JP4395193B2 - 回復能を有する再プログラムされた細胞の作製 - Google Patents
回復能を有する再プログラムされた細胞の作製 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4395193B2 JP4395193B2 JP2008525122A JP2008525122A JP4395193B2 JP 4395193 B2 JP4395193 B2 JP 4395193B2 JP 2008525122 A JP2008525122 A JP 2008525122A JP 2008525122 A JP2008525122 A JP 2008525122A JP 4395193 B2 JP4395193 B2 JP 4395193B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- cells
- expression
- dna
- activity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 8
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 340
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 98
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 claims description 92
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 76
- 108020004459 Small interfering RNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 75
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 62
- 108010088390 Glycine N-Methyltransferase Proteins 0.000 claims description 60
- 102000008764 Glycine N-methyltransferase Human genes 0.000 claims description 60
- MEFKEPWMEQBLKI-AIRLBKTGSA-N S-adenosyl-L-methioninate Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](C[S+](CC[C@H](N)C([O-])=O)C)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(N)=C2N=C1 MEFKEPWMEQBLKI-AIRLBKTGSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- SHGAZHPCJJPHSC-YCNIQYBTSA-N all-trans-retinoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C SHGAZHPCJJPHSC-YCNIQYBTSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 229930002330 retinoic acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 54
- 229960001570 ademetionine Drugs 0.000 claims description 50
- ZJUKTBDSGOFHSH-WFMPWKQPSA-N S-Adenosylhomocysteine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(N)=C2N=C1 ZJUKTBDSGOFHSH-WFMPWKQPSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 230000008672 reprogramming Effects 0.000 claims description 42
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 claims description 36
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 33
- 108060004795 Methyltransferase Proteins 0.000 claims description 26
- 102000016397 Methyltransferase Human genes 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 210000003527 eukaryotic cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 17
- 229960001727 tretinoin Drugs 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- LRSASMSXMSNRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methylcytosine Chemical compound CC1=CNC(=O)N=C1N LRSASMSXMSNRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940126190 DNA methyltransferase inhibitor Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003968 dna methyltransferase inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 102000003702 retinoic acid receptors Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 108090000064 retinoic acid receptors Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- 108091028043 Nucleic acid sequence Proteins 0.000 claims 2
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- 102000005954 Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) Human genes 0.000 claims 1
- 108010030837 Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 59
- 230000007067 DNA methylation Effects 0.000 description 49
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 46
- 210000000130 stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 46
- 238000010374 somatic cell nuclear transfer Methods 0.000 description 38
- 238000007069 methylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 37
- 230000011987 methylation Effects 0.000 description 36
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 34
- 102100036279 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 Human genes 0.000 description 29
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 27
- 210000001082 somatic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 25
- 230000017858 demethylation Effects 0.000 description 24
- 238000010520 demethylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 24
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 24
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 24
- 230000001973 epigenetic effect Effects 0.000 description 24
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N folic acid Chemical compound C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000001890 transfection Methods 0.000 description 23
- 108010033040 Histones Proteins 0.000 description 22
- 108010009540 DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 20
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 20
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 19
- 238000003197 gene knockdown Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 18
- FFFHZYDWPBMWHY-VKHMYHEASA-N L-homocysteine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCS FFFHZYDWPBMWHY-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 17
- 235000019152 folic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 17
- 239000011724 folic acid Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 17
- OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cytosine Chemical class NC=1C=CNC(=O)N=1 OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000012096 transfection reagent Substances 0.000 description 15
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 14
- 102100035423 POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 Human genes 0.000 description 14
- 101710126211 POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 Proteins 0.000 description 14
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 14
- 210000001671 embryonic stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 14
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 14
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 12
- 108090000204 Dipeptidase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 101000587058 Homo sapiens Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 102000006635 beta-lactamase Human genes 0.000 description 12
- 210000002257 embryonic structure Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 description 12
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 102100029684 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000006143 cell culture medium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 11
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 229940014144 folate Drugs 0.000 description 11
- 210000003958 hematopoietic stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- 210000004940 nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 101000931098 Homo sapiens DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 10
- 108700008625 Reporter Genes Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 230000024245 cell differentiation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000012091 fetal bovine serum Substances 0.000 description 10
- ZNOVTXRBGFNYRX-ABLWVSNPSA-N levomefolic acid Chemical compound C1NC=2NC(N)=NC(=O)C=2N(C)C1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 ZNOVTXRBGFNYRX-ABLWVSNPSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 210000003716 mesoderm Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000035131 DNA demethylation Effects 0.000 description 9
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229930182817 methionine Natural products 0.000 description 9
- 235000006109 methionine Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 238000003757 reverse transcription PCR Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 9
- 102000006947 Histones Human genes 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000002866 fluorescence resonance energy transfer Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 8
- 235000007635 levomefolic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000011578 levomefolic acid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 210000002901 mesenchymal stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 210000000287 oocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 108010077544 Chromatin Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 108060001084 Luciferase Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 239000005089 Luciferase Substances 0.000 description 7
- 210000002459 blastocyst Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 210000003483 chromatin Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 210000004602 germ cell Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 239000003102 growth factor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000003753 real-time PCR Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 7
- APIXJSLKIYYUKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3 Isobutyl 1 methylxanthine Chemical compound O=C1N(C)C(=O)N(CC(C)C)C2=C1N=CN2 APIXJSLKIYYUKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 101710123222 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 102100024810 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108010024491 DNA Methyltransferase 3A Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 206010016880 Folate deficiency Diseases 0.000 description 6
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 6
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pteroyl-L-glutaminsaeure Natural products C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 102000040945 Transcription factor Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108091023040 Transcription factor Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 230000002293 adipogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000001185 bone marrow Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 239000005515 coenzyme Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000013020 embryo development Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229960000304 folic acid Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000001178 neural stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Betaine Natural products C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000030933 DNA methylation on cytosine Effects 0.000 description 5
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O N,N,N-trimethylglycinium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 5
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012894 fetal calf serum Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000013642 negative control Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000011164 ossification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000392 somatic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009278 visceral effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 101710188260 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Proteins 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000255581 Drosophila <fruit fly, genus> Species 0.000 description 4
- 102000003974 Fibroblast growth factor 2 Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108090000379 Fibroblast growth factor 2 Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 108010047294 Lamins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000006835 Lamins Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 102000004058 Leukemia inhibitory factor Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108090000581 Leukemia inhibitory factor Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 4
- 102000055027 Protein Methyltransferases Human genes 0.000 description 4
- HMNZFMSWFCAGGW-XPWSMXQVSA-N [3-[hydroxy(2-hydroxyethoxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-[(e)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxypropyl] (e)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(COP(O)(=O)OCCO)OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C\CCCCCCCC HMNZFMSWFCAGGW-XPWSMXQVSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alizarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=C(O)C(O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 102000005936 beta-Galactosidase Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010005774 beta-Galactosidase Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000006860 carbon metabolism Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000022131 cell cycle Effects 0.000 description 4
- 108091092356 cellular DNA Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010367 cloning Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N coumarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=C1 ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ILRYLPWNYFXEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cystathionine Chemical compound OC(=O)C(N)CCSCC(N)C(O)=O ILRYLPWNYFXEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 4
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 210000003494 hepatocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N insulin Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)CN)C(C)CC)CSSCC(C(NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2NC=NC=2)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)CNC2=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)N3C(CCC3)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C)C(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(O)=O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)CC)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C1CSSCC2NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(C)C)CC1=CN=CN1 NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 210000005053 lamin Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008774 maternal effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000013641 positive control Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxine Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001718 repressive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- -1 retinoid compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sarcosine Chemical compound C[NH2+]CC([O-])=O FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 4
