JP4397698B2 - 自動車用エレクトロクロミック可変反射率ミラー - Google Patents
自動車用エレクトロクロミック可変反射率ミラー Download PDFInfo
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- JP4397698B2 JP4397698B2 JP2004021296A JP2004021296A JP4397698B2 JP 4397698 B2 JP4397698 B2 JP 4397698B2 JP 2004021296 A JP2004021296 A JP 2004021296A JP 2004021296 A JP2004021296 A JP 2004021296A JP 4397698 B2 JP4397698 B2 JP 4397698B2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K9/00—Tenebrescent materials, i.e. materials for which the range of wavelengths for energy absorption is changed as a result of excitation by some form of energy
- C09K9/02—Organic tenebrescent materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R1/00—Optical viewing arrangements; Real-time viewing arrangements for drivers or passengers using optical image capturing systems, e.g. cameras or video systems specially adapted for use in or on vehicles
- B60R1/02—Rear-view mirror arrangements
- B60R1/08—Rear-view mirror arrangements involving special optical features, e.g. avoiding blind spots, e.g. convex mirrors; Side-by-side associations of rear-view and other mirrors
- B60R1/083—Anti-glare mirrors, e.g. "day-night" mirrors
- B60R1/088—Anti-glare mirrors, e.g. "day-night" mirrors using a cell of electrically changeable optical characteristic, e.g. liquid-crystal or electrochromic mirrors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1503—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect caused by oxidation-reduction reactions in organic liquid solutions, e.g. viologen solutions
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/153—Constructional details
- G02F1/161—Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells; Filling or closing of cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
- G02F1/1516—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising organic material
- G02F1/15165—Polymers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F2001/1502—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect complementary cell
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
- G02F2001/15145—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material the electrochromic layer comprises a mixture of anodic and cathodic compounds
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- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
- Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
- Rear-View Mirror Devices That Are Mounted On The Exterior Of The Vehicle (AREA)
Description
自立型ゲルを含有する数種のエレクトロクロミックミラーを次のようにして作成した。1:10イソシアナートエチルメタクリレート/メチルメタクリレートのコポリマー37.02g中のビス(1, 1'-3-フェニルプロピル)-4, 4'-ジピリジニウムビス(テトラフルオロボレート)1.5114gの溶液を、ビスフェノールA 0.7396g、5,10-ジメチル-5,10-ジヒドロフェナジン0.4606g、Tinuvin P (Ciba Geigy, Tarrytown, NY)0.5218gを含む炭酸プロピレン57.36g中の溶液と混合した。この混合物を、互いにエポキシシールでシールし、180ミクロンのセル空間を有する二枚の1.1mmガラス部材中に真空埋め戻し充填をした。当該セル空間は、Sigma-Aldrichから入手できるポリ(炭酸プロピレン)である、"ELVACITE" 2008, 2010, 2013,および 2041をそれぞれ含むポリマースペーサービーズを含有させていた。周囲温度(20〜25℃)でゲルを形成させた。これらのミラーはおおよそ4" × 6"であり、6ポイントランダム軸の回転の500回G-適用ショック荷重からなる振動試験に付した。この際、温度サイクルは、計25回、各々、−100℃から100℃まで4分かけて昇温させた。これらのミラーはすべて優れた耐振動性を示した。さらに、スペーサービーズのすべてが、ミラーがゲル混合物で充填されたときから24時間以内に溶解した。
ミラー部材の寸法がおおよそ5" × 9"だった以外は実施例1にしたがって、数種のエレクトロクロミックミラーを製作した。スペーサービーズのすべては、ミラーがゲル混合物で充填されたときから24時間以内に溶解した。これらのミラーを耐圧力点試験に付した。相当の面積を持つこれらのミラーの部品は、外部負荷圧力下でそれらが破壊し易い固有の箇所を有する。試験するためにこれらの箇所の一点(端部から約0.5インチ)を選択した。1235ポンドでおいてさえこれらの部品は破壊されなかった。これは、使用した試験用装置(1"直径の丸いプラスチック製フィンガーを備えたChattilon Force Measurement Gauge ET-110)で最大到達圧力を示した。1235ポンドの圧力を解除すると、この極端な圧力が原因で、プラスチック製試験用フィンガー直下の約0.5インチ直径の領域からゲルが強制的に追いやられていたことに気づかれる。その上ガラス部材は互いに接触していたと思われる。この極端な圧力を除去した後すぐに、ゲルは「自発治癒」し、試験箇所の元の位置にゲルを回復させた。比較のため、自立型ゲルを含有させないで約1.1mmの厚さのガラス部材およびPMMAビーズを有する部品は、平均167ポンドでガラス破壊を示した。
Claims (27)
- 自動車用エレクトロクロミック可変反射率ミラーであって、
各々が前表面および後表面を有し且つ各々の厚さが2.3mm未満である、曲がった前部および後部空間部材;
前記前部および後部空間部材のうち少なくとも一つと結合した、一層の透明導電性材料;
前記後部部材の一方側に設けられた反射体、ただし、前記後部部材の後表面に反射体がある場合、前記後部部材の前表面は一層の透明導電性材料;
空間を置いて離れた関係にある前記前部および後部空間部材と一緒に結合し、その部材間で室を確定する周囲シール部材、ここで、当該室は溶媒と架橋ポリマーマトリックスとを含む自立型ゲルを含有し、さらに当該室は少なくとも一種の溶液状のエレクトロクロミック材料を前記溶媒と共に含む、そして、当該エレクトロクロミック材料が前記溶液の一部として、前記架橋ポリマーマトリックス中に散在している;を含み
