマブ又はrhuMAb−VEGF)、及びサイトカイン(イントロン(登録商標)すなわちα−インターフェロン;プロリュウキン(登録商標)IL−2すなわちアルデスロイキン)を含む、抗癌剤;
例えば、神経変性障害に関連する神経炎症を治療するための、抗体(エンブレル(登録商標)すなわちエタネルセプト;レミケード(登録商標)すなわちインフリキシマブ;シムレクト(登録商標)すなわちバシリキシマブ;ゼナパックス(登録商標)すなわちダシリツマブ;キネレット(登録商標)すなわちアナキンラ;ゾレア(登録商標)すなわちオマリズマブ;ヒューミラ(登録商標)すなわちアダリムマブ;アンテグレン(登録商標)すなわちナタリズマブ;ルーファブ(商標)すなわちラニビツマブ(ranibizumab);ラプティバ(商標)すなわちエファリズマブ)、並びに、インターフェロンα、インターフェロンβ(アボネックス(登録商標)すなわちインターフェロンβ−1a;βセロン(登録商標)/ベタフェロン(登録商標)又はインターフェロンβ−1b;レビーフ(登録商標)すなわちインターフェロンβ−1a)、インターフェロンγ、インターロイキン1(IL−1)、インターロイキン2(IL−2)、インターロイキン3(IL−3)、インターロイキン4(IL−4)、インターロイキン5(IL−5)、インターロイキン6(IL−6)、TNF、顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM−CSF:リューカイン(登録商標)すなわちサルグラモスチム)、顆粒球コロニー刺激因子(G−CSF:ニューポジェン(登録商標)すなわちフィルグラスチン)、マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(M−CSF)、血小板由来性成長因子(PDGF)などのサイトカインを含む抗炎症薬;
例えば神経変性障害を治療するための、神経栄養因子(例えば、NGFすなわち神経成長因子;BDNFすなわち脳由来神経栄養因子;NT3すなわちニューロトロフィン−3;NT4すなわちニューロトロフィン−4;NT5すなわちニューロトロフィン−5;RDGFすなわち網膜由来増殖因子;CNTFすなわち繊毛神経栄養因子;アクチビン;bFGFすなわち塩基性線維芽細胞成長因子;aFGFすなわち酸性線維芽細胞成長因子;GDNFすなわちグリア細胞由来神経栄養因子、ニューブラスチン(neublastin)すなわちアルテミンすなわちエノビン(enovin)、パーセフィン、ニュールツリン;CTGFすなわち結合組織成長因子;EGFすなわち上皮成長因子);エリスロポイエチン(EPO)(プロクリット(登録商標)/イープレックス(登録商標)すなわちエリスロポイエチンα;エポジェン(登録商標)すなわちエリスロポイエチン;ネオレコルモン(登録商標)すなわちエリスロポイエチンβ;アラネスプ(登録商標)すなわちダルベポエチンα);成長ホルモンすなわちソマトトロピン(ヒューマトロープ(登録商標);プロトロピン(登録商標);ニュートロ ピン(登録商標);セロスティム(登録商標);サイゼン(登録商標));抗NogoA Mab(IN−1);NogoAアンタゴニストであるNogo66阻害剤(NEP1−40);例えば、リソソーム蓄積症(に関連した神経症状)又は他の神経変性障害を治療するための、酵素(例えば、セレザイム(登録商標)すなわちグルコセレブロシダーゼ;アルドラザイム(商標)すなわちラロニダーゼ;Aryplase(商標)すなわちアリールスルファターゼB;I2Sすなわちイズロン酸−2−スルファターゼ;α−L−イズロニダーゼ;N−アセチルガラクトサミン4−スルファターゼ;フェニラーゼ(phenylase);アスパルチルグルコサミニダーゼ;酸性リパーゼ;システイン輸送体;Lamp−2;α−ガラクトシダーゼA;酸性セラミダーゼ;α−L−フコシダーゼ;ss−ヘキソサミニダーゼA;GM2活性化タンパク質欠損症;α−D−マンノシダーゼ;ss−D−マンノシダーゼ;アリールスルファターゼA;サポシンB;ノイラミニダーゼ;α−N−アセチルグルコサミニダーゼホスホトランスフェラーゼ;ホスホトランスフェラーゼ7−サブユニット;ヘパラン−N−スルファターゼ;N−アセチルグルコサミニダーゼ;アセチルCoA:N−アセチルトランスフェラーゼ;N−アセチルグルコサミン6−スルファターゼ;ガラクトース6−スルファターゼ;O−ガラクトシダーゼ;ヒアルロノグルコサミニダーゼ;複数のスルファターゼ;パルミトイルタンパク質チオエステラーゼ;トリペプチジルペプチダーゼI;酸性スフィンゴミエリナーゼ;コレステロール輸送;カテプシンK;αガラクトシダーゼB;シアル酸輸送体;SODすなわち銅/Zn超酸化物ジスムターゼ);
ソマトスタチン、オキシトシン、バソプレッシン、ガラニン、VIP、副腎皮質刺激ホルモン(ACTH)、コレシストキニン(CCK)、サブスタンスP、ボンベシン、モチリン、グリセンチン、グルカゴン、グルカゴン様ペプチド(GLP−1)など、脳に作用するホルモン及び神経伝達物質;並びにペプチドYY(PYY)、ニューロペプチドY(NPY)、膵臓ポリペプチド(PP)、ニューロキニンA、ニューロキニンB、エンドルフィン、エンケファリン、ニューロテンシン、ニューロメジンK、ニューロメジンL、カルシトニン関連ペプチド(CGRP)、エンドセリン、ANP(「心房性ナトリウム利尿ペプチド」)、BNP(「脳性ナトリウム利尿ペプチド」)、CNP(「C型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド」)、PACAP(「下垂体アデニル酸シクラーゼ活性化ペプチド」)などの神経ペプチド及びその誘導体;造影剤、特に抗体ベースのもの;脳血液関門を通過しない、神経伝達物質のアンタゴニスト又はアゴニスト(ある種のNMDA受容体遮断薬など);以下のような抗生物質、すなわち、アミノグルコシド、例えば、アミカシン、アプラマイシン、アルベカシン、バンベルマイシン、ブチロシン、ジベカシン、ジヒドロストレプトマイシン、ホーチマイシン、ゲンタマイシン、イセパマイシン、カナマイシン、ミクロノマイシン、ネオマイシン、ネチルマイシン、パロマイシン、リボスタマイシン、シソマイシン、スペクチノマイシン、ストレプトマイシン、トブラマイシン、トロスペクトマイシン(trospectomycin);アムフェニコール、例えば、アジダムフェニコール(azidamfenicol)、クロラムフェニコール、フロルフェニコール、及びテイマフェニコール(theimaphenicol);
アンサマイシン、例えば、リファミド(rifamide)、リファンピン、リファマイシン、リファペンチン、リファキシミン;β−ラクタム、例えば、カルバセフェム、カルバペネム、セファロスポリン、セファマイシン、モノバクタム、オキサフェム(oxaphems)、ペニシリン;リンコサミド、例えば、クリンダマイシン、リンコマイシン;