- DAEPDZWVDSPTHF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium pyruvate Chemical compound [Na+].CC(=O)C([O-])=O DAEPDZWVDSPTHF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N streptomycin Chemical compound CN[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@](C=O)(O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 108010072151 Agouti Signaling Protein Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000002260 Alkaline Phosphatase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108020004774 Alkaline Phosphatase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 230000004543 DNA replication Effects 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101150045568 GNMT gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 238000002957 GeneBLAzer Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108010043121 Green Fluorescent Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101000615488 Homo sapiens Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102100021299 Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- NPGIHFRTRXVWOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oil red O Chemical compound Cc1ccc(C)c(c1)N=Nc1cc(C)c(cc1C)N=Nc1c(O)ccc2ccccc12 NPGIHFRTRXVWOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102100040283 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 3
- 210000004504 adult stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 102000006995 beta-Glucosidase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010047754 beta-Glucosidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000423 cell based assay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 108010048032 cyclophilin B Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 230000032459 dedifferentiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001335 demethylating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 210000003038 endothelium Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000004049 epigenetic modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001943 fluorescence-activated cell sorting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001415 gene therapy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000001654 germ layer Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000018977 lysine Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 230000004660 morphological change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000002569 neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 235000021232 nutrient availability Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 210000000963 osteoblast Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 108010044156 peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase b Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 230000035935 pregnancy Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000002027 skeletal muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 229960005322 streptomycin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006276 transfer reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019163 vitamin B12 Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011715 vitamin B12 Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019158 vitamin B6 Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011726 vitamin B6 Substances 0.000 description 3
- LXJXRIRHZLFYRP-VKHMYHEASA-L (R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-propanal Natural products O=C[C@H](O)COP([O-])([O-])=O LXJXRIRHZLFYRP-VKHMYHEASA-L 0.000 description 2
- NMUSYJAQQFHJEW-KVTDHHQDSA-N 5-azacytidine Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)N=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 NMUSYJAQQFHJEW-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000006822 Agouti Signaling Protein Human genes 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101100257359 Caenorhabditis elegans sox-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229930186147 Cephalosporin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 241000484025 Cuniculus Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010068682 Cyclophilins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000001493 Cyclophilins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100026846 Cytidine deaminase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010031325 Cytidine deaminase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- LXJXRIRHZLFYRP-VKHMYHEASA-N D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Chemical compound O=C[C@H](O)COP(O)(O)=O LXJXRIRHZLFYRP-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108050002829 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100024812 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020001738 DNA Glycosylase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000028381 DNA glycosylase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010024985 DNA methyltransferase 3B Proteins 0.000 description 2
- OHCQJHSOBUTRHG-KGGHGJDLSA-N FORSKOLIN Chemical compound O=C([C@@]12O)C[C@](C)(C=C)O[C@]1(C)[C@@H](OC(=O)C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1[C@]2(C)[C@@H](O)CCC1(C)C OHCQJHSOBUTRHG-KGGHGJDLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012413 Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000010188 Folic Acid Deficiency Diseases 0.000 description 2
- DHCLVCXQIBBOPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol 2-phosphate Chemical compound OCC(CO)OP(O)(O)=O DHCLVCXQIBBOPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000004877 Insulin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090001061 Insulin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101100257363 Mus musculus Sox2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004067 Osteocalcin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000573 Osteocalcin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010016731 PPAR gamma Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229930182555 Penicillin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N Penicillin G Chemical compound N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100038825 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010007568 Protamines Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000007327 Protamines Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108700040121 Protein Methyltransferases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710150336 Protein Rex Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000002123 RNA extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012228 RNA interference-mediated gene silencing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 101100247004 Rattus norvegicus Qsox1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010077895 Sarcosine Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000983177 Streptomyces rimosus N,N-dimethyltransferase OxyT Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010017842 Telomerase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-XLPZGREQSA-N Thymidine Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C1 IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-XLPZGREQSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930003779 Vitamin B12 Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 108010084455 Zeocin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000001789 adipocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000000735 allogeneic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000692 anti-sense effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000033590 base-excision repair Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008238 biochemical pathway Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000033558 biomineral tissue development Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000010322 bone marrow transplantation Methods 0.000 description 2
- CJGYSWNGNKCJSB-YVLZZHOMSA-N bucladesine Chemical compound C([C@H]1O2)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H](OC(=O)CCC)[C@@H]2N1C(N=CN=C2NC(=O)CCC)=C2N=C1 CJGYSWNGNKCJSB-YVLZZHOMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000000845 cartilage Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000032823 cell division Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002659 cell therapy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003833 cell viability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940124587 cephalosporin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000001780 cephalosporins Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102000022628 chromatin binding proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091013410 chromatin binding proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- FDJOLVPMNUYSCM-WZHZPDAFSA-L cobalt(3+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2r)-1-[3-[(1r,2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2 Chemical compound [Co+3].N#[C-].N([C@@H]([C@]1(C)[N-]\C([C@H]([C@@]1(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=C(\C)/C1=N/C([C@H]([C@@]1(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=C\C1=N\C([C@H](C1(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=C/1C)[C@@H]2CC(N)=O)=C\1[C@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@@H](C)OP([O-])(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](N2C3=CC(C)=C(C)C=C3N=C2)O[C@@H]1CO FDJOLVPMNUYSCM-WZHZPDAFSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003636 conditioned culture medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960000956 coumarin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000001671 coumarin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-ZAKLUEHWSA-N cytidine Chemical group O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O1 UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-ZAKLUEHWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940104302 cytosine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000001086 cytosolic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003013 cytotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000135 cytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000779 depleting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- UREBDLICKHMUKA-CXSFZGCWSA-N dexamethasone Chemical compound C1CC2=CC(=O)C=C[C@]2(C)[C@]2(F)[C@@H]1[C@@H]1C[C@@H](C)[C@@](C(=O)CO)(O)[C@@]1(C)C[C@@H]2O UREBDLICKHMUKA-CXSFZGCWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960003957 dexamethasone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001605 fetal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002950 fibroblast Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012737 fresh medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007045 gastrulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009368 gene silencing by RNA Effects 0.000 description 2
- RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N glutathione Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003394 haemopoietic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003783 haploid cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000001506 immunosuppresive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940125396 insulin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 2
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000004962 mammalian cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000021121 meiosis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960004452 methionine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000007758 minimum essential medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000004165 myocardium Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000001537 neural effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004498 neuroglial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940049954 penicillin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000001050 pharmacotherapy Methods 0.000 description 2
- CWCMIVBLVUHDHK-ZSNHEYEWSA-N phleomycin D1 Chemical compound N([C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@H](O)C)C(=O)NCCC=1SC[C@@H](N=1)C=1SC=C(N=1)C(=O)NCCCCNC(N)=N)[C@@H](O[C@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](CO)O1)O[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](OC(N)=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)C=1N=CNC=1)C(=O)C1=NC([C@H](CC(N)=O)NC[C@H](N)C(N)=O)=NC(N)=C1C CWCMIVBLVUHDHK-ZSNHEYEWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940048914 protamine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- RADKZDMFGJYCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxal hydrochloride Natural products CC1=NC=C(CO)C(C=O)=C1O RADKZDMFGJYCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000025449 regulation of DNA methylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001850 reproductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004007 reversed phase HPLC Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940043230 sarcosine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004055 small Interfering RNA Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000002460 smooth muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229940054269 sodium pyruvate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N taurine Chemical compound NCCS(O)(=O)=O XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 230000003827 upregulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940011671 vitamin b6 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N (2S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropansäure Chemical compound OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBCOYOYDYNXAFA-UHFFFAOYSA-L (5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyridin-3-yl)methyl phosphate Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(COP([O-])([O-])=O)C(C)=C1O RBCOYOYDYNXAFA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZOBPZXTWZATXDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1CSC(=O)N1 ZOBPZXTWZATXDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-cis retinol Natural products OCC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VOXZDWNPVJITMN-ZBRFXRBCSA-N 17β-estradiol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@H](CC4)O)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 VOXZDWNPVJITMN-ZBRFXRBCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEJJHQNACJXSKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)N1C1CCC(=O)NC1=O UEJJHQNACJXSKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OCC[NH+]1CCN(CCS([O-])(=O)=O)CC1 JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEBBCNXOYOVGQS-BNHYGAARSA-N 4-amino-1-[(2r,3r,4s,5s)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxyamino)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NO)O1 GEBBCNXOYOVGQS-BNHYGAARSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMUSYJAQQFHJEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-Azacytidine Natural products O=C1N=C(N)N=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 NMUSYJAQQFHJEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJIJXIFQYOPWTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-hydroxycoumarin Natural products O1C(=O)C=CC2=CC(O)=CC=C21 CJIJXIFQYOPWTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000012758 APOBEC-1 Deaminase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150012656 APOBEC1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007469 Actins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010085238 Actins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000936 Agarose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108700028369 Alleles Proteins 0.000 description 1
- USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium acetate Chemical compound N.CC(O)=O USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005695 Ammonium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Asparagine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- DWRXFEITVBNRMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Beta-D-1-Arabinofuranosylthymine Natural products O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 DWRXFEITVBNRMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100032912 CD44 antigen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050007957 Cadherin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000000905 Cadherin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000009016 Cholera Toxin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010049048 Cholera Toxin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091026890 Coding region Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004127 Cytokines Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000695 Cytokines Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000053602 DNA Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000006429 DNA hypomethylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008836 DNA modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108010063593 DNA modification methylase SssI Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000033616 DNA repair Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000052510 DNA-Binding Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710096438 DNA-binding protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150065780 DNMT gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- SUZLHDUTVMZSEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Deoxycoleonol Natural products C12C(=O)CC(C)(C=C)OC2(C)C(OC(=O)C)C(O)C2C1(C)C(O)CCC2(C)C SUZLHDUTVMZSEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150007297 Dnmt1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150016224 Dnmt3b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000009051 Embryonal Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000148064 Enicostema verticillatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 108700039887 Essential Genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000051325 Glucagon Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108060003199 Glucagon Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutamic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010024636 Glutathione Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000007995 HEPES buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102100031573 Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010034791 Heterochromatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000868273 Homo sapiens CD44 antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000721661 Homo sapiens Cellular tumor antigen p53 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000909249 Homo sapiens DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001039280 Homo sapiens Glycine N-methyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000777663 Homo sapiens Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000935043 Homo sapiens Integrin beta-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000946889 Homo sapiens Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000738771 Homo sapiens Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000800116 Homo sapiens Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000835093 Homo sapiens Transferrin receptor protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000801228 Homo sapiens Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010062016 Immunosuppression Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100025304 Integrin beta-1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N L-Cysteine Chemical compound SC[C@H](N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Proline Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIJPAVRNWPDMOR-ZAFYKAAXSA-N L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)=C1O MIJPAVRNWPDMOR-ZAFYKAAXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N L-asparagine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-histidine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-lysine Chemical compound NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150118523 LYS4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100021747 Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710142062 Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000012097 Lipofectamine 2000 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000009151 Luteinizing Hormone Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010073521 Luteinizing Hormone Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100035877 Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101100438641 Mus musculus Cbs gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000931108 Mus musculus DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000909241 Mus musculus DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100332080 Mus musculus Dnmt3b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100514682 Mus musculus Mthfr gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000003793 Myelodysplastic syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091093105 Nuclear DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007999 Nuclear Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010089610 Nuclear Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000011931 Nucleoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010061100 Nucleoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004140 Oncostatin M Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000630 Oncostatin M Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000012124 Opti-MEM Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BELBBZDIHDAJOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenolsulfonephthalein Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)O1 BELBBZDIHDAJOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proline Natural products OC(=O)C1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M Pyruvate Chemical compound CC(=O)C([O-])=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000011529 RT qPCR Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102100037422 Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C Human genes 0.000 description 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100022433 Single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710143275 Single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010043276 Teratoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000204667 Thermoplasma Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940123464 Thiazolidinedione Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 102100033523 Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000004357 Transferases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000992 Transferases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100026144 Transferrin receptor protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100033732 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A Human genes 0.000 description 1
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N Vitamin A Natural products OC/C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930003316 Vitamin D Natural products 0.000 description 1
- QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N Vitamin D3 Natural products C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)=C/C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000001766 X chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 241000269370 Xenopus <genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000011759 adipose tissue development Effects 0.000 description 1
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N all-trans-retinol Chemical compound OC\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004347 all-trans-retinol derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- APKFDSVGJQXUKY-INPOYWNPSA-N amphotericin B Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@H](C)OC(=O)C[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)CC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)C[C@](O)(C[C@H](O)[C@H]2C(O)=O)O[C@H]2C1 APKFDSVGJQXUKY-INPOYWNPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000259 anti-tumor effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002246 antineoplastic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000009582 asparagine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001230 asparagine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000003704 aspartic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002756 azacitidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007640 basal medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-L-thymidine Natural products O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1 IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-carboxyaspartic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)C(C(O)=O)C(O)=O OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001369 bisulfite sequencing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029803 blastocyst development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004703 blastocyst inner cell mass Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001109 blastomere Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960005263 bucladesine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZFLASALABLFSNM-QBOHGLHMSA-L carbanide;cobalt(3+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2s)-1-[3-[(1r,2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-oc Chemical compound [CH3-].[Co+3].[N-]([C@@H]1[C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@H](C)OP([O-])(=O)O[C@H]3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)\C2=C(C)/C([C@H](C\2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N/C/2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O ZFLASALABLFSNM-QBOHGLHMSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 210000004413 cardiac myocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007348 cell dedifferentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000011712 cell development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033026 cell fate determination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007910 cell fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003855 cell nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004663 cell proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007969 cellular immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002512 chemotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940044683 chemotherapy drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000001612 chondrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108091006090 chromatin-associated proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000000349 chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- OHCQJHSOBUTRHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N colforsin Natural products OC12C(=O)CC(C)(C=C)OC1(C)C(OC(=O)C)C(O)C1C2(C)C(O)CCC1(C)C OHCQJHSOBUTRHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012136 culture method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004748 cultured cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000018417 cysteine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cysteine Natural products SCC(N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000805 cytoplasm Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 231100000433 cytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001472 cytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009615 deamination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006481 deamination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229940000406 drug candidate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007876 drug discovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002242 embryoid body Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002308 embryonic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002889 endothelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007159 enucleation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008995 epigenetic change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002919 epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003743 erythrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003797 essential amino acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020776 essential amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930182833 estradiol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229960005309 estradiol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010195 expression analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000646 extraembryonic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004420 female germ cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004700 fetal blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007499 fusion processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001502 gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012239 gene modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010353 genetic engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005017 genetic modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013617 genetically modified food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MASNOZXLGMXCHN-ZLPAWPGGSA-N glucagon Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(O)=O)C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC=1NC=NC=1)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MASNOZXLGMXCHN-ZLPAWPGGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004666 glucagon Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003180 glutathione Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 102000006602 