JP4714682B2 - 造血幹細胞及び該細胞による眼の血管新生性疾患の治療方法 - Google Patents
造血幹細胞及び該細胞による眼の血管新生性疾患の治療方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
造血幹細胞は、例えばB細胞、T細胞、顆粒球、血小板及び赤血球といった様々な血液細胞型に分化することができる幹細胞である。系統表面抗原は、CD2、CD3、CD11、CD11a、Mac−1(CD11b:CD18)、CD14、CD16、CD19、CD24、CD33、CD36、CD38、CD45、CD45RA、マウスLy−6G、マウスTER−119、CD56、CD64、CD68、CD86(B7.2)、CD66b、ヒト白血球抗原 DR(HLA−DR)及びCD235a(グリコホリンA)を含む、成熟血液細胞系列のマーカーである細胞表面タンパク質のグループである。これらの抗原を著しいレベルで発現しない造血幹細胞は、一般に系統陰性(Lin−)と呼ばれる。ヒト造血幹細胞は、一般に、CD31、CD34、CD117(c−kit)及び/又はCD133等の他の表面抗原を発現する。マウス造血幹細胞は、一般に、CD34、CD117(c−kit)、Thy−1及び/又はSca−1等の他の表面抗原を発現する。
本発明はまた、内皮前駆細胞を含む、哺乳動物の骨髄由来である、系統陰性の造血幹細胞を単離する方法も提供する。この方法は、(a)成体哺乳動物から骨髄を抽出する段階と、;(b)前記骨髄から複数の単球を分離する段階と、;(c)1つ又は複数の系統表面抗原、好ましくは、CD2、CD3、CD4、CD11、CD11a、Mac−1、CD14、CD16、CD19、CD24、CD33、CD36、CD38、CD45、Ly−6G(マウス)、TER−119(マウス)、CD45RA、CD56、CD64、CD68、CD86(B7.2)、CD66b、ヒト白血球抗原DR(HLA−DR)及びCD235a(グリコホリンA)からなる群より選択される系統表面抗原に対するビオチン結合系統パネル抗体で前記単球を標識し;(d)前記複数の単球から前記1つ又は複数の系統表面抗原に対して陽性である単球を除去して、内皮前駆細胞を含む系統陰性の造血幹細胞集団を回収する段階と、を伴い、好ましくはその細胞の少なくとも約20%がCD31を発現する。
P2からP6の眼球を露出するために、鋭利な刃によって、マウスのまぶたに裂け目を入れた。次に本発明の系統陰性HSC集団A(細胞培養培地約0.5μlから約1μl中におよそ105細胞)を33ゲージ(Hamilton,Reno, NV)の針の付いたシリンジで硝子体内に注入した。
製造業者のプロトコールに従い、FuGENETM6トランスフェクション試薬(Roche, Indianapolis,IN)を用いて、TrpRSのT2断片をコードしHis6タグも封入するDNA(配列番号1、図7)をマウスLin−HSC(集団A)にトランスフェクションした。Lin−HSC細胞(1mlあたり約106細胞)を幹細胞因子(PeproTech,Rocky Hill,NJ)を含有するopti−MEM(登録商標)培地(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)中に懸濁した。次いで、DNA(約1μg)及びFuGENE試薬(約3μl)の混合物を添加し、混合物を約37℃で約18時間インキュベーションした。インキュベーション後、細胞を洗浄し回収した。このシステムのトランスフェクション効率は、FACS解析で確認したところ、およそ17%であった。T2の産生をウエスタンブロッティングにより確認した。His6タグ付加T2−TrpRSのアミノ酸配列を配列番号2、図8に示す。
マウス網膜をさまざまな時点で採取し、ホールマウント用又は凍結切片作製用に調製した。ホールマウント用には、網膜を4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、50%ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)及び20%正常ヤギ血清中において1時間周囲の室温でブロッキングした。網膜を一次抗体で処理し、二次抗体で検出した。使用した一次抗体は、抗コラーゲンIV(Chemicon,Temecula,CA)、抗β−gal(Promega,Madison,WI)、抗GFAP(Dako Cytomation,Carpenteria,CA)、抗α平滑筋アクチン(α−SMA,Dako Cytomation)であった。使用した二次抗体をAlexa488又は594蛍光マーカー(Molecular Probes,Eugene,OR)に結合させた。画像はMRC1024共焦点顕微鏡(Bio−Rad,Hercules,CA)で撮影した。ホールマウント網膜中での血管の発生について3つの異なる層を調べるために、LASERSHARP(登録商標)ソフトウェア(Bio−Rad)を用いて三次元画像を作製した。共焦点顕微鏡によって識別される、増強GFP(eGFP)マウスとGFAP/wtGFPマウスとの間のGFP画素強度の相違を利用して3D画像を作製した。