マクロライド、例えば、クラリスロマイシン、ディルスロマイシン(dirthromycin)、エリスロマイシンなど;ポリペプチド、例えば、アンホマイシン、バシトラシン、カプレオマイシンなど;テトラサイクリン、例えば、アピサイクリン(apicycline)、クロルテトラサイクリン、クロモサイクリン(clomocycline)など;2,4−ジアミノピリミジン、ニトロフラン、キノロン及びその類似体、スルホンアミド、スルホンなどの合成抗菌因子;以下のような抗真菌薬、すなわち、ポリエン、例えば、アムホテリシンB、カンジサイジン、デルモスタチン(dermostatin)、フィリピン、フンギクロミン、ハチマイシン、ハミシン(hamycin)、ルセンソマイシン(lucensomycin)、メパルトリシン(mepartricin)、ナタマイシン、ナイスタチン、ペチロシン、ペリマイシン(perimycin);アリルアミン、例えば、ブテナフィン、ナフチフィン、テルビナフィンなどの合成抗真菌薬;イミダゾール、例えば、ビフォナゾール、ブトコナゾール、クロルダントイン、クロルミダゾール(chlormidazole)など、チオカルバミド酸エステル、例えば、トルシクラート、トリアゾール、例えば、フルコナゾール、イトラコナゾール、テルコナゾール;以下のような駆虫薬、すなわち、アレコリン、アスピジン、アスピジノール、ジクロロフェン、エンベルキン(embelin)、コーシン(kosin)、ナフタリン、ニクロサミド、ペレチエリン、キナクリン、アラントラクトン、アモカルザイン(amocarzine)、アモスカナート、アスカリドール、ベフェニウム、ビトスカナート、四塩化炭素、カルバクロール、シクロベンダゾール(cyclobendazole)、ディエチルカルバマジンなど;以下のような抗マラリア薬、すなわち、アセダプソン、アモジアキン、アルテエテル(arteether)、アルテメテル、アルテミシニン、アーテスネート、アトバクオン、ベベリン、ベルベリン、チラータ、クロルグアニイド、クロロキン、クロルプロガウニル(chlorprogaunil)、キナ皮、シンコニジン、シンコニン、シクログアニル、ゲンチオピクリン、ハロファントリン、ハイドロキシクロロキン、メフロキン塩酸塩、3−メチルアルサセチン、パマキン、プラスモシド(plasmocid)、プリマキン、ピリメタミン、キナクリン、キニーネ、キニーネ、キノシド(quinocide)、キニーネ、ヒ酸水素2ナトリウム;以下のような抗原虫薬、すなわち、アクラニル(acranil)、チニダゾール、イプロニダゾール、エチルスチバミン、ペンタミジン、アセタルゾン、アミニトロゾール、アニソマイシン、ニフラテル、チニダゾール、ベンジダゾール(benzidazole)、スラミンなど;ポリペプチド(好ましくは、ネプリリシン、及び本明細書において上述したタンパク質、ペプチド、酵素、サイトカイン、インターロイキン、ホルモン、及び成長因子)をコードする遺伝子(発現ベクター及び/又はプロモーター、好ましくはGFAPプロモーター及び/又はγ−GTPプロモーターも含める)、又はポリペプチドに対するアンチセンスDNA;並びにアンチセンスプローブ(核酸又はペプチド核酸)でありうる。治療用又は診断用の部分と標的指向剤とを直接的に結合するのに加えて、そのような治療用又は診断用の部分は、ナノ粒子、リポソーム、又はナノゲルなどのナノ容器中に封入することもでき、この場合、標的指向剤がそのようなナノ容器に共有結合によって結合されていることが好ましい。ナノ容器へのそのような結合は、直接的であっても、又は、スフィンゴミエリン、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)、若しくは他の有機重合体などの、周知の重合体結合剤のいずれを介するものであってもよく、かつ、単独の標的指向剤との結合でも、血液脳関門及び脳の細胞膜にあるインシュリン、鉄結合性グロブリン、IGF、レプチン、LRP(1B)、又はLDL受容体を標的とした周知の血液脳関門指向性部分のいずれと組み合わせてもよい。標的(PEG)化されたリポソームを含む、そのような医薬組成物の生成に関する詳細が、米国特許第6,372,250号に記載されている。
さらに別の態様では、本発明は、対象の微小血管透過性の状態を診断する方法に関する。そのような方法は、好ましくは、(a)配列番号1〜25に示すアミノ酸配列の1つに対して、少なくとも90%の同一性のアミノ酸配列を有するLPSSポリペプチドをコードする核酸配列の、対象における微小血管内皮での発現レベルを測定するステップと、(b)上記核酸配列の発現レベルを、上記核酸配列の発現レベルに関する基準値と比較するステップとを含む。好ましくは、上記基準値は健康な個体の微小血管内皮での発現レベルの平均値である。上記核酸配列の発現レベルは、上記核酸配列によってコードされているLPSSポリペプチドの量を定量することによって、間接的に測定することができる。好ましい方法では、複数の核酸配列の発現レベルを比較する。複数の核酸配列を分析する場合には、下記及び実施例に記述する通りに、相補的な核酸を含むマイクロアレイを用いてこれを行うと好都合である。発現レベルは、対象から取得した試料中で、ex vivoで測定してもよい。この方法は、微小血管透過性が上記のものでありうる微小血管透過性障害を診断する方法、又は微小血管透過性障害に対する罹病性を診断する方法であることが好ましい。この方法は、微小血管透過性を回復させる処置の有効性を評価するのに用いることもできる。
さらに別の態様では、本発明は、毛細血管内皮細胞の透過性を変調することができる物質を同定する方法に関する。この方法は、(a)配列番号1〜25に示すアミノ酸配列の1つに少なくとも90%の同一性のアミノ酸配列を有するLPSSポリペプチドをコードする1つ又は複数の核酸を発現できる試験細胞集団を用意するステップと、(b)試験される物質を含む組成物に、試験細胞集団を接触させるステップと、(c)配列番号1〜25に示すアミノ酸配列の1つに少なくとも90%の同一性のアミノ酸配列を有するLPSSポリペプチドをコードする核酸配列の発現レベルを、物質と接触した試験細胞集団で測定するステップと、(d)上記核酸配列の上記発現を、物質と接触していない試験細胞集団における、上記核酸配列の発現レベルと比較するステップと、(e)物質に接触した試験細胞集団と、物質に接触していない試験細胞集団との間で、上記核酸配列の発現レベルに相違が生じる物質を同定するステップとを含むことが好ましい。この方法では、上記核酸配列の発現レベルを、上記核酸配列によってコードされているLPSSポリペプチドの量を定量することによって、間接的に測定することができる。複数の核酸配列の発現レベルを比較してもよい。好ましい方法では、試験細胞集団が、内皮細胞、好ましくは血管内皮細胞、より好ましくは微小血管内皮細胞、最も好ましくは脳の微小血管内皮細胞を含む。試験細胞集団中の細胞は、哺乳類細胞、好ましくはヒト細胞であることが好ましい。この方法では、物質に接触した試験細胞集団、及び物質に接触していない試験細胞集団が、一細胞集団、好ましくは一細胞系、より好ましくは一細胞に由来することが好ましい。さらに別の好ましい方法では、試験細胞集団はヘルパー細胞集団と共培養され、試験細胞集団がフィルターの片側の面で培養され、ヘルパー細胞集団が上記フィルターの反対側の面で培養され、好ましくは、ヘルパー細胞集団が星状細胞を含む。