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004445 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000004209 hair Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000037308 hair color Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003780 hair follicle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000011132 hemopoiesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002440 hepatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003897 hepatic stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004458 heterochromatin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012203 high throughput assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013537 high throughput screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N histidine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014304 histidine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006195 histone acetylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006197 histone deacetylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000045562 human GNMT Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000043558 human MTHFR Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010166 immunofluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000411 inducer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004153 islets of langerhan Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108010025821 lamin C Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000636 lethal dose Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000982 limb bud Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940040129 luteinizing hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000003588 lysine group Chemical group [H]N([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(N([H])[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 210000002540 macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008567 mammal embryogenesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003593 megakaryocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004379 membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001704 mesoblast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000037353 metabolic pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000031864 metaphase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002493 microarray Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010369 molecular cloning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000472 morula Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001613 neoplastic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000005036 nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000440 neutrophil Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000000956 olfactory bulb Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010373 organism cloning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001672 ovary Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002018 overexpression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003101 oviduct Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008775 paternal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009984 peri-natal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000079 pharmacotherapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003531 phenolsulfonphthalein Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003169 placental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013612 plasmid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000029279 positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002062 proliferating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013930 proline Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940076788 pyruvate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009790 rate-determining step (RDS) Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012755 real-time RT-PCR analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010839 reverse transcription Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002477 rna polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000004400 serine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002924 silencing RNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009168 stem cell therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009580 stem-cell therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005309 stochastic process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007910 systemic administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102100032270 tRNA (cytosine(38)-C(5))-methyltransferase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710184308 tRNA (cytosine(38)-C(5))-methyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229960003080 taurine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000002435 tendon Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940104230 thymidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003151 transfection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- ORHBXUUXSCNDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N umbelliferone Chemical compound C1=CC(=O)OC2=CC(O)=CC=C21 ORHBXUUXSCNDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004291 uterus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940065658 vidaza Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019155 vitamin A Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011719 vitamin A Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019156 vitamin B Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011720 vitamin B Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019166 vitamin D Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011710 vitamin D Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003710 vitamin D derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940045997 vitamin a Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940046008 vitamin d Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002689 xenotransplantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001325 yolk sac Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003952 β-lactams Chemical group 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
- C12N15/1137—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against enzymes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
- C12N2310/14—Type of nucleic acid interfering N.A.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Description
In Vivo再プログラミング−受精:
DNAメチル化:マウスでは、受精時に、親ゲノムは、独特なエピジェネティックマーク及びクロマチン組織を有する種々の細胞周期の段階にある。成熟した精子により伝えられた父系ゲノムは、単一のコピーであり、プロタミンと共に密に凝縮されている。母系のゲノムは、中期IIで止められ、その2つのコピーゲノムがヒストンと共に凝縮されている。受精の際、プロタミンはヒストンに置き換えられ、母系ゲノムは減数分裂を完了する。ヒストン獲得後、親ゲノムは、間接的な免疫蛍光検査[34]及び重亜硫酸塩のシークエンシング[35]により検出されるように、ゲノム全体にわたるDNAメチル化の喪失を受ける。DNA複製が親の前核で始まる前に、脱メチル化は完了する。しかし、ゲノムの全領域がこの段階で脱メチル化されるわけではないことに注目すべきである。卵母細胞の細胞質は、精子のクロマチンにおける特定の配列種類を特異的に標的にする又は除外する脱メチル化因子を含むと信じられている。
受動的な脱メチル化:マウスでは、1つの細胞から胚盤胞期まで、包括的なDNAメチル化においてさらなる変化がある。DNAメチル化は卵割毎に次第に減少し、この喪失はDNA複製に依拠している[40、41]。卵母細胞から受け継いだDNMT1蛋白質であるDnmt1oは、始めの3つの卵割中に除外され[42、43]、受動機構によるメチル化の喪失の原因となる。
メチル化:哺乳動物の胚形成における最初の細胞系譜分配の事象は、桑実期で起こり、胚盤胞において内部細胞塊(ICM)及び栄養外胚葉(TE)を形成する。細胞運命決定の機構は、知られていない。興味深いことに、2細胞割球はまだ全能性であるが、第4細胞期までに(マウスにおいて)、細胞系譜バイアスは減少する全能性に基づいて存在する[44]。胚外細胞系譜と胚の細胞系譜のDNAメチル化における包括的な違いが検知され、その違いは、早くも、能動及び受動な脱メチル化の組合せがTEにおいてメチル化の低状態を生じる胚盤胞期で検知可能である。これとは対照的に、ICMでは、DNMT3bによりおそらく引き起こされる新規のメチル化のために、包括的なメチル化のレベルが増加される。そのDNMT3bは、新規のDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼであり、TEではなく胚盤胞ICMで検知可能である[34]。
DNAメチル化の調節におけるSAM:SAH比の重要性及び栄養分の役割:栄養分の入手可能性は、DNAメチル化の調節において重要な役割を果たすことができる。さらに、一炭素代謝に関与する因子も、メチル基の供給、従って、メチル化の過程の生化学経路に影響を及ぼすことから、メチル化状態においておそらく重要な役割を果たす。食餌から供給された、コリン及びメチオニン形状のメチル基、又は、葉酸依存性一炭素プールから供給されたメチル基は、メチル基転移反応において基質として働くために、S−アデノシルメチオニン(SAM)に活性化されなければならない。S−アデノシルホモシステイン(SAH)はメチル基転移反応の生成物及びSAM依存性メチルトランスフェラーゼの強力な阻害物質であるため、SAM:SAHの比は、メチル基転移能力の重要な指標である[65、66]。割合が高い場合、メチル化の可能性は高い。割合が低い場合、メチル化の可能性は低い。葉酸の欠乏のみで、SAMプールを減少させるために十分な摂動力であることは周知である。このことにより、SAH−ホモシステイン相互変換の平衡は実際にSAH合成を好むために、SAHの細胞レベルは増加する。従って、ホモシステイン代謝が阻害された場合に、葉酸欠乏のように、細胞SAHレベルは増加する。増加したSAHは、メチルトランスフェラーゼの活性を阻害し、その結果、DNAメチル化反応を阻害する。
(a)in vitroでメチル供与体を減少させることにより、体細胞核、細胞、及び/又は細胞のうち特定の部分におけるDNAメチル化を減少させるステップ;
(b)SAM:SAH比並びにDNAメチル化のレベルを減少させるGNMT遺伝子の発現及び/又は酵素活性を増加させるステップ;
(c)MTHFR及び/又はシスタチオン(Cystathione)ベータシンターゼ(Cbs)等の特定の酵素の発現及び/又は活性を減少させることによりSAM:SAH比を減少させるステップ;
(d)Dnmt1、3a、及び/又は3bを含むDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼの活性を減少させるステップ;
(e)SAM:SAH比を下げるために、in vitroでホモシステイン及び/若しくはSAHレベルを、グルカゴン、又は関連する因子を増加させるステップ(減少されたSAM:SAH比はメチル化を減らすことになる);
(f)SAM:SAH比を減少させるためにグルタチオンレベルを激減させるステップ;
(g)メチル化を減少させるために、上記因子を1又は複数取り込む制限された培地を開発するステップ(メチル供与体が欠乏している培地、ホモシステインが添加された培地等);
(h)ベータラクタマーゼレポーター遺伝子及び/若しくは他の生存可能なレポーター遺伝子(ルシフェラーゼ、ベータグルコシダーゼ、若しくはその他)の使用に基づいて新たなアッセイを開発し、GNMT遺伝子の転写を誘導する因子又はGNMT活性を促進する他の因子若しくは活性を同定する因子を同定するステップ;並びに
(i)ベータラクタマーゼレポーター遺伝子及び/若しくは他の生存可能なレポーター遺伝子(ルシフェラーゼ、ベータグルコシダーゼ、若しくはその他)の使用に基づいて新たなアッセイを開発し、DNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ遺伝子の転写を減少させる因子又はDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼの活性を減少させる他の因子若しくは活性を同定する因子を同定するステップ;
を含んでいる。
(a)ゲノムを脱メチル化することにより、回復された分化能(全能性、多能性、多分化能性)を有する再プログラムされた細胞のin vitroでの作製を可能にする特殊化された培地及び細胞培養を含む新たな研究の手段;
(b)これらの培地及び培養物により作製され、研究又は治療上の応用に使用することができる新たな幹細胞類似の細胞;
(c)細胞の回復分化能に対するGNMT発現若しくは他の活性の影響力を評価するための、ベータラクタマーゼレポーター遺伝子、ルシフェラーゼ、ベータガラクトシダーゼ、及び/又は他の関連するレポーター遺伝子を用いたGNMT発現をモニターするための新たなアッセイ系;
(d)細胞の回復分化能に対するDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ発現若しくは他の活性の影響力を評価するための、ベータラクタマーゼレポーター遺伝子、ルシフェラーゼ、ベータガラクトシダーゼ、及び/又は他の関連するレポーター遺伝子を用いたDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ発現をモニターするための新たなアッセイ系;
(e)体細胞核移植の能率を増進すること;並びに
(f)SCNT再構成胚(又はユニット)からの胚性幹細胞の誘導を増進すること
実施形態は以下を含む:
(a)GNMT転写及び活性を増加させ、SAM:SAH比及び細胞のメチル化能力を減少させ、分化及び/若しくは発生能を回復させるATRAを用いて、現存する市販の培地又は他の培地を処理する;
(b)DNAメチル化のレベルを減少させるRNA干渉技術を用いてDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ1、3a、及び/若しくは3bのノックダウンを可能にするために、現存する市販の培地又は他の培地を改変する;
(c)SAM:SAH比及びDNAメチル化を減少させるRNA干渉技術、アンチセンス、又は他のノックダウン技術を用いて、MTHFR及び/若しくはCbsのノックダウンを可能にするために、現存する市販の培地又は他の培地を改変する;
(d)SAM:SAH比及びDNAメチル化を減少させるGNMTの転写、蛋白質発現、並びに活性を増加させるために、現存する市販の培地又は他の培地を改変する;
(e)メチル供与体及び/若しくはホモシステイン及び/若しくはSAHのレベルを変更することによりSAM:SAH比を減少させるために、現存する市販の培地又は他の培地を改変する
本発明の背後にある理論的根拠のための1つの説明に固守されることを望むことなく、食餌、培地、又は葉酸依存性一炭素プールから供給されるメチル基は、正常な機能にとって不可欠であることが信じられている。メチル基欠乏により、メチル基転移反応は下方調節される。食餌(又は培地)から供給されるコリン及びメチオニンの形状のメチル基、又は、葉酸依存性一炭素プールから供給されるメチル基は、数多くのメチル基転移反応において基質として働くために、SAMに活性化されなければならない。SAHはメチル基転移反応の生成物であり、大部分のSAM依存性メチルトランスフェラーゼの強力な阻害物質であるため、SAM/SAHの比は、メチル基転移能力の重要な指標である。従って、SAMの細胞内の供給は、メチル基転移において重大であるが、この比の調節も重要である。
本発明は、核移植の利用を必要とせず、従って、核再プログラミング及び実際の細胞発生における非能率を避けている。
略語及び定義
本明細書においてそうでないと記述しない限り、以下の定義及び略語はこの開示中適用される:
ATRAは、オールトランスレチノイン酸を意味する。
(a)ATRA、siRNA、及び/又は類似の若しくは関連する分子で処理するステップ;
(b)阻害のために干渉RNA技術、アンチセンス、若しくは他の機構を用いて、DNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ1、3a、及び/又は3bをノックダウンするステップ;
(c)干渉RNA技術を用いて、MTHFR及び/又はCbsをノックダウンするステップ;
(d)GNMTの転写、蛋白質発現、及び活性を増加させるステップ;
(e)in vitroでホモシステインのレベルを上げるステップ;
(f)SAHのレベルを上げるステップ;
(g)SAMのレベルを下げるステップ;
(h)それだけには限定されないが、葉酸塩、メチオニン、コリン、ベタイン、ビタミンB6及びB12等のメチル供与体のレベルを下げるステップ;
(i)SCNTを改良するために細胞を使用するステップ;並びに
(j)SCNT再構築ユニット(胚)からES細胞をより能率的に誘導するために細胞を使用するステップ
細胞:本発明の目的において、単数又は複数の「細胞」という用語は、特に反対に限定されない限り、いかなる体細胞、胚性幹(ES)細胞、成体幹細胞、核移植(NT)ユニット、及び幹細胞様の細胞も含む。器官及び組織の移植のための有望な起源は、幹細胞技術の発展に見いだされている。理論上、幹細胞は、自己複製する細胞分裂を行って無限に表現型及び遺伝子型の同一な娘細胞を生じることができ、さらに、最終的には、少なくとも1つの最終細胞型に分化できる。患者自身の細胞から組織又は器官を作製することにより、移植組織を作製し、感染又は組織拒絶という付随するリスクなしに異種移植に関連する利点を提供することができる。
分子遺伝学及び遺伝子工学における一般的な方法は、サムブルック(Sambrrok)等の最新版[84]、ミラー&カロス(Miller&Calos)[85]、並びにF.M.オースベル(F.M.Ausubel)等[86]に記載されている。細胞生物学、蛋白質化学、及び抗体法は、J.E.コリガン(J.E.Colligan)等[87]、J.S.ボニファシノ(J.S.Bonifacino)等[88]、及びJ.E.コリガン(J.E.Colligan)等[89]で見つけることができる。本開示において言及されている遺伝子操作のための試薬、クローニングベクター、及び道具は、BioRad社(Hercules,CA)、Stratagene社(La Jolla,CA)、Invitrogen Corporation社(Carlsbad, CA)、ClonTech社(Mountain View,CA)、及びSigma−Aldrich社(St.Louis,MO)等の販売業者から入手可能である。
(a)Dnmt1、2、3a、及び/又は3bsiRNA(Dharmacon Inc社)で処理された培地;
(b)RG108(Analytical Systems Laboratory,LSU School of Veterinary Medicine)で処理された培地;
(c)5−AzadCyd(Sigma社)で処理された培地
製造者の手順に従ったsiRNA形質移入の簡単な説明が以下に提供される。
本発明は、ベータガラクタマーゼ(Galactamase)、ルシフェラーゼ、ベータグルコシダーゼ、又はその他のレポーター遺伝子の使用に基づいた新たなアッセイの開発にも向けられている。そのアッセイは、細胞分化能の脱メチル化及び回復に対するGNMT発現及び/又は活性の影響をモニターする能力を提供する。
以下の実施例は、単に、本発明のより完全な理解に寄与するために含まれている。実施例は、本明細書に記述された発明の範囲をいかなる方法でも制限することはない。
ウシ連続核移植ドナー体細胞(生きた動物の作製に成功しておらず、低い胚盤胞発生率(<10%、P<0.001)及び低い妊娠開始率(<1%、P<0.05)により特徴づけられた細胞株)を、増殖培地(CON)、又は、DMSO若しくはATRA(DMSO媒体)で処理された増殖培地においてコンフルエントになるまでT−75フラスコ内で培養した。濃度10nM、50nM、及び100nMのATRAを使用した。ATRAの処理に続いて、細胞を収集し、その細胞からDNAを単離した。次に、そのDNAを、逆相HPLCのために、一つのヌクレオチドまで完全に消化した。セザー(Cezar)等により記載されているように逆相HPLCを行い[76]、メチル化されたシトシン残基の相対レベルを測定した。
分化能が回復されたかを決定するために、ウシ体細胞をCON、DMSO、又はATRA培地(実施例1と同じRA)においてコンフルエントになるまでT−75フラスコ内で培養した。ATRA処理に続いて、細胞をRNA単離のために収集し又は6穴プレートに移送して、DMEM、FBS、インシュリン、IBMX、及びデキサメタゾンを含んだ脂肪生成誘導カクテルにおいて培養した。IBMX除去し、48時間後にTZDを添加した。細胞を11〜12日間誘導培地に残し、次に、脂肪滴の存在を確かめるためにオイルレッドO(Aldrich社、Milwaukee,WI)で染色し、又は、RNA単離のために収集した。幹細胞マーカー(Oct4、Sox2、Nanog、AP)及び脂肪生成マーカー(PPARγ、LPL、FAS)のRT−PCRのためにcDNAにRNAを逆転写し、又は、GNMTのワンステップ定量リアルタイムRT−PCRにおいて直接使用した。グリセルアルデヒド−3−リン酸脱水酵素(GAPDH)をノーマライズ/ハウスキーピング遺伝子として使用した。
初代培養ネズミ肝細胞を、50〜200nMATRAで処理した培地において増殖した。処理に続いて、脂肪生成誘導カクテル(実施例2に記述されている)をT−75フラスコに添加することを除いて、上記のウシ体細胞と同じ比較条件のもと細胞を培養した。ATRA処理中に形態変化が観察され、誘導培地への最初の曝露の後48時間以内に、これらの変化は明白になった。脂肪生成誘導培地への曝露後4日目までに、これらの形態変化は球状体発生の開始、及び、対照細胞では達成しない状態である培養密度により証明された明瞭な細胞の増殖により併発された。これらの観察により、終末に分化するこれらの初代培養肝細胞は、培養におけるATRA処理及び脂肪生成誘導培地への曝露に続いて細胞周期に再び入り、処理に続いて著しく増殖したことが示唆されている。
3T3L1細胞を、50〜200nMATRAで処理した培地において増殖した。ATRA処理に続いて、細胞を6穴プレートに移送して、DMEM、FBS、アスコルビン酸2−リン酸、デキサメタゾン、ベータグリセロリン酸、及びビタミンDを含有した骨形成誘導培地に21日間曝露した。図4(a)及び図4(b)に示されているように、骨形成誘導に続いて、骨芽細胞様の細胞に対する陽性染色(図4(a))及びリン酸カルシウムミネラル化(図4(b))が、それぞれアルカリホスファターゼ及びアリザリン染色を用いて観察された。図5に示されているように、RT−PCRにより、骨芽細胞特異的な分化のマーカーとして既知のオステオカルシン及びcbfa1の誘導が明らかになった。
干渉RNA技術を用いてDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ1,3a、及び/又は3bをノックダウンすることで、DNAメチル化のレベルを減少した。培地を改変してsiRNA技術を組み入れることにより、選択的な遺伝子発現抑制を実現できる。基礎培地、その培地に対する特定の処理及び改変、並びに、ノックダウン能力を確かめるための方法を含むこの影響を得るための方法論は、以下に記述される。
屠殺場の卵巣から吸引されたウシ卵母細胞を、黄体ホルモン(10IU/ml;Sigma社)、エストラジオール(1mg/ml;Sigma社)、及びFBS(10%;Hyclone社、Logan,UT)で補われた成熟培地(培地199;Biowhittaker社)において、38.5℃の加湿された5%CO2培養器内で一晩成熟させた。ファースバーグ(Forsberg)等により記載されているように[131]、ウシ核移植を行った。ロバート(Robert)等により使用されたDnmt1に対するヒトsiRNAは[140]、Dharmacon RNA Technologies(Lafayette,CO)に注文した。その配列は、AAGCAUGAGCACCGUUCUCC.dT.dT(SEQID番号:1)であった。これを、製造者の指示に従って、二重にし、さらに脱塩した。siRNAの形質移入が、リポフェクチン製造者手順に従い起こった。手短に、1Xユニバーサル緩衝液内の2μMsiRNAを、血清を含まない増殖培地(Opti−MEM;Invitrogen社)を有するリポフェクチン(Invitrogen社)形質移入試薬と混ぜ合わせた。(Invitrogen社)及びロバート(Robert)等[140]。形質移入に先立ち、40〜60%までコンフルエントになった細胞から培地を除去し、最終的な形質移入濃度が200nMsiRNA及び0.6%リポフェクチン形質移入試薬になるように、3mlの形質移入試薬液を添加した。
1.