T2−TrpRS解析のために、第一及び深層の叢をマウス網膜の三次元画像から再構築した。第一叢を二つのカテゴリー、正常発生又は血管発生停止に分けた。深層での血管発生阻害についてのカテゴリーは、以下の基準を含む血管阻害の百分率に基づいて解釈した。深層叢形成の完全阻害を“Complete(完全)”と、正常血管発生(25%未満の阻害を含む)を“Normal(正常)”と、残りを“Partial(部分的)”とに分類した。rd/rdマウスの救出データを得るために、ホールマウント網膜それぞれについて、さらに深層の叢の4つの独立した領域を10Xレンズで捉えた。脈管構造の全長を各画像について計算し、まとめ、グループ間で比較した。正確な情報を得るために、Lin−HSCを一方の眼に、Lin+HSCを同じマウスのもう一方の眼に注入した。注入しない対照網膜は同じ親から生まれたマウスより得た。
ダイオードレーザー(150mW、1秒、50mm)を用いて、又は27ゲージ針で機械的にマウス網膜に穴を開けることによって、レーザー及び傷跡のモデルを作製した。傷を与えてから5日後、硝子体内法を用いて細胞を注入した。更にその5日後にマウスから眼を採取した。
成体のマウス骨髄由来の系統陰性造血幹細胞(Lin−HSC)は網膜変性のマウスモデルにおいて血管栄養及び神経栄養性の救出効果を有している。10日齢マウスの右眼に本発明のLin−HSCを約105個含有する約0.5μlを硝子体内注入し、2ヶ月後、網膜の脈管構造の存在及び神経層の核数について評価した。同じマウスの左眼にほぼ同じ数のLin+HSCを対照として注入し、同様に評価した。図9に示すように、Lin−HSCで処理した眼では、網膜の脈管構造はほぼ正常なようであり、内顆粒層はほぼ正常、外顆粒層(ONL)は約3から約4の核層を有していた。対照的に、Lin+HSCで処理した反対側の眼では、網膜血管の中間層が著しく萎縮し、網膜血管の外層は完全に萎縮し、内顆粒層は著しく萎縮し、外顆粒層は完全に消失していた。これはマウス3及びマウス5で顕著に示された。マウス1では、救出効果はなく、これは注入を行ったマウスのおよそ15%で当てはまった。
上述した一般プロトコールにより、健康な成人ヒトボランティアから骨髄細胞を抽出した。次いで、HISTOPAQUE(登録商標)ポリスクロース勾配(Sigma,St.Louis,MO)を用いた密度勾配分離によって単球を分離した。以下のビオチン結合系統パネル抗体(CD2、CD3、CD4、CD11a、Mac−1、CD14、CD16、CD19、CD33、CD38、CD45RA、CD64、CD68、CD86、CD235a(Pharmingen)を用いて、磁気分離装置(AUTOMACSTMソーター(Miltenyi Biotech,Auburn,CA)によりヒト骨髄単球細胞からLin−HSC集団を単離した。
マウス網膜血管の発生;眼の血管形成についてのモデル
マウスの眼は、ヒト等の哺乳動物の網膜血管の発生に関する研究に対する認識されたモデルを与える。マウスの網膜脈管構造が発生する時期において、虚血が引き起こした網膜血管は星状細胞と密接に関係して発生する。これらグリアの要素は、妊娠三半期のうちの最後のヒト胎児又は新生期のげっ歯類の網膜上へ視神経円板から神経節細胞層に沿って移動し、放射状に広がる。マウスの網膜脈管構造が発生するにつれて、内皮細胞は既に確立されたこの星状細胞の鋳型を利用し、網膜の血管パターンを決定する(図1a及びb参照)。図1(a及びb)は、発生過程にあるマウス網膜の概略図を表している。図1aは星状細胞の鋳型(明るい線)上に重なっている第一叢(図の左上の暗い線)の発生を表しており、図1bは網膜の血管形成の第二段階を表している。図中、GCLは神経節細胞層、IPLは内網状層、INLは内顆粒層、OPLは外網状層、ONLは外顆粒層、RPEは網膜色素上皮、ONは視神経及びPは末梢を意味する。
細胞表面マーカーの発現はHSCの調製物に見られるEPC集団について広く評価されてきたが、EPCを一意的に同定するマーカーはいまだ十分に定義されていない。EPCを濃縮するために、造血性の系統マーカー陽性細胞(Lin+)、すなわちBリンパ球(CD45)、Tリンパ球(CD3)、顆粒球(Ly−6G)、単球(CD11)及び赤血球(TER−119)をマウスの骨髄単核細胞から除いた。EPCをさらに濃縮するためにSca−1抗原を使用した。同数のLin−Sca−1+細胞又はLin−細胞を硝子体内に注入した後に得られた結果を比較したところ、2つのグループ間で違いは検出されなかった。実際に、Lin−Sca−1−細胞のみを注入した場合、発生過程の血管への取り込みがはるかに多いことが観察された。