本発明者らは、示差特異的に発現する、血管透過性の低下に関与するポリペプチドをここに開示する。したがって、これらのポリペプチドを、本発明者らは、「リポ多糖感応性」ポリペプチド又はLPSSポリペプチドと呼ぶ。LPSSポリペプチドは、血液脳関門の機能性の制御に関与する、いくつかの異なったタイプの機構に関与している。これらには、分泌因子、シグナル伝達経路、受容体、接着性分子、及び代謝酵素が含まれる。LPSSポリペプチド及びこれらの機構について、以下により詳細に論じる。既知である場合、又は適用可能である場合には、各LPSSポリペプチドについて、以下の情報を付与される。
・そのLPSSポリペプチドをコードしているアミノ酸配列(配列表);
・受容体、受容体アゴニスト、受容体アンタゴニスト;
・アゴニストLPSSポリペプチド又は断片;
・LPSSポリペプチド受容体の完全又は部分アゴニスト;
・アゴニストペプチド模倣物質;
・アゴニスト抗体又は抗体断片;
・アゴニスト小分子、又は他の薬剤;
・アンタゴニストLPSSポリペプチド断片;
・アンタゴニストペプチド模倣物質;
・アンタゴニスト小分子、又は他の薬剤;
・アンタゴニスト抗体若しくは抗体断片、又は中和抗体若しくは抗体断片;
・LPSSポリペプチド受容体の部分アゴニスト又は逆アゴニスト;
・LPSSポリペプチド受容体の完全又は部分アンタゴニスト。
当業者ならば、これらの物質のそれぞれが、本明細書に記載した本発明の方法に適用しうるものであると理解するであろう。
本発明の実施形態では、細胞外に分泌されるか、又は細胞外で作用するLPSSポリペプチド(ホルモン、酵素、成長因子、サイトカイン、ケモカイン、結合タンパク質など)を、血液脳関門の透過性の特異的変調又はモニタリングに用いるのが好ましい。本発明者らは、示差特異的に発現する、そのような新規のポリペプチドのいくつかを同定したが、これらには、プレB細胞コロニー促進因子(pre−B−cell colony−enhancing factor)、骨形成タンパク質4、潜在型トランスフォーミング成長因子β結合タンパク質2、腫瘍壊死因子α誘導タンパク質6、へパリン結合性上皮成長因子様成長因子(ジフテリア毒素受容体)、及びホスホリパーゼA2グループVIIが含まれる。これらを、別の項(それぞれ受容体及び接着性分子の項、及び代謝酵素の項)で論じるジフテリア毒素受容体(配列番号22)及びホスホリパーゼ A2グループVII(配列番号23)を除いて、以下により詳細に論じる。
本発明の実施形態では、脳血液関門の透過性を特異的に変調するのに、細胞内信号伝達経路に関与するポリペプチドを用いることが好ましい。本発明者らは、示差特異的に発現するいくつかの新規のポリペプチドを同定したが、これらには、網膜細胞芽腫結合タンパク質6、カルシウム/カルモジュリン依存性プロテインキナーゼ(CaMキナーゼ)IIγ、MARCKS(macrophage myristoylated alanine−rich C kinase substrate)、GTP−結合タンパク質RHO6、フォスデューシンアイソフォームフォスデューシン様タンパク質/オーファン1、カルレティキュリン前駆体、及びGタンパク質共役型受容体誘導タンパク質が含まれる。これらについて以下に、より詳細に論じる。
本発明の実施形態では、脳−血液関門の透過性を特異的に変調するのに、膜(シグナル伝達又はインタナリゼーション)受容体、又は(シグナル伝達)接着分子として機能するポリペプチドを用いることが好ましい。本発明者らは、示差特異的に発現するいくつかの新規のポリペプチドを同定したが、これらには、ケモカイン(C−X−Cモチーフ)受容体4、成長ホルモン受容体、及びジフテリア毒素受容体(へパリン結合性上皮成長因子様成長因子)が含まれる。これらについて、以下に、より詳細に論じる。
本明細書では、「配列同一性」を、2つ以上のアミノ酸(ポリペプチド又はタンパク質)配列、又は2つ以上の核酸(ポリヌクレオチド)配列相互における、それらの配列を比較することによって決定される関連性(relationship)として定義する。また、当技術分野において、「同一性」は、場合によっては、そのような配列のストリング相互の一致率によって決定される、アミノ酸又は核酸配列相互の配列関連性の程度も意味する。2つのアミノ酸配列相互の「類似性」は、あるポリペプチドのアミノ酸配列及びその保存されたアミノ酸置換を、第2のポリペプチドの配列と比較することによって決定される。「同一性」及び「類似性」は、限定されるものではないが、「コンピューター分子生物学(Computational Molecular Biology)」、Lesk,A.M.編集、Oxford University Press社、New York、1988年;「バイオコンピューティング:情報学及びゲノムプロジェクト(Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects)」、Smith,D.W.編集、Academic Press社、New York、1993年;「配列データのコンピューター解析、第一部(Computer Analysis of Sequence Data,Part I)」、Griffin,A.M.及びGriffin,H.G.編集、Humana Press社、New Jersey、1994年;「分子生物学における配列決定分析(Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology)」、von Heine,G.、Academic Press社、1987年;及び「配列分析プライマー(Sequence Analysis Primer)」、Gribskov,M.及びDevereux,J.編集、Stockton Press社、New York、1991年;並びにCarillo,H.及びLipman,D.、SIAM J.Applied Math.、第48巻、1073頁(1988年)に記載のものを含めた公知の方法によって容易に計算することができる。
本発明での使用に供するポリペプチドは、組換え技法を用いて調製することができ、そのような組換え技法では、注目しているポリペプチドをコードするヌクレオチド配列が、適当な宿主細胞で発現される。したがって、本発明は、上記に定義した核酸分子又はヌクレオチド配列を含むベクターの使用にも関する。ベクターは、そのベクターに適した宿主でのベクターの増殖を確実にする複製開始点(又は自己複製配列)を含む複製ベクターである。別法として、ベクターは、例えば相同組換などを介して、宿主細胞ゲノム中に挿入することが可能なものである。特に好ましいベクターは、その中で、上記に定義したポリペプチドをコードするヌクレオチド配列が、そのベクターの宿主細胞における、コード配列の発現を指示できるプロモーターに作用可能に連結されている発現ベクターである。