培地のみで処理した細胞
2.
形質移入試薬(リポフェクチン)のみで処理した細胞
3.
対照siRNA(LaminA/C;Dharmacon社)で処理した細胞
4.
試験siRNA(Dnmt1;Dharmacon社)で処理した細胞
以下の図及びレジェンドは、これらの研究を要約している。図6(a)及び図6(b)は、siRNAによるDnmt1のノックダウンを示している。SCNT用ウシドナー細胞におけるsiRNA処理の後、Dnmt1は能率的にノックダウンし(図6(a)、レーンD)、一方で、アクチン発現は影響を受けなかった(図6(a)、レーンG〜I)。これとは対照的に、ラミンsiRNAへの曝露により、ラミン発現はノックダウンされたが(図6(b)、レーンC)、Dnmt1はノックダウンされなかった(図6(a)、レーンC)。HPLC分析により、約40%の包括的なメチル化レベルの減少が、Dnmt1siRNAで処理された細胞において確証され、その後その細胞をSCNTに使用した。図6(c)は、対照(レーンA&B)と比較した場合の、少なくとも2細胞期まで持続したDnmt1のノックダウンを示し(レーンC〜F)、さらに、対照に比べ、胚盤胞発生率は有意に高かった(50%対21%、p<0.05)。
NIH3T3細胞を200nMマウスDnmt3bsiRNA(Dharmacon RNA Technologies、Lafayette,CO)で形質移入した。プールされたsiRNA配列は:GCAAUGAUCUCUCUAACGU(SEQID番号:2);GGAAUGCGCUGGGUACAGU(SEQID番号:3);UAAUCUGGCUACCUUCAAU(SEQID番号:4);GCAAAGGUUUAUAUGAGGG(SEQID番号:5)である。形質移入手順を、本質的には製造者により記載されているように、本発明において最適化した。手短に、1XsiRNA緩衝液内の2μMsiRNAを、血清を含まない増殖培地(DMEM;Hyclone社、Logan,UT)を有するDharmaFECT形質移入試薬と混ぜ合わせた。形質移入に先立ち、70〜80%までコンフルエントになった細胞から培地を除去し、表面を覆うように形質移入試薬液を添加した。最終的な形質移入濃度は、6穴プレートの1つの穴あたり全容積が2mlで、200nMsiRNA及び0.6%DharmaFECT形質移入試薬であった。
1.
未処理の細胞(培地のみ)
2.
モック形質移入(siRNAは無し;DharmaFECTのみ)
3.
陽性対照siRNA(サイクロフィリン)
4.
陰性対照siRNA(ショウジョウバエ標的外)
5.
試験siRNA(Dnmt3b)
Dnmt3bmRNA発現をリアルタイムRT−PCRにより(TAQMAN−brand RT−PCRキット及び以下の製造者の指示を用いて)決定した。結果は図7(a);n=2に示されている。メチル化レベルをHPLCにより決定した。結果は図7(b);n=3に示されている。
追加のヒト及びマウスDnmtsiRNAは、Dharmacon社(Lafayette,CO)から購入した。プールされたsiRNA配列は:
1.ヒトDnmt1:GGAAGAAGAGUUACUAUAA(SEQID番号:6);
GAGCGGAGGUGUCCCAAUA(SEQID番号:7);
GGACGACCCUGACCUCAAA(SEQID番号:8);
GAACGGUGCUCAUGCUUAC(SEQID番号:9);
2.ヒトDnmt3a:GCACAAGGGUACCUACGGG(SEQID番号:10);
CAAGAGAGCGGCUGGUGUA(SEQID番号:11);
GCACUGAAAUGGAAAGGGU(SEQID番号:12);
GAACUGCUUUCUGGAGUGU(SEQID番号:13);
3.ヒトDnmt3b:GAAAGUACGUCGCUUCUGA(SEQID番号:14);
ACAAAUGGCUUCAGAUGUU(SEQID番号:15);
GCUCUUACCUUACCAUCGA(SEQID番号:16);
UUUACCACCUGCUGAAUUA(SEQID番号:17);
4.マウスDnmt1:1−GGAAAGAGAUGGCUUAACA(SEQID番号:18);
GCUGGGAGAUGGCGUCAUA(SEQID番号:19);
GAUAAGAAACGCAGAGUUG(SEQID番号:20);
GGUAGAGAGUUACGACGAA(SEQID番号:21);
5.マウスDnmt3a:CGCGAUUUCUUGAGUCUAA(SEQID番号:22);
CGAAUUGUGUCUUGGUGGA(SEQID番号:23);
AAACAUCGAGGACAUUUGU(SEQID番号:24);
CAAGGGACUUUAUGAGGGU(SEQID番号:25);
である。
干渉RNA技術を用いてMTHFR及び/又はCbsをノックダウンすることにより、SAM:SAH比並びにDNAメチル化を減少する。適切なsiRNAは商業的に購入し(Dharmacon RNA Technologies、Lafayette,CO)、製造者の指示に従って、二重にし、さらに脱塩される。プールされたヒト及びマウスsiRNA配列は:
ヒトMTHFR:AGUGAGAGCUCCAAAGAUA(SEQID番号:26);
GAAGUGAGUUUGGUGACUA(SEQID番号:27);
GACCAAAGAGUUACAUCUA(SEQID番号:28);
GCAAGUGUCUUUGAAGUCU(SEQID番号:29);
ヒトCbs:AGACGGAGCAGACAACCUA(SEQID番号:30);
CACCACCGCUGAUGAGAUC(SEQID番号:31);
GGACGGUGGUGGACAAGUG(SEQID番号:32);
GGAAGAAGUUCGGCCUGAA(SEQID番号:33);
マウスMTHFR:CGCCAUGGCUACAGAGUAA(SEQID番号:34);
GCGGAAACCAGCCUGAUGA(SEQID番号:35);
CAGAAGGCCUACCUCGAAU(SEQID番号:36);
CAUACGAGCUGCGGGUCAA(SEQID番号:37);
マウスCbs:GCAAACAGCCUAUGAGGUG(SEQID番号:38);
GCAAAGUCCUCUACAAGCA(SEQID番号:39);
GAUCGAAGAUGCUGAGCGA(SEQID番号:40);
CAACCCUUUGGCACACUA(SEQID番号:41);
である。
GNMTの転写、蛋白質発現、及び活性を増加することにより、SAM:SAH比並びにDNAメチル化は減少する。このことは、GNMT活性を増加する、及び/又は、SAM:SAH比を減少する等、ATRAと類似した作用を有する化合物、抽出物、分子の同定を必要とする。
ホモシステインのレベルをin vitroで増加することにより、SAM:SAH比及びDNAメチル化は減少する。培地は注文設計され、増加した量のホモシステイン;又は、欠如したメチル供与体/補酵素及び/若しくは増加した量のホモシステインの組合せを含む。配合は、表6に示されているように、改変を有してHyclone社の1640培地に基づいている。
GNMTの発現を増加し、及び/又は、GNMTを活性化する因子は、おそらく、DNAメチルトランスフェラーゼを下方調節し、包括的なメチル化レベルを減少するものである。βラクタマーゼを基にしたアッセイ(及び/又は以下に記述された他のアッセイ)は、GNMT転写の誘導により、GNMT発現のインデューサー(並びにサプレッサー)を同定するために開発されている。
Pr4546:5’−GGGGTACCAGCATCTT−3’(SEQID番号:42)及び
Pr6391:5’−GCGAGATCTCCTGCGCCGCGCCTGGCT−3’(SEQID番号:43)である。
2. Alonso-Aperte E, Varela-Moreiras G. Brain folate and DNA methylation in rats fed a choline deficient diet or treated with low doses of methotrexate. Int J Vitamin Nutr Res. 1996;66_232-236.
3. Jacob RA, Gretz DM, Taylor PC, et al. Moderate folate depletion increases plasma homocysteine and decreases lymphocyte DNA methylation in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 1998;128:1204~1212.
4. Rampersaud GC, Kauwell GP, Hustson AD, Cerda JJ, Bailey LB. Genomic DNA methylation decreases in response to moderate folate depletion in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:998-1003.
5. Pufulete M, AI-Ghaniem R, Leather AJ, et al. Folate status, genomic DNA hypomethylation, a risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer: a case control study. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1240-1248.
6. Fowler BM, Giulano AR, Piyathilake C5 Nour M, Hatch K. Hypomethylation in cervical tissue: is there a correlation with folate status? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998;7:901-906.
7. Fang JY, Xiao SD, Zhu SS5 Yuan JM Qiu DK, Jiang SJ. Relationship of plasma folic acid and status of DNA methylation in human gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol. 1997;32: 171-175.
8. Friso S, Choi SW, Girelli D, et al. A common mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene affects genomic DNA methylation through and interaction with folate status. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002,99:5606-5611.
9. Cravo M, Fidalgo P, Pereira AD et al. DNA methylation as an intermediate in colorectal cancer: modulation by folic acid supplementation.
10. Kim YI, Baik HW, Fawaz K, et al. Effects of folate supplementation on two provisional molecular markers of colon cancer: a prospective, randomized trial. Am J Gastroneterol. 2001;96:184-195.
11. Ingrosso D, Cimmino A, Perna AF, et al. Folate treatment and unbalanced methylation and changes of allelic expression induced by hyperhomocysteinaemia in patients with uraemia. Lancet. 2003;361: 1693-1699.