硝子体内に注入されたLin−HSC組成物は星状細胞を標的とし正常な網膜脈管構造中に取り込まれるから、これらの細胞はグリオーシス及び血管の変性を伴う虚血性又は変性網膜疾患に見られる変性した脈管構造も安定化する。rd/rdマウスは、出生後1ヶ月までに光受容体及び網膜血管層に甚大な変性を示す網膜変性のモデルである。これらマウスの網膜脈管構造は、より深部の血管叢が退行するP16までは正常に発生し、ほとんどのマウスでP30までに深層及び中間の叢がほぼ完全に変性する。
網膜血管の疾患の大部分は変性よりもむしろ異常な血管増殖を伴う。星状細胞を標的とするトランスジェニック細胞は抗血管新生タンパク質を輸送し血管新生を阻害するのに使用することができる。Lin−HSC組成物由来の細胞にT2−トリプトファニル−tRNAシンテターゼ(T2−TrpRS)をトランスフェクションした。T2−TrpRSは、網膜の血管新生を強く阻害するTrpRSの43kD断片である(図6a)。対照プラスミドをトランスフェクションしたLin−HSC組成物(T2−TrpRS遺伝子を有さない。)をP2に注入した眼の網膜は、P12において正常な第一(図6c)及び第二(図6d)の網膜血管叢を有していた。T2−TrpRSをトランスフェクションした本発明のLin−HSC組成物をP2の眼に注入し10日後に評価すると、第一ネットワークは著しい異常を有し(図6e)、深層の網膜脈管構造の形成はほぼ完全に阻害された(図6f)。これらの眼で観察された少数の血管は、血管の間に大きな間隙を伴い、著しく減衰していた。T2−TrpRSを分泌しているLin−HSCによって阻害される程度を表2に詳述する。
上述のように、増強緑色蛍光タンパク質(enhanced green fluorescent protein)(eGFP)、C3H(rd/rd)、FVB(rd/rd)マウスの骨髄からLin−HSCを分離するためにMACSを用いた。これらのマウス由来のEPCを含有するLin−HSCをP6のC3H又はFVBマウスの眼の硝子体内に注入した。注入後の様々な時点(1ヶ月、2ヶ月及び6ヶ月)で網膜を回収した。CD31に対する抗体で染色した後、走査型レーザー共焦点顕微鏡で、また、DAPIによる核染色後に網膜を組織学的に脈管構造を解析した。様々な時点における網膜由来のmRNAのマイクロアレイ遺伝子発現解析を、この効果に関与している可能性のある遺伝子を同定するためにも用いた。
対照細胞又はマウスLin−HSCの注入から2ヶ月後のマウスにおいて、網膜電図(ERG)を調べた(図17)。ERG記録後、血管及び神経救出が起こったことを確認するために、各眼について、免疫組織的及び顕微鏡分析を行った。処置を行い救出された眼、及び対照、非救出の眼からの代表的なERG記録から、救出された眼において、デジタル処理で差し引いたシグナル(処置−非処置の眼)が、8マイクロボルトから10マイクロボルトのオーダーの振幅で明瞭に検出可能なシグナルを生じたことが示される(図17)。明らかに、両方の眼からのシグナルは著しく異常である。しかし、Lin−HSC処理した眼から、一貫した検出可能なERGが記録可能であった。全ての場合において、対照眼からのERGは検出不可能であった。救出された眼におけるシグナルの振幅が正常よりも著しく低い一方で、組織学的な救出があり、それが遺伝子を利用した他の救出実験により報告されたものの規模のオーダーである場合は必ず、シグナルが一貫して観察された。全体的なこれらの結果から、本発明のLin−HSCで処置した眼において機能的な救出がある程度起こることが示される。
大規模ゲノミクス(マイクロアレイ分析)を使用して、神経栄養性救出を介在すると推定される介在物を同定するために、救出及び非救出網膜を分析した。Lin−HSCで処置したrd1/rd1マウス網膜における遺伝子発現を、非注入網膜ならびに対照細胞(CD31−)を注入した網膜と比較した。これらの比較は、それぞれについて3回繰り返して行った。存在するとみなすためには、遺伝子が3回の測定全てにおいてバックグラウンドレベルよりも少なくとも2倍高い発現レベルを有することを必要とした。対照細胞注入及び非注入rd/rdマウス網膜と比較して、Lin−HSC保護網膜において3倍上方制御された遺伝子を図20のパネルA及びBに示す。MAD及びYing Yang−1(YY−1)を含む、著しく上方制御された遺伝子の多くは、アポトーシスからの細胞保護に関連する機能を有するタンパク質をコードする。ストレスから細胞を保護することに関連する既知の熱ショックタンパク質と配列ホモロジー及び同様の機能を有するクリスタリン遺伝子の多くも、Lin−HSC処置網膜により上方制御されていた。α−クリスタリンの発現は、免疫組織化学解析によると、ONLに局在していた(図19)。