本発明のいくつかの態様は、上記に定義したヌクレオチド配列を含む、遺伝子療法に適した発現ベクターの使用に関する。遺伝子療法に適したベクターは、Anderson、1998年、Nature、第392巻、25〜30頁;Walther及びStein、2000年、Drug、第60巻、249〜71頁;Kayら、2001年、Nat.Med.、第7巻、33〜40頁;Russell、2000年、J.Gen.Virol.、第81巻、2573〜604頁;Amado及びChen、1999年、Science、第285巻、674〜6頁;Federico、1999年、Curr.Opin.Biotechnol.、第10巻、448〜53頁;Vigna及びNaldini、2000年、J.Gene Med.、第2巻、308〜16頁;Marinら、1997年、Mol.Med.Today、第3巻、396〜403頁;Peng及びRussell、1999年、Curr.Opin.Biotechnol、第10 巻、454〜7頁;Sommerfelt、1999年、J.Gen.Virol.、第80巻、3049〜64頁;Reiser、2000年、Gene Ther.第7巻、第910〜3頁;及びこれらに引用されている参考文献に記載されている。
本発明のいくつかの態様は、上記に定義した本発明のLPSSポリペプチドに特異的に結合する抗体、又は抗体断片の使用に関する。所与のポリペプチドに特異的に結合する抗体又は抗体断片を生成する方法は、例えば、Harlow及びLane(1988年、「抗体:実験室マニュアル(Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual)」、Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press社、Cold Spring Harbor、NY)、並びに、国際公開第WO91/19818号;国際公開第WO91/18989号;国際公開第WO92/01047号;国際公開第WO92/06204号;国際公開第WO92/18619号;及び米国特許第6,420,113号、並びにこれらに引用されている参考文献に記載されている。本明細書で使用する場合、「特異的な結合」という用語には、低親和性及び高親和性の両方の特異的な結合が含まれる。特異的な結合を示すことができるものには、例えば、少なくとも約10−4MのKdを有する低親和性の抗体又は抗体断片がある。特異的な結合は、抗体又は抗体断片、例えば、少なくとも約10−7M、少なくとも約10−8M、少なくとも約10−9M、又は少なくとも約10−10MのKdを有する抗体又は抗体断片も示すことができ、或いは、少なくとも約10−11M又は10−12MのKdを有する場合もある。
LPSSポリペプチド又はLPSSポリペプチド受容体に特異的に結合するペプチド様分子(ペプチド模倣物質と呼ばれる)又は非ペプチド分子、及び、本明細書に定義した本発明の方法のいずれかに適用できるペプチド模倣物質又は非ペプチド分子も、例えば、本明細書に参照により組み込まれている米国特許第6,180,084号に詳細に記載されている、当技術分野においてそれ自体で公知の方法を用いることによって同定することができる。そのような方法には、例えばペプチド模倣物質、ペプチド、DNA、又はcDNAの発現ライブラリー、コンビナトリアル化学ライブラリー、及び、特に有用である、ファージディスプレイライブラリーをスクリーニングすることが含まれる。これらのライブラリーは、LPSSポリペプチド又はその受容体のアゴニスト及びアンタゴニストを得るために、これらのライブラリーを、実質的に精製されたLPSSポリペプチド、LPSSポリペプチド受容体、その断片、又はその構造類似体に接触させることによって、スクリーニングすることができる。
本発明は、さらに、上記に定義したLPSSポリペプチド、抗体、又は遺伝子療法ベクターを、活性成分として含む医薬製剤にも関する。この組成物は、活性成分に加えて、少なくとも薬学的に許容される担体を含むことが好ましい。
本発明の別の態様は、上記に定義した核酸、ポリペプチド、又は抗体を含むマイクロアレイ(又は、他の高スループットスクリーニング装置)に関する。マイクロアレイは、核酸、アミノ酸配列、又はこれらの混合物を分析するために、1つ又は複数の固定された核酸又はポリペプチドの断片を含有する固形担体又は担体である(例えば、国際公開第WO97/27317号、国際公開第WO97/22720号、国際公開第WO97/43450号、欧州特許第0799897号、欧州特許第0785280号、国際公開第WO97/31256号、国際公開第WO97/27317号、国際公開第WO98/08083号、並びに、Zhu及びSnyder、2001年、Curr.Opin.Chem.Biol.、第5巻、40〜45頁)。核酸を含むマイクロアレイは、例えば、上述した遺伝子型又は発現パターンを分析する方法で適用できる。ポリペプチドを含むマイクロアレイは、それらのポリペプチドと相互作用する基質、リガンド、又は他の分子の適当な候補を検出するのに用いることができる。抗体を含むマイクロアレイは、上述したポリペプチドの発現パターンを分析する方法で使用できる。
1.1.細胞培養
1.1.1.ウシ脳毛細血管の単離
脳毛細血管は、屠殺場で、新たに殺された動物から得たウシ(コウシ)の脳から単離した。脳は、氷冷リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(LPSS、1.1mM KH2PO4、5.6mM Na2HPO4、及び150mM NaCl、pH 7.4)に入れて、実験室まで輸送した。髄膜及び白質を除去し、灰白質を、10%(v/v)の熱不活性化した(56℃、30分)牛胎児血清(DMEM+S)を補充したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(DMEM)に収集した。DMEMには、高濃度のD−グルコース(4.5g/l)、NaHCO3(3.7g/l)、及びHEPES(25mM)を配合し、追加してMEM非必須アミノ酸、L−グルタミン(2mM)、硫酸ストレプトマイシン(0.1g/l)、及びペニシリンGナトリウム(100000u/I)を含有させた。血管断片をウィートンホモジナイザを用いて、手操作の均質化によって調製し、続いて、150μmのナイロンメッシュ上に捕捉した。この血管を、コラゲナーゼCLS3(210U/ml)、トリプシンTRL(91U/ml)、及びDNAse I(170U/ml、最終濃度)を含むDMEM+S中、37℃で、1時間消化し、続いて、200μmのナイロンメッシュを通して濾過した。脳毛細血管画分は、凍結混和液(10%(v/v)DMSOを含む牛胎児血清(FCS))中に再懸濁し、−80℃で保存した。