12. Duthie SJ, Narayanan S, Slum S, Pirie L, Brand GM. Folate deficiency in vitro induces uracil misincorporation and DNA hypomethylation and inhibits DNA excision repair in immortalized normal human colon epithelial cells. Nutr Cancder. 2000;37:245-251.
13. Carlson LL, Page AW, Bestor TH. Properties and localization of DNA methyltransferase in pre-implantation mouse embryos: implications for genomic imprinting. Genes Dev. 1992;6:2536-2541.
14. Chen T, Ueda Y, Dodge JE, Wang J, Li E. Establishment and maintenance of genomic methylation patterns in mouse embryonic stem cells by Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. MoI Cell Biol. 2003;23:5594-5604.
15. Lei H, Oh SP, Okano M, Jutterman R, Goss KA, Jaensisch R, Li E. De novo DNA cystosine methyltransferase activities in mouse embryonic stem cells. Development. 1996;122:3195- 3205.
16. Mayer W, Niveleau A, Walter R, Funele R, Haaf T. Demethylation of the zygotic paternal genome. Nature. 2000;403:501-502.
17. Okano M, Bell DW, Haber DA, Li E. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell. 1991;99:247-257.
18. Panning B, Jaenisch R. DNA hypomethylation can activate Xist expression and silence X- linked genes. Genes Dev. 1996;10:1991-2002.
19. Jackson M, Krassowska A, Gilbert N et al. Severe global DNA hypomethylation blocks differentiation and induces histone hypereacetylation in embryonic stem cells. MoI Cell Biol. 2004;25:8862-8871.
20. Somonsson S, Gurdon J. DNA methylation is necessary for the epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei. Nat Cell Bio. 2004;6:984-990.
21. Bird A. DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev. 2002;16:6-21.
22. Li, E. Chromatin modification and epigenetic programming in mammalian development. Nat Rev Genet. 2002;3:662-673.
23. Reik W, Dean W, Walter J. Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development. Science. 2001 ;293: 1089-1093.
24. Rideout WM, Eggan K5 Jaenisch R. Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome. Science. 2001;293:1093-1098.
25. Surani MA. Reprogramming of genome function through epigenetic inheritance. Nature. 2001;414:122-128.
26. Feinberg AP, Tycko B. The history of cancer epigenetics. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4: 143-153.
27. Goodell MA. Stem cell plasticity: befuddled by the muddle. Curr Opin Hematol. 2003;10:208-213.
28. Pomerantz J, Blau HM. Nuclear reprogramming: a key to stem cell function in regenerative medicine. Nat Cell Biol. 2004;6:810-816.
29. Hsieh J, Gage FH. Epigenetic control of neural stem cell fate. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2004;14:461-469.
30. Dean W, Santos F, Reik W. Epigenetic programming in early mammalian development and following SCNT. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2003;14:93-100.
31. Jouneau A, Renard JP. Reprogramming in nuclear transfer. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2003;13:486-491.
32. Kang YK, Lee KK, Han YM. Reprogramming DNA methylation in the preimplantation stage: peeping with Dolly's eyes. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2003;15:290-295.
33. Hochedlinger K, Rideout WM, Kyba M et al., Nuclear transplantation, embryonic stem cells and the potential for cell therapy. Hematol J. S3. 2004;Sl 14-Sl 17.
34. Santos F, Hendrich B, Reik W, Dean W. Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation in the early mouse embryo. Dev Biol. 2002;241: 172-182.
35. Lane N, Dean W, Erhardt S, Hajkova P, Surani A, Walter J, Reik W. Resistance of IAP to methylation reprogramming may provide a mechanism for epigenetic inheritance in the mouse. Genesis. 2003;35:88-93.
36. Adenot, PG, Mercier Y, Renard JP, Thompson EM. Differential H4 acetylation of paternal and maternal chromatin precedes DNA replication and differential transcriptional activity in pronuclei of 1-cell mouse embryos. Development. 1997;124:4625-4625.
37. Lepikhov K, Walter J. Differential dynamics of histone H3 methylation at positions K4 and K9 in the mouse zygote. BMC Dev Biol. 2004;4:12-16.
38. Erhardt S, Su IH, Schnieder R, Barton S, et al, Consequences of the depletion of zygotic and embryonic enhancer of zeste 2 during preimplantation mouse development. Development. 2003;130:4235-4248.
39. Santos F, Peters AH, Otte AP, Reik W, Dean D. Dynamic chromatin modifications characterize the first cell cycle in mouse embryos. Dev Biol. 2005;280:225-236.
40. Monk M, Boubelik M, Lehnert S. Temproal and regional changes in DNA methylation in the embryonic, extraembryonic and germ cell lineages during mouse embryo development. Development. 1987;99:371-382.
41. Howlett SK, Reik W. Methylation levels of maternal and paternal geneomes during preimplantation development. Development. 1991 ;113:119-127.
42. Bestor TH. The DNA methyltransferases of mammals. Hum MoI Genet. 2000;9:2395-2402.
43. Howell CY, Bestor TH, Ding F, Latham KE, et al. Genomic imprinting disrupted by a maternal effect mutation in the Dnmtl gene. Cell. 2001; 104:829-838
44. Fujimori T, Kurotaki Y, Miyazald J, Nabeshima Y. Analysis of cell lineage in two- and four- cell mouse embryos. Development. 2003;130:5113-5122.
45. Santos F, Zakhartchenko V, Stojkovic M et al., Epigenetic marking correlates with developmental potential in cloned bovine preimplantation embryos. Curr Biol. 2003;13:1116-2111.
46. Zhang S, Kubot C, Yang L et al. Genomic imprinting of Hl 9 in naturally reproduced and cloned cattle. Biol Reprod. 2004;71:1540-1544.
47. Eggan K, Akutsu H Hochedlinger K et al. X-chromosome inactivation in cloned mouse embryos. Science. 2000;290: 1578-1581.
48. Xue F, Tian XC, Du F, et al. Aberrant patterns of X chromosome inactivation in bovine clones. Nat Genet. 2002;31:216-220.
49. Humphreys D, Eggan K, Akutsu H et al. Epigenetic instability in ES cells and cloned mice. Science. 2001 ;293 :95-97.
50. Inoue K, Kohda T, Lee J, et al. Faithful expression of imprinted genes in cloned mice. Science. 2002;295:297-297.
51. Mann MR5 Chung YG, Nolen LD, et al. Disruption o f imprinted gene methylation and expression in cloned preimplantation stage mouse embryos. Biol Reprod. 2003;69:902-914.
52. Bourc'his D, Le Bourhis D, Patin D, et al. Delayed and incomplete reprogramming of chromosome methylation patterns in bovine cloned embryos. Curr Biol. 2001 ;11 : 1542-1546.
53. Kang YK, Koo DB, Park JS, et al. Aberrant methylation of donor genome in cloned bovine embryos. Nat Genet. 2001;28:173-177.
54. Humphreys D, Eggan K, Akutsu H. et al. Abnormal gene expression in cloned mice derived from embryonic stem cell and cumulus cell nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99: 12889- 12894.
55. Boiani M, Eckardt S, Scholer HR, Mclaughlin KJ. Oct4 distribution and level in mouse clones: consequences for pluripotency. Genes Dev. 2002;16:1209-1219.
56. Bortvin, A., Egan K, Skaletsky H, et al. Incomplete reactivation of Oct4-realted genes in mouse embryos cloned from somatic nuclei. Development. 2003;130:1673-1680.
57. Boiani M, Echardt S, Leu NA, et al. Pluripotency deficit in clones overcome by clone-clone aggregation: epigenetic complementation? EMBO J. 2003;22:5304-5312.
58. Cooney CA, Dave AA, Wolff GL. Maternal methyl supplements in mice affect epigenetic variation and DNA methylation of offspring. J Nutr. 2002;132:2393S-2400S.
59. Choi SW, Mason JB. Folate Status: effects on pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis. J Nutr. 2002;132:2413S-2418S.
60. Kim YI. Folate and carcinogenesis: evidence, mechanisms, and implications. JNutr Biochem. 1999;; 10:66-88.
61. Lamprecht SA, Lipkin M. Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms. Nature Rev Cance. 2003;3:601-614.
62. Kim YI, Pgribny IP, Basnakian AG, et al. Folate deficiency in rats induces DNA strand breaks and hyponiethylation within the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:46-62.
63. Balaghi M, Warner C. DNA methylation in folate deficiency: use of CpG methylase. Bioch Biophys Res Commun. 1993; 193: 1184- 1190.
64. Ingrosso D, Cimmno A5 Perna AF, et al. Folate treatment and unbalanced methylation and changes in allelic expression induced by hyperhomocysteinaemia in patients with uranemia. Lancet. 2003;361 : 1693-1699.
65. Cantoni GL, Chiang PK. The role of S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in the control of biological methylations. In: Natural Sulfur Compounds, pp67-80, Plenum Press, New York, NY. 1980.
66. Kerr SJ. Competing methyltransferase systems. J Biol Chem. 1972,247:4248-4252.
67. Wagner C, Briggs WT, Cook RJ. Inhibition of glycine N-methy transferase by folate derivatives: implications for regulation of methyl group metabolism. Bioch Biophys Res Comm. 1985;127:746-752.
68. Wagner C, Decha-Umphai W, Corbin J. Phosphorylation modulates the activity of glycine N-methyltransferase, a folate binding protein. J Biol Chem. 1989;264:9638-9642.
69. Kutabach C, Stokstad ELR. Feedback inhibition of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1967;250:459-477.
70. Jencks DA, Matthews RG. Allosteric inhibition of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase by adenosylmethionine. J Biol Chem. 1987;262:2485-2493.
71. Rowling MJ, Schalinske KL. Reinoid compounds activate and induce hepatic glycine N- methyltransferase in rats. J Nut. 2001 ; 131 : 1914- 1917.
72. McMullen MH, Rowling MJ, Ozias MK, Schalinske KL. Activation and induction of glycine N-methyltransferase by retinoids are tissue- and gender specific. Arch Biochem Biphys. 2002;401:73-80.
73. Rowling MJ, McMullen MH, Schalinske KL. Vitamin A and its derivatives induce hepatic glycine N-methyltransferase and hypomethylation of DNA in rats. J Nutr. 2002;132:365-369.