系統に関連する造血細胞に対するマーカーを使用して、陰性であるものをEPCを含有する骨髄由来のLin−HSC集団として選択した。EPCとして働くことができる骨髄由来Lin−HSCのサブ集団は、一般に用いられる細胞表面マーカーよって特徴づけることができないが、発生過程の、又は損傷を受けた網膜脈管構造におけるこれらの細胞の挙動は、Lin+又は成体の内皮細胞集団で観察される挙動とは全く異なっている。これらの細胞は、網膜の血管新生部位を選択的に標的とし、開通血管の形成に寄与する。
Claims (2)
- 造血幹細胞と内皮前駆細胞とを包含する、単離された、哺乳動物の、Lin − のヒトの造血幹細胞集団であって、前記細胞はCD133陰性であり、前記細胞の少なくとも50%がインテグリンα6に関する表面抗原を発現し、前記細胞の少なくとも50%が表面抗原CD31を発現する、造血幹細胞集団。
- 造血幹細胞と内皮前駆細胞とを包含する、単離された、哺乳動物の、Lin − のヒトの造血幹細胞集団であって、前記細胞がCD133陽性であり、前記細胞の30%未満がインテグリンα6に関する表面抗原を発現し、前記細胞の50%未満が表面抗原CD31を発現する、造血幹細胞集団。
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JP2005538742A (ja) * | 2002-07-25 | 2005-12-22 | ザ・スクリプス・リサーチ・インステイチユート | 造血幹細胞及び該細胞を使用して眼の新生血管の疾患を治療する方法 |
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BRPI0409861A (pt) | 2006-05-16 |
EP1624758A4 (en) | 2007-03-07 |
ZA200509756B (en) | 2006-10-25 |
RU2389497C2 (ru) | 2010-05-20 |
KR101169261B1 (ko) | 2012-08-03 |
AU2005239702B2 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
JP2006525806A (ja) | 2006-11-16 |
EP1754783A1 (en) | 2007-02-21 |
RU2005137569A (ru) | 2006-06-10 |
CN100439493C (zh) | 2008-12-03 |
JP4714580B2 (ja) | 2011-06-29 |
AU2004237749A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
JP2006166918A (ja) | 2006-06-29 |
CA2526670A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
CN1831119B (zh) | 2010-05-26 |
EP1624758A2 (en) | 2006-02-15 |
CA2526670C (en) | 2011-06-14 |
MXPA05011750A (es) | 2006-06-06 |
KR101224375B1 (ko) | 2013-01-21 |
ZA200509752B (en) | 2006-11-29 |
RU2006103574A (ru) | 2007-08-20 |
RU2345780C2 (ru) | 2009-02-10 |
KR20120034251A (ko) | 2012-04-10 |
CN1831119A (zh) | 2006-09-13 |
CA2524063A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
MXPA05011752A (es) | 2006-06-06 |
AU2005239702A1 (en) | 2005-12-22 |
KR20060008968A (ko) | 2006-01-27 |
CA2524063C (en) | 2015-02-17 |
AU2004237749B2 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
CN1816281A (zh) | 2006-08-09 |
KR20060056420A (ko) | 2006-05-24 |
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