星状細胞は、ウィスター系ラットの新生仔(Harlan B.V.社、Zeist、オランダ)から単離した。単離された皮質を断片化し、0.016%(w/v)トリプシンEDTA(最終濃度)を含むDMEM(HEPES(50mM)で完全に緩衝させ、NaHCO3は含んでいない)中、37℃で、水浴中に振盪させながら(80rpm、30分間)インキュベートした。この懸濁液を、120及び45μmのナイロンメッシュを通してそれぞれ濾過した。この細胞懸濁液を、3日間、加湿インキュベーター(Napco Scientific Company社、Tualatin、OR、米国)内で、10%CO2を含む混合空気中、37℃で、250mlのプラスチック組織培養フラスコ(Greiner B.V.社、Alphen a/d Rijn、オランダ)中のDMEM+Sで培養した。その後、培地は、一日おきに新しくした。7日間の培養の後、振盪している(80rpm)浴槽中で、培養を室温で終夜、振盪することによって、星状細胞以外の細胞を除去した。2日後に、培養物を、0.05%(w/v)トリプシン−EDTAを用いて、1:3の分割比で、ポリ−D−リシンコーティングされたフラスコ(10μg/ml ポリ−D−リシン溶液を終夜、撹拌し、空気乾燥させ、LPSS(3回)で洗浄した)中に継代させた。集密状態になったときに、星状細胞培養上清を、一日おきに、2〜4週間収集し、無菌濾過し、−20℃で保存した。共生培養を行うために、2週間目の培養を継代させ、液体窒素中の凍結混和液中に保存した。
コラーゲンコーティング(ヒト胎盤タイプIV、10μg/mlを含む0.1%(v/v)酢酸溶液中に2時間、そして、LPSSで3回洗浄)及びヒト血漿フィブロネクチンコーティング(10μg/mlを含むLPSS溶液、30分間)された250mlのプラスチック組織培養フラスコ中に、脳毛細血管を播種し、インキュベーター中に、4時間置いて、血管を付着させた。その後、培養液を増殖培地(50%(v/v)星状細胞培養上清を含み、125μg/mlヘパリンが補充されているDMEM+S)に置換し、増殖中の細胞、主としてBCEC、及びいくらかの周皮細胞を、10% CO2、37℃で、培養した。
in vitro BBBモデルは、コラーゲンコーティングされた(上記参照)トランスウェル(登録商標)ポリカーボネートフィルター(表面積;0.33cm2、孔径:0.4μm、Corning Costar社、Cambridge、MA、米国)上で調製した。約70%集密の状態のとき(脳毛細血管の播種後の4又は5日目)に、内皮細胞用のトリプシン−EDTA(1mlあたり、ブタトリプシン500 BAEE単位、及びEDTA 180μg)で約1分間処置し、周皮細胞の大部分を、基質に接着した状態に残して、BCECを継代させた。BCECと星状細胞との共培養は、フィルターの底面に1フィルターあたり45000星状細胞の密度で播種した星状細胞を用いて調製した。星状細胞は、BCECを継代させる2又は3日前に、8分間置いて、フィルターの底面に付着させた。BCECは、1フィルターあたりの30000BCECの密度で播種した。BCEC+星状細胞共培養を、最初の2日間は、125μg/ml ヘパリンを補充したDMEM+S中で、そして、後の2日間は、DMEM+S中で、緊密な単層培養になるまで培養した。BCEC単層培養は、それに従って培養したが、培養液には50%(v/v)の星状細胞培養上清を添加した。
1.2.1.総RNAの単離
BCEC+星状細胞共培養の場合には、BCECのRNAを単離する前に、トランスウェル(登録商標)フィルターの側底面をこすり落とすことによって星状細胞を除去した。総RNAは、RNeasy(登録商標)ミニキット(Qiagen社、Hilden、ドイツ)を用いてBCEC(<5%の周皮細胞を含む(Gaillardら、2001年、同上))から単離した。これのために、細胞培地を除去し、トランスウェル(登録商標)フィルターあたりの40μlの溶解緩衝液で置換した。その後、溶解物を再懸濁して、複数(12〜18)のトランスウェル(登録商標)フィルターから収集した。この際、製造会社が推奨する、動物細胞から総RNAを単離する操作手順に従った。細胞溶解液を均質化するのには、QlAshredderを用いた。必要な場合には、酢酸ナトリウム及びエタノールを用いて総RNAを濃縮した。
総RNAから、Affymetrix GeneChip(登録商標)遺伝子発現解析用の、ビオチン化されたcRNAを調製するための以下のプロトコールは、「アフィメトリクスGeneChip発現分析マニュアル(Affymetrix GeneChip Expression Analysis Manual)」(Affymetrix社、Santa Clara、CA、米国)に記載されている製造会社の推奨に従って行った。簡潔には、1試料あたりの6〜16μgの総RNAを用い、Gibco BRL Superscript(商標)Choiceシステム(Life Technologies社、Rockville,MD、米国)を使用して二本鎖cDNAを合成した。第1鎖合成には、T7−dT24プライマー、及びSuperscript(商標)II逆転写酵素(Life Technologies社、Rockville、MD、米国)を用いた。第2鎖合成には、大腸菌(E.coli)DNAポリメラーゼI(Life Technologies社、Rockville、MD、米国)を用いた。その後、二本鎖cDNAをフェノール/クロロホルム抽出(フェーズロックゲル(Eppendorf AG社、Hamburg、ドイツ)を使用した)を用いて精製し、それに続いて、酢酸アンモニウム及びエタノールによる沈殿を行った。ビオチン化cRNAは、BioArray(商標)High Yield(商標)RNA転写物標識キット(Enzo Diagnostics社、Farmingdale,NY、米国)を用いて、37℃で5時間インキュベーションすることによって、cDNAからのin vitro転写で合成した。標識されたcRNAは、その後、RNeasy(登録商標)ミニキット(Qiagen社、Hilden、ドイツ)のRNAクリーンアッププロトコールを用いて精製した。その後、標識されたcRNA15〜20μgを、断片化緩衝液(40mM トリス酢酸(pH8.1)、125mM KOAc、30mM MgOAc)中で、94℃に、35分間、加熱することによって断片化した。
標識された、かつ断片化されたcRNAは、製造会社が推薦する条件下で、HG−U95Av2及びHG−U133Aアレイ(Affymetrix社、Santa Clara、CA、米国)にハイブリッド形成させた。cRNAは、調製物の質を確認するために、最初にTest2Chip(Affymetrix社)にハイブリッド形成させた。手短かに言うと、cRNAを、ハイブリダイゼーション混和液(1x MESハイブリダイゼーション緩衝液、100μg/mlニシン精液、アセチル化BSA 50μg/ml、対照オリゴヌクレオチドB2、及び真核細胞ハイブリダイゼーション対照)に希釈し、変性させ、その後、45℃、60rpmで、16時間、ハイブリッド形成させた。ハイブリダイゼーションの後、アレイを洗浄し、Affymetrix Genechip(登録商標)液体ステーション400を用いて、ストレプトアビジンフィコエリトリンで染色した。アレイ上の蛍光シグナルは、Hewlett−Packard Affymetrix GeneArray(登録商標)スキャナーを用いて測定した。