74. RESERVED
75. RESERVED
76. Cezar GG, Bartolomei MS, Forsberg EJ, First NL, Bishop MD, Eilertsen KJ. Genome-wide epigenetic alterations in cloned bovine fetuses. Biol Reprod. 2003;68:1009-1014.
77. RESERVED
78. RESERVED
79. RESERVED
80. RESERVED
81. RESERVED
82. J. Goffm and E. Eisenhauer Annals of Oncology 13:1699-1716, 2002
83. McKieman et al., Molecular Reproduction and Development 42:188-199, 1995
84. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, 2001
85. Miller & Calos, eds, Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells, Cold Spring Harbor, 1987
86. F. M. Ausubel et al. eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley & Sons,
87. J. E. Colligan et al. eds., Current Protocols in Protein Science, Wiley & Sons,
88. J. S. Bonifacino et al., Current Protocols in Cell Biology, Wiley & Sons,
89. J. E. Colligan et al. eds., Current protocols in Immunology, Wiley & Sons
90. R. I. Freshney ed., Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique, Wiley & Sons, 2005
91. M. A. Harrison & I. F. Rae, General Techniques of Cell Culture, Cambridge Univ. Press
92. K. Turksen ed., Embryonic Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press, 2002
93. U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,387 to Fei, R., et al.
94. U.S. Pat. No. 5,460,964 to McGlave, et al.
95. U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,136 to Simmons, P., et al.
96. U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,397 to Tsukamoto, et al.
97. U.S. Pat. No. 759,793 to Schwartz, et al.
98. U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,599 to DiGuisto, et al.
99. U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,827 to Tsukamoto, et al.
100. Hill, B., et al., Exp. Hematol. (1996) 24 (8): 936 943).
101. Gage F H: Science 287:1433 1438, 2000
102. Svendsen C N et al, Brain Path 9:499 513, 1999
103. Okabe S et al, Mech Dev 59:89 102, 1996)
104. Fridenshtein, Arkh. PatoL, 44:3 11, 1982
105. U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,359 to Caplan, A., et al.
106. U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,735 to Young, H., et al.
107. U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,094 to Caplan, A., et al.
108. U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,396 to Bruder, S., et al.
109. U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,539 to Caplan, A., et al.
110. U.S. Pat No. 5,837,670 to Masinovsky, B.
111. U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,740 to Pittenger, M.
112. Jaiswal, N., et al., J. Cell Biochem. (1997) 64(2): 295 312
113. Cassiede P., et al., J. Bone Miner. Res. (1996) 11(9): 1264 1273;
114. Johnstone, B., et al., Exp. Cell Res. (1998) 238(1): 265 272
115. Yoo, et al., I Bone Joint Sure. Am. (1998) 80(12): 1745 1757
116. Gronthos, S., Blood (1994) 84(12): 41644173
117. Makino, S., et al., J. Clin. Invest. (1999) 103(5): 697 705).
118. Pittenger, et al., Science (1999) 284: 143 147
119. Potten C, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353:821 30, 1998
120. Watt F, Philos. Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353:831, 1997
121. Alison M et al, Hepatol 29:678 83, 1998)
122. Ferrari, Science 279:528 30, 1998
123. Gussoni Nature 401 :390 4, 1999
124. Jackson PNAS USA 96:14482 6, 1999
125. Takahashi, Nat Med 5 :434 8, 1999
126. Lin, Clin Invest 105:71 7, 2000
127. Petersen, Science 284:1168 1170, 1999
128. Theise, Hepatology 31:235 40, 2000
129. Theise, Hepatology 32: 11 6, 2000
130. Clarke, Science 288:1660 3, 2000
131. Forsberg, et al. Biol. Reprod. 2002 67:327-333
132. Wadman, M., Nature (1999) 398: 551
133. Leu et al., Cancer Res. (2003) 63:6110-6115
134. Stresemann et al., Cancer Res. (2006) 66:2794-2800
135. Detich et al., J. Biol. Chem. (2003) 278:27586-27592
136. Blelloch, R, et al., Stem Cells, 2006 in press, Epub ahead of print May 18
137. Chung YG, et al, Biol Reprod, 2002 Apr; 66(4): 1178-84
138. Cowan CA, et al., Science, 2005 Sep 9;122(5):653-4. 139. Gao S, et al., Biol Reprod, 2003 Jul;69(l):48-56.
140. Robert et al. (Nat. Genet. 2003 33:61-65)
[配列表]
Claims (20)
- In vitroでの再プログラムする方法であって:
(a)第一の表現型を有する真核細胞におけるS−アデノシルメチオニン対S−アデノシルホモシステイン比(SAM対SAH比)を減少させるステップ、
(b)ステップ(a)の後に得た前記細胞の表現型に前記第一の表現型を比較するステップ、及び、
(c)前記細胞のうち分化能が回復された細胞をステップ(b)から選択するステップ、
を含む方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法であって:
ステップ(b)に先立ち、前記真核細胞内のDNAにおける5−メチルシトシンのレベルを減少させるステップをさらに含む方法。 - S−アデノシルメチオニン対S−アデノシルホモシステイン比を減少させるステップ及びDNAにおける5−メチルシトシンのレベルを減少させるステップを同時に行う、請求項2に記載の方法。
- DNAにおける5−メチルシトシンのレベルを減少させるステップが、前記真核細胞内のDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼの発現、活性、又は発現及び活性を特異的に抑制することを含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- DNAにおける5−メチルシトシンのレベルを減少させるステップが、前記細胞をDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ阻害物質に接触させることを含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- DNAにおける5−メチルシトシンのレベルを減少させるステップが、抑制に効果的な量の、DNAメチルトランスフェラーゼの発現を抑制するために必要な大きさで形成された低分子干渉リボ核酸(siRNA)に前記細胞を接触させることを含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- ステップ(a)が、SEQID番号:14の核酸配列を含むsiRNAに前記細胞を接触させることを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ステップ(a)が、前記真核細胞内のグリシン−N−メチルトランスフェラーゼの発現、活性、又は発現及び活性両方を増加させることを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ステップ(a)が、前記細胞内のグリシン−N−メチルトランスフェラーゼの発現、活性、又は発現及び活性両方を増加させるのに効果的なある量のレチノイン酸に前記細胞を接触させることを含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記SAM対SAH比を0.1以下まで減少する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記SAM対SAH比を0.5以下まで減少する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記SAM対SAH比を1.00以下まで減少する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- In vitroでの再プログラムする方法であって:
(a)第一の表現型を有する真核細胞内のDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼの発現、活性、又は発現及び活性を特異的に抑制するステップ;並びに、同時に、
(b)前記真核細胞内のグリシン−N−メチルトランスフェラーゼの発現、活性、又は発現及び活性を増加させるステップ;
(c)ステップ(a)及び(b)の後に得た前記細胞の表現型に前記第一の表現型を比較するステップ;並びに、
(d)前記細胞のうち分化能が回復された細胞をステップ(c)から選択するステップ;
を含む方法。 - ステップ(a)が、抑制に効果的な量の、DNAメチルトランスフェラーゼの発現を抑制するために必要な大きさで形成されたsiRNAに前記細胞を接触させることを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- ステップ(a)が、抑制に効果的な量の、前記細胞内のDNAにおける5−メチル化シトシンを少なくとも約5%だけ抑制又は減少するために必要な大きさで形成されたsiRNAに前記細胞を接触させることを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- ステップ(b)が、前記細胞内のグリシン−N−メチルトランスフェラーゼの発現、活性、又は発現及び活性両方を増加させるのに効果的なある量のレチノイン酸に前記細胞を接触させることを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- ステップ(b)が、オールトランスレチノイン酸に前記細胞を接触させることを含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
- ステップ(b)が、レチノイン酸受容体に結合する化合物に前記細胞を接触させることを含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
- ステップ(a)及び(b)と同時に、5,10−メチレンテトラヒドロ葉酸レダクターゼの発現、活性、又は発現及び活性を前記細胞内で特異的に抑制するステップをさらに含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- SEQID番号:14の核酸配列を含むsiRNAに前記細胞を接触させることを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US70446505P | 2005-08-01 | 2005-08-01 | |
PCT/US2006/029944 WO2007016566A2 (en) | 2005-08-01 | 2006-08-01 | Production of reprogrammed cells with restored potential |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2009502201A JP2009502201A (ja) | 2009-01-29 |
JP2009502201A5 JP2009502201A5 (ja) | 2009-09-17 |
JP4395193B2 true JP4395193B2 (ja) | 2010-01-06 |
Family
ID=37334108
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008525122A Expired - Fee Related JP4395193B2 (ja) | 2005-08-01 | 2006-08-01 | 回復能を有する再プログラムされた細胞の作製 |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7601699B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1917356A2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4395193B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101004634B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101313065A (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2006275479B2 (ja) |
BR (1) | BRPI0614470A2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2617611A1 (ja) |
IL (1) | IL189113A (ja) |
MX (1) | MX2008001709A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007016566A2 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (29)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7682828B2 (en) * | 2003-11-26 | 2010-03-23 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Methods for reprogramming somatic cells |
US8357666B2 (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2013-01-22 | Nupotential, Inc. | Reprogramming a cell by inducing a pluripotent gene through RNA interference |
CA2617611A1 (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2007-02-08 | Nupotential, Llc | Production of reprogrammed cells with restored potential |
EP2208786B1 (en) * | 2005-12-13 | 2018-08-01 | Kyoto University | Nuclear reprogramming factor |
CA2683056C (en) | 2007-04-07 | 2020-03-24 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Reprogramming of somatic cells |
US20110014164A1 (en) * | 2008-02-15 | 2011-01-20 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Efficient induction of pluripotent stem cells using small molecule compounds |
EP2955222B1 (en) * | 2008-03-17 | 2018-09-12 | The Scripps Research Institute | Combined chemical and genetic approaches for generation of induced pluripotent stem cells |
WO2009126250A2 (en) * | 2008-04-07 | 2009-10-15 | Nupotential, Inc. | Reprogramming a cell by inducing a pluripotent gene through rna interference |
EP2300611B1 (en) | 2008-06-13 | 2017-08-09 | Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research | Programming and reprogramming of cells |
CA2747398C (en) | 2008-12-17 | 2023-06-20 | The Scripps Research Institute | Generation and maintenance of stem cells |
WO2010124143A1 (en) * | 2009-04-23 | 2010-10-28 | Nevada Cancer Institute | Reprogramming of somatic cells with purified proteins |
CA2762369C (en) | 2009-05-18 | 2021-12-28 | Joseph Collard | Treatment of reprogramming factor related diseases by inhibition of natural antisense transcript to a reprogramming factor |
US20110016548A1 (en) * | 2009-07-16 | 2011-01-20 | University Of Southern California | Control of endogenous dnmt1 gene expression by exogenous binary regulatory systems |
GB0915523D0 (en) | 2009-09-07 | 2009-10-07 | Genome Res Ltd | Cells and methods for obtaining them |
ES2938049T3 (es) | 2009-10-16 | 2023-04-04 | Scripps Research Inst | Inducción de células pluripotentes |