ここで、前記自立型ゲルは前記前部および後部部材と協動的に相互作用して一枚の単一部材を形成し、そして前記反射体は、前記光が、前記前部部材および室を通過した後に前記反射体に達すると、前記室および前記前部部材を通って光を反射するのに有効である、
前記自動車用エレクトロクロミック可変反射率ミラー。 - 前記前部および後部空間部材の各々の厚さが0.5mm〜1.5mmの範囲である請求の範囲第1項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記前部および後部空間部材の各々の厚さが0.8mm〜1.2mmの範囲である請求の範囲第1項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記前部および後部空間部材の各々の厚さが1.0mmである請求の範囲第1項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記ポリマーマトリックスが架橋性ポリマー鎖をもたらし、前記ポリマー鎖が、メチルメタクリレート、メチルアクリレート、2−イソシアナトエチルメタクリレート、2−イソシアナトエチルアクリレート、2−ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート、2−ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート、3−ヒドロキシプロピルメタクリレート、ビニルエーテルn−ブチルメチルメタクリレート、テトラエチレングリコールビニルエーテル、グリシジルメタクリレート、4−ビニルフェノール、アセトアセトキシエチルメタクリレートおよびアセトアセトキシエチルアクリレートからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種のモノマーを重合させることにより形成される請求の範囲第1項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記ポリマー鎖が、少なくとも二個の官能性を持ち、芳香族および脂肪族ヒドロキシル、芳香族および脂肪族シアナト、芳香族および脂肪族イソシアナト、ならびに脂肪族および芳香族イソチオシアナトからなる群から選択される官能基を有する化合物を用いて反応させることにより架橋される請求の範囲第5項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記ポリマー鎖が少なくとも二種の別個のモノマーの重合反応よりもたらされる請求の範囲第5項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記少なくとも二種のモノマーがメチルメタクリレート、メチルアクリレート、2−イソシアナトエチルメタクリレート、2−イソシアナトエチルアクリレート、2−ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート、2−ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート、3−ヒドロキシプロピルメタクリレート、ビニルエーテルn−ブチルメチルメタクリレート、テトラエチレングリコールジビニルエーテル、グリシジルメタクリレート、4−ビニルフェノール、アセトアセトキシエチルメタクリレートおよびアセトアセトキシエチルアクリレートからなる群から選択される請求の範囲第7項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記少なくとも二種のモノマーがメチルメタクリレート、2−イソシアナトエチルメタクリレート、2−ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレートおよびグリシジルメタクリレートからなる群から選択される請求の範囲第8項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記少なくとも二種のモノマーが2−ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレートおよびメチルメタクリレートを含む請求の範囲第9項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 2−ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート対メチルメタクリレートの比が1:10である請求の範囲第10項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 少なくとも2−ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレートおよびメチルメタクリレートから形成される前記ポリマー鎖が、活性水素と反応し得る2個以上の官能基を有する化合物により架橋される請求の範囲第10項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記少なくとも二種のモノマーがイソシアナトエチルメタクリレートおよびメチルメタクリレートを含む請求の範囲第9項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- イソシアナトエチルメタクリレート対メチルメタクリレートの比が1:3〜1:50の範囲である請求の範囲第13項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- イソシアナトエチルメタクリレート対メチルメタクリレートの比が1:10である請求の範囲第14項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- イソシアナトエチルメタクリレート対メチルメタクリレートの比が1:20である請求の範囲第14項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 少なくともイソシアナトエチルメタクリレートおよびメチルメタクリレートから形成される前記ポリマー鎖が2個以上の活性水素を含有する官能基を有する化合物により架橋される請求の範囲第14項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記ポリマーマトリックスが少なくとも二種の別個のポリマー鎖から形成され、当該少なくとも二種の別個のポリマー鎖の各々は、2−イソシアナトエチルメタクリレート、2−イソシアナトエチルアクリレート、2−ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート、2−ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート、3−ヒドロキシプロピルメタクリレート、グリシジルメタクリレート、4−ビニルフェノール、アセトアセトキシエチルメタクリレート、ビニルエーテルn−ブチルメチルメタクリレートおよびアセトアセトキシエチルアクリレートからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種のモノマーと重合化されたメチルメタクリレートおよびメチルアクリレートからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種のモノマーを含み、前記第一および第二ポリマー鎖は同じであっても異なっていても良い、請求の範囲第1項〜第5項のいずれかに記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記少なくとも二種のポリマー鎖の第一はイソシアナトエチルメタクリレートおよびメチルメタクリレートのコポリマーを含み、前記少なくとも二種のポリマー鎖の第二は2−ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレートおよびメチルメタクリレートのコポリマーを含む請求の範囲第18項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- イソシアナトエチルメタクリレート対メチルメタクリレートの比が1:3〜1:50の範囲に及び、2−ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート対メチルメタクリレートの比が1:3〜1:50の範囲である請求の範囲第19項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記自立ゲルおよび前記前部および後部部材間の協動的相互作用が、ミラーに曲げ及び破壊に対して抵抗性を与える請求の範囲第1項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記室内に配置されたポリマービーズをさらに含む請求の範囲第1項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記ビーズが、24時間以内に周囲温度またはその付近の温度でエレクトロクロミックデバイス内で溶解し得る材料からなる請求の範囲第22項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記ビーズがMMA/メタクリル酸、MMA/エチルアクリレート、MMA/n−ブチルアクリレート、およびポリ(炭酸ポリプロピレン)からなる群から選択されるコポリマーからなる請求の範囲第23項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記ビーズが前記ミラーに対して屈折率に不完全性をもたらさない請求の範囲第23項に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記前部および後部空間部材が凸型に曲がっている請求項1に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
- 前記前部および後部空間部材が非球面型に曲がっている請求項1に記載のエレクトロクロミックミラー。
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/834,783 US5940201A (en) | 1997-04-02 | 1997-04-02 | Electrochromic mirror with two thin glass elements and a gelled electrochromic medium |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP54179398A Division JP3645273B2 (ja) | 1997-04-02 | 1998-03-26 | 二枚の薄いガラス部材およびゲル化したエレクトロクロミック媒質を有するエレクトロクロミックミラー |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2004185030A JP2004185030A (ja) | 2004-07-02 |
JP2004185030A5 JP2004185030A5 (ja) | 2005-08-18 |
JP4397698B2 true JP4397698B2 (ja) | 2010-01-13 |
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JP54179398A Expired - Lifetime JP3645273B2 (ja) | 1997-04-02 | 1998-03-26 | 二枚の薄いガラス部材およびゲル化したエレクトロクロミック媒質を有するエレクトロクロミックミラー |
JP2004021296A Expired - Lifetime JP4397698B2 (ja) | 1997-04-02 | 2004-01-29 | 自動車用エレクトロクロミック可変反射率ミラー |
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JP54179398A Expired - Lifetime JP3645273B2 (ja) | 1997-04-02 | 1998-03-26 | 二枚の薄いガラス部材およびゲル化したエレクトロクロミック媒質を有するエレクトロクロミックミラー |
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US (5) | US5940201A (ja) |
EP (2) | EP1489456A1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP3645273B2 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE271232T1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU6776198A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2284539C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69825053T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1998044386A1 (ja) |
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1997
- 1997-04-02 US US08/834,783 patent/US5940201A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-03-26 AT AT98913140T patent/ATE271232T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-03-26 JP JP54179398A patent/JP3645273B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-26 AU AU67761/98A patent/AU6776198A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-03-26 EP EP04015933A patent/EP1489456A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-03-26 WO PCT/US1998/005940 patent/WO1998044386A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-03-26 DE DE69825053T patent/DE69825053T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-26 CA CA002284539A patent/CA2284539C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-26 EP EP98913140A patent/EP0990194B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-08-16 US US09/375,136 patent/US6057956A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-04-28 US US09/560,849 patent/US6268950B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-07-30 US US09/918,213 patent/US20010055143A1/en active Pending
-
2002
- 2002-04-03 US US10/115,433 patent/US6934067B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2004
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6268950B1 (en) | 2001-07-31 |
CA2284539C (en) | 2005-11-22 |
EP0990194B1 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
DE69825053D1 (de) | 2004-08-19 |
CA2284539A1 (en) | 1998-10-08 |
ATE271232T1 (de) | 2004-07-15 |
US6057956A (en) | 2000-05-02 |
JP2004185030A (ja) | 2004-07-02 |
AU6776198A (en) | 1998-10-22 |
US6934067B2 (en) | 2005-08-23 |
US5940201A (en) | 1999-08-17 |
JP2001525077A (ja) | 2001-12-04 |
US20010055143A1 (en) | 2001-12-27 |
US20030112489A1 (en) | 2003-06-19 |
JP3645273B2 (ja) | 2005-05-11 |
EP1489456A1 (en) | 2004-12-22 |
EP0990194A1 (en) | 2000-04-05 |
WO1998044386A1 (en) | 1998-10-08 |
DE69825053T2 (de) | 2005-08-25 |
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