実施例1
以前の実験(参考文献として含まれている、Gaillard(2000年(a)、同上)に詳述されている)において、発明者らは、星状細胞及び(リポ多糖(LPS)によって模擬される)炎症過程が、発明者らのBBBの動的共培養モデルで相反する効果を示すことを見出した。簡潔には、星状細胞は関門の機能性を強化し、一方、LPSはそれを低下させる。さらに、星状細胞はLPSからの回復過程を引き起こすが、これは、星状細胞の物理的な存在なしには(すなわち、BCEC−ACM単層培養では)、観測されなかったものである。最後に、この回復過程は、タンパク質合成に依存しており、これは、特定の遺伝子転写が必要であること示すものである。図2に、この実験手法の詳細を図式的に示す。
実施例2
脳血液関門におけるLPSS14(DTR)の特性決定を行うために、子ウシ脳から初代単離した脳毛細血管から培養したBCECを、新生ラットから初代単離された脳星状細胞が挿入フィルターの底面で培養されている挿入フィルター上の単層培養として用いた。(図1b;BCEC−星状細胞、詳細には、参考文献として含まれている、Gaillardら、2001年、同上の通り、また簡潔には、本明細書における「1.1.細胞培養」の通り)。発明者らが用いたのは以下の通りである。1)フィルターの頂端側(血液)で様々な濃度(1ng/mlから10μg/mlまで)のDTに曝露されたBCEC(結果を図5に示す);2)1と同様だが、DTへの曝露が、フィルターの側底面(脳)で行われる(結果を図6に示す);3)BCECがフィルターの頂端側でDTに曝露される前に、DTの受容体結合領域に結合することによって、DTRの非競合的アンタゴニストとして作用する可溶性HB−EGFに、様々な濃度(0.1〜10μg/mlの)でプレインキュベート(室温1時間)されたDT 100ng/mlに、曝露されたBCEC(結果を図7に示す);4)DTに対する受容体結合領域に結合することによって、DTRの競合的アンタゴニストとして作用するCRM197で、5μg/ml、1時間前処置され、その後、100ng/mlのDTに曝露されたBCEC(結果を図8に示す)。
実施例3
脳血液関門におけるLPSS14(DTR)の生物活性の変調を行うために、子ウシ脳から初代単離した脳毛細血管から培養したBCECを、新生ラットから初代単離された脳星状細胞が挿入フィルターの底面で培養されている挿入フィルター上の単層培養として用いた。(図1b;BCEC−星状細胞、詳細には、参考文献として含まれている、Gaillardら、2001年、同上の通り、また簡潔には、本明細書における「1.1.細胞培養」の通り)。発明者らが用いたのは以下の通りである。1)BCECが100ng/ml DTに曝露される前に、DTに対する受容体結合領域で立体配座変化を誘導することによって、DTRにおけるDT結合のエンハンサーとして作用するヘパリン(125μg/ml)で、1時間前処置されたBCEC(結果を図9に示す);2)BCECが100ng/ml DTに曝露される前に、1μg/ml LPS(血清型055:B5)に頂端で2時間曝露され、それによって、DTRの発現レベルが増大しているBCEC(結果を図10に示す);3)BCECが100ng/ml DTに曝露される前に、細胞外ドメイン切断の過程に関与するMMPの阻害剤として作用する、10μM BB94(バチマスタット)に頂端で1時間曝露され、それによって、細胞膜でのDTRの利用性が増大しているBCEC(結果を図10に示す);4)BCECが100ng/mlのDTに曝露される前に行う、LPS(2)及びBB94(3)の併用であって、それによって、DTRの細胞膜での発現レベル及び利用性の両方が増大する、LPS(2)及びBB94(3)の併用(結果を図10に示す)。
実施例4
LPSSI4(DTR)を介した脳血液関門を標的とする薬物送達の可能性を評価するために、子ウシ脳から初代単離された脳毛細血管から培養されたBCECを、96ウェルプレート中での単層培養として用いた(詳細には、参考文献として含まれている、Gaillardら、2001年、同上の通り、また簡潔には、本明細書における「1.1.細胞培養」の通り)。発明者らが用いたのは以下の通りである。1)重量/重量比10:1で、ホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼ(HRP、40kDa酵素)に結合されているタンパク質(CRM197、BSA、及びホロトランスフェリン(TrF))(図11);2)重量/重量比10:1でHRPに結合されているCRM197、及び、CRM197の受容体結合領域に結合することによって、DTR媒介性の摂取に対する非競合的アンタゴニストとして作用する可溶性HB−EGF 10μg/mlでプレインキュベート(室温1時間)された、重量/重量比10:1でHRPに結合されているCRM197(図12);3)能動摂取測定用、37℃及び4℃の、HRP担持CRM197コートPEGリポソーム(図14)。4℃の方の実験では、摂取実験を開始する前に1時間、冷蔵庫でBCECを冷やした。この特定の実験では、最後の2日間、BCECを、HEPESで完全に緩衝されたDMEM+Sで成長させた;4)能動摂取測定用のHRP担持CRM197コートPEGリポソーム、及びHRP担持BSAコートPEGリポソーム;5)HRP担持CRM197コートPEGリポソーム、及び、CRM197コートPEGリポソームに対する受容体結合領域に結合することによって、DTRにおける競合的アンタゴニストとして作用する遊離CRM197 50μg/mlで1時間、前処置されたBCEC上のHRP担持CRM197コートPEGリポソーム(図16)。
実施例5
トランスサイトーシスによる、LPSS14(DTR)を介した、脳血液関門薬物の通過先を標的とする送達の可能性を評価するために、子ウシ脳から初代単離した脳毛細血管から培養したBCECを、新生ラットから初代単離された脳星状細胞が挿入フィルターの底面で培養されている挿入フィルター上の単層培養として用いた。(図1b;BCEC−星状細胞、詳細には、参考文献として含まれている、Gaillardら、2001年、同上の通り、また簡潔には、本明細書における「1.1.細胞培養」の通り)。この実施例で記載するトランスサイトーシス実験では、BCEC−星状細胞共培養BCEC−星状細胞共培養の緊密さを劇的に増加させるために(すなわち、傍細胞漏出を減少させるために)、最後の2又は3日間、細胞を、312.5μM 8−(4−クロロフェニルチオ(CPT))−cAMP、及び17.5μM RO−20−1724を含むHEPESで完全に緩衝されているDMEM+S中で処置した。発明者らが用いたのは以下の通りである。1)37℃及び4℃における、能動的かつ特異的なトランスサイトーシス測定用の、標的指向性部分として作用するCRM197、及び重量/重量比2:1で、ホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼ(HRP、40kDa酵素)に結合されている制御タンパク質として作用するBSA(図13);4℃の方の実験では、輸送実験を開始する前に1時間、冷蔵庫でフィルターを冷やし;2)特異的なトランスサイトーシス測定用のHRP担持CRM197コートPEGリポソーム、及びHRP担持BSAコートPEGリポソーム(図17)。
実施例6
若いオスのモルモット(Dunkin−Hartley社、HsdPoc:HD、250〜300g)における、HRPに結合されているCRM197又はホロトランスフェリン(TrF)(重量/重量比2:1)の脳摂取を、結合体の頚動脈内ボーラス注入(非結合型HRPにおける500μg/mlに相当する濃度で1.5ml)から1.5時間後に測定し、等濃度の遊離HRPと比較した。タンパク質は、製造会社の使用説明に従って、HRP結合キットによってHRPに結合した(Alpha Diagnostic International社、San Antonio、TX、米国)。さらに、結合タンパク質は、セファクリルS−200HRマトリックスを充填したHiPrep16/60カラム(Amersham Biosciences社、イギリス)で精製した。簡潔には、空気/酸素混合物(2:1)中で、イソフルラン吸入(誘導に4%、維持に1〜1.5%)によって、動物を麻痺させた。血液試料採取及び薬物投与用に、カニューレを頚動脈蛇行に挿入した。タンパク質を注射した1.5時間後に、4% イソフルラン(1〜2分)で、動物を深く麻痺させ、続いて、血管から血液を除去するために、食塩水による動物全体(脳も含まれる)の潅流を、心臓大動脈を介して行った(<5分)。直後に、動物を斬首し、その後の分析用に脳を頭蓋骨から取り出した。すべての血液が除去されている(脳の目視検査に基づく)脳のみを、その後の分析に用いた。
Claims (18)
- (i)治療薬若しくは診断薬又はそれを含有する薬学的に許容される担体、及び
(ii)ジフテリア毒素受容体に特異的に結合する標的指向分子を含む結合体であって、
該治療薬又は診断薬は、それが血液脳関門(BBB)に入った後又は通過した後に薬理学的効果を有し、
該標的指向分子は、ジフテリア毒素CRM197の全体又は一部である、結合体。 - 前記治療薬又は診断薬が、
(a) 抗癌薬、化学治療薬、抗悪性腫瘍薬、抗増殖薬又は細胞障害性小分子薬;
(b) バイオ抗癌剤;
(c) モノクロナール抗体;
(d) サイトカイン又は増殖因子;
(e) 神経炎症阻害剤;
(f) 神経栄養因子;
(g) 酵素;
(h) 脳活性ホルモン、神経ペプチド
(i) BBBを通過しない、神経伝達物質又は神経伝達物質アゴニスト若しくはアンタゴニスト;
(j) 抗菌薬、抗ウイルス薬、抗真菌薬、抗寄生虫薬、抗原虫薬又はその他の駆虫薬;
(k) ポリペプチド産物を発現する治療用核酸ベクター;
(l) アンチセンス核酸若しくはペプチド核酸;及び
(m) 機能性RNA分子
からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の結合体。 - 前記治療薬を含有する薬学的に許容される担体が、前記治療薬を包み込んでいるナノ容器であり、前記標的指向分子が、該ナノ容器に結合されている、請求項1又は2に記載の結合体。
- 前記ナノ容器が、前記治療薬が共有結合されている、ナノ粒子、リポソーム又はナノゲルである、請求項3に記載の結合体。
- 血液脳関門(BBB)の中へ又はそれを介して治療薬若しくは診断薬を送達することにより中枢神経系(CNS)障害を治療、予防又は診断するための医薬の製造における、
(i)治療薬若しくは診断薬又はそれを含有する薬学的に許容される担体、及び
(ii)ジフテリア毒素受容体に特異的に結合する標的指向分子を含む、結合体の使用であって、
該治療薬又は診断薬は、それが血液脳関門(BBB)に入った後又は通過した後に薬理学的効果を有し、
該標的指向分子は、ジフテリア毒素CRM197の全体又は一部である、使用。 - 前記医薬が、酸化的ストレス、虚血性ストレス、浸透圧性ストレス、電気的ストレス、機械的ストレス若しくはせん断応力、サイトカイン、増殖因子、リゾ−ホスファチジルコリン、塩化第2水銀、ホルボールエステル、Ca++イオノフォア、血清、トロンビン、エンドセリン−1、アンギオテンシンII、リポプロテイン、血小板活性因子、α―アドレナリンアゴニスト、転写因子、ヘパリン、ヘパラン硫酸、ヘパラン硫酸プロテオグリカン、CD9/DRAP27、α3β1−インテグリン、マトリックスメタロプロテナーゼインヒビター、BB−94(batimastat)、ADAM12若しくはADAM10のインヒビター、PKCインヒビター、MAP/ERKキナーゼインヒビター、及びMAPキナーゼインヒビターからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種と組合せて使用され、前記血液脳関門(BBB)を構成する細胞上のジフテリア毒素受容体の発現又は生物学的活性のレベルが増加された状態で投与される、請求項5に記載の使用。
- 前記治療薬又は診断薬が、
(a) 抗癌薬、化学治療薬、抗悪性腫瘍薬、抗増殖薬又は細胞障害性小分子薬;
(b) バイオ抗癌剤;
(c) モノクロナール抗体;
(d) サイトカイン又は増殖因子;
(e) 神経炎症阻害剤;
(f) 神経栄養因子;
(g) 酵素;
(h) 脳活性ホルモン、神経ペプチド
(i) BBBを通過しない、神経伝達物質又は神経伝達物質アゴニスト若しくはアンタゴニスト;
(j) 抗菌薬、抗ウイルス薬、抗真菌薬、抗寄生虫薬、抗原虫薬又はその他の駆虫薬;
(k) ポリペプチド産物を発現する治療用核酸ベクター;
(l) アンチセンス核酸若しくはペプチド核酸;及び
(m) 機能性RNA分子
からなる群から選択される、請求項5又は6に記載の使用。 - 前記治療薬を含有する薬学的に許容される担体が、前記治療薬を包み込んでいるナノ容器であり、前記標的指向分子が、該ナノ容器に結合されている、請求項5から7の何れか1項に記載の使用。
- 前記ナノ容器が、前記治療薬が共有結合されている、ナノ粒子、リポソーム又はナノゲルである、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 前記医薬が、
(a) 神経変性障害;
(b) 神経精神障害;
(c) 脳腫瘍、癲癇、偏頭痛、ナルコレプシー、不眠、慢性疲労症候群、高山病、脳炎、髄膜炎、及びエイズ関連痴呆からなる群から選択されるCNS障害;
(d) 血管形成関連障害;
(e) 心臓障害又は虚血再灌流障害;
(f) 炎症又は自己免疫障害;
(g) 加齢性黄斑変性;
(h) 骨粗しょう症;
(i) リソソーム貯蔵障害;又は
(j) 創傷治癒及び組織修復
を治療するためのものである、請求項5から9の何れか1項に記載の使用。 - (i)治療薬若しくは診断薬又はそれを含有する薬学的に許容される担体、及び
(ii)ジフテリア毒素受容体に特異的に結合する標的指向分子を含む結合体を含み、
該治療薬又は診断薬は、それが血液脳関門(BBB)に入った後又は通過した後に薬理学的効果を有し、
該標的指向分子は、ジフテリア毒素CRM197の全体又は一部である、医薬組成物。 - 前記治療薬が、
(a) 神経栄養因子;
(b) 脳活性ホルモン、神経ペプチド;及び
(c) BBBを通過しない、神経伝達物質又は神経伝達物質アゴニスト若しくはアンタゴニスト
からなる群から選択される、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。 - 前記神経栄養因子が、神経成長因子、脳由来神経栄養因子、ニューロトロフィン−3、ニューロトロフィン−4、ニューロトロフィン−5、網膜由来増殖因子、繊毛神経栄養因子、アクチビン、塩基性線維芽細胞成長因子、酸性線維芽細胞成長因子、グリア細胞由来神経栄養因子、ニューブラスチン(neublastin)、アルテミン、エノビン(enovin)、パーセフィン、ニュールツリン;結合組織成長因子、及び上皮成長因子からなる群から選択される、請求項12に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記脳活性ホルモン又は神経ペプチドが、ソマトスタチン、オキシトシン、バソプレッシン、ガラニン、VIP、副腎皮質刺激ホルモン、コレシストキニン、サブスタンスP、ボンベシン、モチリン、グリセンチン、グルカゴン、グルカゴン様ペプチド、ペプチドYY、ニューロペプチドY、膵臓ポリペプチド、ニューロキニンA、ニューロキニンB、エンドルフィン、エンケファリン、ニューロテンシン、ニューロメジンK、ニューロメジンL、カルシトニン関連ペプチド、エンドセリン、心房性ナトリウム利尿ペプチド、脳性ナトリウム利尿ペプチド、C型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド、及び下垂体アデニル酸シクラーゼ活性化ペプチドからなる群から選択される、請求項12に記載の医薬組成物。
- 酸化的ストレス、虚血性ストレス、浸透圧性ストレス、電気的ストレス、機械的ストレス若しくはせん断応力、サイトカイン、増殖因子、リゾ−ホスファチジルコリン、塩化第2水銀、ホルボールエステル、Ca++イオノフォア、血清、トロンビン、エンドセリン−1、アンギオテンシンII、リポプロテイン、血小板活性因子、α―アドレナリンアゴニスト、転写因子、ヘパリン、ヘパラン硫酸、ヘパラン硫酸プロテオグリカン、CD9/DRAP27、α3β1−インテグリン、マトリックスメタロプロテナーゼインヒビター、BB−94(batimastat)、ADAM12若しくはADAM10のインヒビター、PKCインヒビター、MAP/ERKキナーゼインヒビター、及びMAPキナーゼインヒビターからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種と組合せて使用され、前記血液脳関門(BBB)を構成する細胞上のジフテリア毒素受容体の発現又は生物学的活性のレベルが増加された状態で投与される、請求項11から14の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記治療薬が、ナノ容器に包まれており、前記標的分子が、該ナノ容器に結合されている、請求項11から15の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記ナノ容器が、前記治療薬が共有結合されている、ナノ粒子、リポソーム又はナノゲルである、請求項16に記載の医薬組成物。
- (a) 神経変性障害;
(b) 神経精神障害;
(c) 脳腫瘍、癲癇、偏頭痛、ナルコレプシー、不眠、慢性疲労症候群、高山病、脳炎、髄膜炎、及びエイズ関連痴呆からなる群から選択されるCNS障害;
(d) 血管形成関連障害;
(e) 心臓障害又は虚血再灌流障害;
(f) 炎症又は自己免疫障害;
(g) 加齢性黄斑変性;
(h) 骨粗しょう症;
(i) リソソーム貯蔵障害;又は
(j) 創傷治癒及び組織修復
を治療するためのものである、請求項11から16の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
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US49152203P | 2003-08-01 | 2003-08-01 | |
US60/491,522 | 2003-08-01 | ||
PCT/NL2004/000092 WO2004069870A2 (en) | 2003-02-10 | 2004-02-10 | Differentially expressed nucleic acids in the blood-brain barrier under inflammatory conditions |
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KR101228204B1 (ko) | 2013-01-31 |
WO2004069870A2 (en) | 2004-08-19 |
CA2515603A1 (en) | 2004-08-19 |
WO2004069870A3 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
EP1592709A2 (en) | 2005-11-09 |
US8613929B2 (en) | 2013-12-24 |
US20110274749A1 (en) | 2011-11-10 |
MXPA05008487A (es) | 2006-03-10 |
US8026209B2 (en) | 2011-09-27 |
AU2004208962A1 (en) | 2004-08-19 |
WO2004069870B1 (en) | 2005-07-28 |
KR20050099545A (ko) | 2005-10-13 |
US20080213179A1 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
NZ541760A (en) | 2008-09-26 |
AU2004208962B2 (en) | 2010-07-15 |
CA2515603C (en) | 2016-06-07 |
JP2007528698A (ja) | 2007-10-18 |
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