AU2011235212B2 (en) | 2010-03-31 | 2014-07-31 | The Scripps Research Institute | Reprogramming cells |
ES2685171T3 (es) | 2010-06-14 | 2018-10-05 | The Scripps Research Institute | Reprogramación de células a un nuevo destino |
KR20140063501A (ko) | 2010-12-22 | 2014-05-27 | 페이트 세러퓨틱스, 인코포레이티드 | 단세포 분류 및 iPSC의 증강된 재프로그래밍을 위한 세포 배양 플랫폼 |
US9433583B2 (en) | 2011-04-22 | 2016-09-06 | Frank J. Farrell | Colon vitamin |
EP2857501A1 (en) | 2013-10-03 | 2015-04-08 | ETH Zurich | Reprogramming of pluripotent stem cells for improved control of their differentiation pathways |
CN103757022B (zh) * | 2014-01-17 | 2015-05-20 | 中国人民解放军总医院第一附属医院 | 一种干扰rna分子及其应用 |
CN103757021B (zh) * | 2014-01-17 | 2015-05-20 | 中国人民解放军总医院第一附属医院 | 沉默DNMT基因的双链siRNA分子及其应用 |
SG10201807292YA (en) | 2014-03-04 | 2018-09-27 | Fate Therapeutics Inc | Improved reprogramming methods and cell culture platforms |
JP2018501809A (ja) * | 2015-01-14 | 2018-01-25 | メモリアル スローン−ケタリング キャンサー センター | 年齢改変細胞および年齢改変細胞を作製するための方法 |
US10576105B2 (en) * | 2015-09-03 | 2020-03-03 | Escape Therapeutics, Inc. | Mesenchymal stem cells with enhanced immunosuppressive capability |
US11441126B2 (en) | 2015-10-16 | 2022-09-13 | Fate Therapeutics, Inc. | Platform for the induction and maintenance of ground state pluripotency |
MX2018006790A (es) | 2015-12-03 | 2019-05-02 | Epidestiny Inc | Composiciones que contienen decitabina, 5azacitidina y etrahidrouridina y sus usos. |
GB2594084A (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2021-10-20 | Bertrand Marie Rene Joseph | Medical methods and medical uses |
CN112063599B (zh) * | 2020-06-01 | 2023-01-17 | 南通大学附属医院 | 一种与中枢神经衰老相关的乙酰化修饰sirt2蛋白标记分子及其应用 |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5061620A (en) | 1990-03-30 | 1991-10-29 | Systemix, Inc. | Human hematopoietic stem cell |
US5635387A (en) | 1990-04-23 | 1997-06-03 | Cellpro, Inc. | Methods and device for culturing human hematopoietic cells and their precursors |
US5827670A (en) | 1990-08-02 | 1998-10-27 | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center | Methods of isolating and detecting bone marrow stromal cells with VCAM-1-specific antibodies |
US5811094A (en) | 1990-11-16 | 1998-09-22 | Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. | Connective tissue regeneration using human mesenchymal stem cell preparations |
US5486359A (en) | 1990-11-16 | 1996-01-23 | Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. | Human mesenchymal stem cells |
US5837539A (en) | 1990-11-16 | 1998-11-17 | Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. | Monoclonal antibodies for human mesenchymal stem cells |
US5460964A (en) | 1992-04-03 | 1995-10-24 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Method for culturing hematopoietic cells |
WO1994000484A1 (en) | 1992-06-22 | 1994-01-06 | Young Henry E | Scar inhibitory factor and use thereof |
US5409813A (en) | 1993-09-30 | 1995-04-25 | Systemix, Inc. | Method for mammalian cell separation from a mixture of cell populations |
US5677136A (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1997-10-14 | Systemix, Inc. | Methods of obtaining compositions enriched for hematopoietic stem cells, compositions derived therefrom and methods of use thereof |
US5736396A (en) | 1995-01-24 | 1998-04-07 | Case Western Reserve University | Lineage-directed induction of human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation |
US5827740A (en) | 1996-07-30 | 1998-10-27 | Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. | Adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells |
US6066625A (en) * | 1998-02-03 | 2000-05-23 | Methylgene, Inc. | Optimized antisense oligonucleotides complementary to DNA methyltransferase sequences |
GB0107267D0 (en) | 2001-03-23 | 2001-05-16 | Babraham Inst | Diagnostic method for determining the methylation state of cloned embryos |
WO2006088867A2 (en) | 2005-02-15 | 2006-08-24 | Medistem Laboratories, Incorporated | Method for expansion of stem cells |
CA2617611A1 (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2007-02-08 | Nupotential, Llc | Production of reprogrammed cells with restored potential |
CA2683056C (en) | 2007-04-07 | 2020-03-24 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Reprogramming of somatic cells |
-
2006
- 2006-08-01 CA CA002617611A patent/CA2617611A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-08-01 CN CNA2006800366098A patent/CN101313065A/zh active Pending
- 2006-08-01 AU AU2006275479A patent/AU2006275479B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-08-01 KR KR1020087005157A patent/KR101004634B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-08-01 MX MX2008001709A patent/MX2008001709A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2006-08-01 BR BRPI0614470-5A patent/BRPI0614470A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-08-01 EP EP06800609A patent/EP1917356A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-08-01 WO PCT/US2006/029944 patent/WO2007016566A2/en active Application Filing
- 2006-08-01 JP JP2008525122A patent/JP4395193B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-08-01 US US11/497,064 patent/US7601699B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-01-29 IL IL189113A patent/IL189113A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2009
- 2009-10-05 US US12/573,539 patent/US8987220B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20070032447A1 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
US8987220B2 (en) | 2015-03-24 |
MX2008001709A (es) | 2008-11-26 |
CA2617611A1 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
CN101313065A (zh) | 2008-11-26 |
AU2006275479A1 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
WO2007016566A3 (en) | 2007-07-12 |
US7601699B2 (en) | 2009-10-13 |
EP1917356A2 (en) | 2008-05-07 |
IL189113A (en) | 2011-07-31 |
KR101004634B1 (ko) | 2011-01-04 |
US20100159459A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
BRPI0614470A2 (pt) | 2011-03-29 |
AU2006275479B2 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
WO2007016566A9 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
IL189113A0 (en) | 2008-08-07 |
KR20080043805A (ko) | 2008-05-19 |
WO2007016566A2 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
JP2009502201A (ja) | 2009-01-29 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP4395193B2 (ja) | 回復能を有する再プログラムされた細胞の作製 | |
JP7277494B2 (ja) | ヒストンh3-リジントリメチル化を除去することによって体細胞核移入(scnt)効率を増加させるための方法および組成物 | |
Eilertsen et al. | Targeting cellular memory to reprogram the epigenome, restore potential, and improve somatic cell nuclear transfer | |
Cao et al. | Dynamic reprogramming of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine during early porcine embryogenesis | |
WO2009126655A2 (en) | Reprogramming a cell by inducing a pluripotent gene through use of a small molecule modulator | |
Steele et al. | Human embryonic stem cell methyl cycle enzyme expression: modelling epigenetic programming in assisted reproduction? | |
WO2017062706A1 (en) | Methods and compositions to increase human somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) efficiency by removing histone h3-lysine trimethylation, and derivation of human nt-esc | |
Sun et al. | Effects of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor RG108 on methylation in buffalo adult fibroblasts and subsequent embryonic development following somatic cell nuclear transfer | |
Zhang et al. | Combination of S‐adenosylhomocysteine and scriptaid, a non‐toxic epigenetic modifying reagent, modulates the reprogramming of bovine somatic‐cell nuclear transfer embryos | |
Zuo et al. | CRISPR/Cas9‐Mediated Deletion of C1EIS Inhibits Chicken Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Into Male Germ Cells (Gallus gallus) | |
Zhang et al. | Epigenetic integrity of paternal imprints enhances the developmental potential of androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells | |
JP2021520781A (ja) | 体細胞リプログラミングおよびインプリンティングのモジュレートのための組成物および方法 | |
Xiong et al. | Oocyte extract improves epigenetic reprogramming of yak fibroblast cells and cloned embryo development | |
Luo et al. | SIN3A regulates porcine early embryonic development by modulating CCNB1 expression | |
CN113316457A (zh) | 用于生成生理性x染色体失活的组合物和方法 | |
Mengfei et al. | Effects of 5-azacytidine-2'-deoxycytidine on the proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of fetal bovine fibroblast cells | |
Meyers | Stem Cells: From Biology to Therapy, 2 Volumes | |
Giraldo Gomez | Chromosomal stability and epigenetic modifications of fibroblast cells used for nuclear transfer | |
Gomez | Chromosomal stability and epigenetic modifications of fibroblast cells used for nuclear transfer | |
Liebers | Dnmt2 in RNA methylation, RNA inheritance, and environmental responses in the mouse | |
Snyder | Analysis of the Histone Methyltransferase ASH2L via RNA Interference and CRISPR-Cas9 during Bovine Early Embryonic Development | |
Wongtawan | Epigenetic and chromatin reprogramming in mouse development and embryonic stem cells | |
Zuo et al. | Received 8 December 2016; Revised 15 January 2017; Accepted 18 January 2017 Journal of Cellular Biochemistry This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved | |
Chung | Effect of JMJD3 during Bovine Preimplantation Development through Regulating Histone 3 Lysine 27 Methylation | |
Bowen | Analysis of differentiation capacity of Cfp1 null embryonic stem cells |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20090731 |
|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20090731 |
|
A871 | Explanation of circumstances concerning accelerated examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A871 Effective date: 20090805 |
|
A975 | Report on accelerated examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971005 Effective date: 20090820 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20091006 |
|
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20091016 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20121023 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20131023 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |