JP4118035B2 - Battery control device - Google Patents

Battery control device Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4118035B2
JP4118035B2 JP2001235841A JP2001235841A JP4118035B2 JP 4118035 B2 JP4118035 B2 JP 4118035B2 JP 2001235841 A JP2001235841 A JP 2001235841A JP 2001235841 A JP2001235841 A JP 2001235841A JP 4118035 B2 JP4118035 B2 JP 4118035B2
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level
battery
memory effect
target
storage amount
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JP2003047108A (en
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義晃 菊池
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Toyota Motor Corp
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Toyota Motor Corp
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Priority to US10/202,836 priority patent/US6600293B2/en
Priority to DE10235458A priority patent/DE10235458B4/en
Priority to FR0209948A priority patent/FR2828348B1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]

Description

【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、ハイブリッド車に搭載される蓄電池の蓄電量を制御する電池制御装置に関し、特にニッケル化合物を用いた蓄電池において知られているメモリ効果の解消に関する。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】
従来より、車両駆動用モータの他に、エンジン駆動される発電機を搭載したハイブリッド車が知られている。このハイブリッド車においては、電池（メインバッテリ）を搭載しており、この電池からの電力によって駆動用モータを駆動すると共に、発電機からの電力によって電池の充電を行う。また、駆動用モータおよびエンジンによって車輪を回転させ走行する。
【０００３】
電池の蓄電量はＳＯＣ（充電状態：State of Charge）と呼ぶ指標により監視、制御される。このＳＯＣは満充電電流量に対する残存電流量の比で定義される。このＳＯＣの検出方法として現状、一般には、充電時（或いは放電時）における電池の電圧電流特性（Ｉ−Ｖ特性）とＳＯＣとの相関関係を利用する検出方法と、充放電電流量の積算による検出方法とが組み合わされて用いられている。
【０００４】
電池制御装置は、このＳＯＣに基づいて電池の充放電を制御する。充放電の制御において、ＳＯＣは充電禁止範囲、放電禁止範囲、適正蓄電量範囲の３つの範囲に区分される。充電禁止範囲は、過充電になる可能性があり、充電が禁止される範囲であり、例えば、ＳＯＣが８０〜１００％の範囲である。放電禁止範囲は、過放電になる可能性があり、放電が禁止される範囲であり、例えば、ＳＯＣが０〜２０％の範囲である。適正蓄電量範囲は、過充電及び過放電となる可能性が低く、充電及び放電の両方が許可される範囲であり、例えば、ＳＯＣが２０〜８０％の範囲である。
【０００５】
充電禁止範囲では、充電が禁止されることにより、余剰のエネルギーが電力として回生されずに、例えば熱等の形で放出されるので燃費が低下する。一方、放電禁止範囲では、放電が禁止されることにより、モータが駆動されず、またエンジンパワーが電池の充電に振り向けられるので、車両動力性能が低下する。
【０００６】
そこで、電池制御装置は、ＳＯＣが適正蓄電量範囲に維持されるように制御を行う。具体的には、通常の走行においては、ＳＯＣが所定の目標蓄電量レベル（例えば５０％程度）を中心とした所定の制御幅内で変動するように、モータの駆動および発電機の駆動が制御される。
【０００７】
さて、ハイブリッド車の電池には、ＮｉＭＨ電池が用いられることが多い。このようにニッケル化合物を用いる電池では、上述の目標蓄電量レベル付近の所定の制御幅内での充放電を繰り返すと、メモリ効果が発生する。
【０００８】
一般の電気製品に関して知られているメモリ効果は、電池が完全に放電される前に充電を行う動作を繰り返すことにより発生し、満充電状態にして放電を開始しても本来より少ない放電量で起電力が低下し、電池の動作可能時間が短くなる現象であり、過放電を行うことにより解消することが知られている。このメモリ効果を放電メモリ効果と呼び、次に述べる充電メモリ効果と区別する。
【０００９】
充電メモリ効果は、電池が満充電となる前に放電を行う動作を繰り返すことにより発生し、充電受け入れ性が低下する現象である。つまり、充電時に、本来より少ない充電量で起電力は満充電と同等レベルに達する。すなわち、電池の満充電容量が低下する。
【００１０】
一般の電気製品では、充電は基本的に満充電状態となるまで行われるのに対し、ハイブリッド車では上述のように、適正蓄電量範囲内の所定の制御幅以内にて基本的に充放電が繰り返されるように制御される。このため、ハイブリッド車では一般の電気製品と同様、放電メモリ効果が発生する一方、一般の電気製品に関しては起こりにくい充電メモリ効果が発生し易い。
【００１１】
ハイブリッド車は、上述のように電池からのエネルギー出力により、動力性能を向上させ、また回生ブレーキにより運動エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換して電池に蓄積して燃費を向上させている。このハイブリッド車において、充電メモリ効果が発生し、満充電容量が低下すると、出力可能なエネルギー量及び回収可能なエネルギー量が低下し、車両性能が低下する。
【００１２】
この充電メモリ効果は、過充電により解消することができる。例えば、特開２００１−６９６０８号公報には、ＳＯＣの変動の制御幅を拡大し、完全放電・満充電に近づけることによりメモリ効果を解消する技術が提案されている。
【００１３】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上述のように充電メモリ効果は過充電により解消することが可能である。しかし、過充電を行うと、電池内での水の電気分解により水素分子（Ｈ2）及び酸素分子（Ｏ2）が発生して内圧が上昇し、またＨ2とＯ2との再結合反応での発熱により温度が上昇する。これら内圧及び温度の上昇は電池の劣化を促進するという問題があった。
【００１４】
また、ハイブリッド車では走行中の電気的な負荷変動が大きい。そのため、温度・内圧が上昇しないように低レートで安定した充電を実施して充電メモリ効果を解消することも困難である。
【００１５】
一方、放電メモリ効果を解消するために過放電とすることは、動力性能を著しく低下させることとなるため、ハイブリッド車の走行中に行うことは好ましくない。
【００１６】
さらに、上述のＳＯＣの変動の制御幅を拡大し、完全放電・満充電とする技術では、完全放電・満充電とならない中間領域である適正蓄電範囲にてＳＯＣが推移している時間が長くなり、メモリ効果解消に長時間を要するという問題があった。
【００１７】
本発明は上記問題点を解消するためになされたもので、ハイブリッド車に搭載される電池におけるメモリ効果を、車両性能の低下、電池の劣化を回避しつつ、比較的速やかに解消する電池制御装置を提供することを目的とする。
【００１８】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明に係る電池制御装置は、ハイブリッド車に搭載される蓄電池の蓄電量を、過充電及び過放電とならない適正蓄電量範囲内に設定される所定の目標蓄電量レベル付近に維持するように制御を行う電池制御装置において、前記蓄電量は、前記適正蓄電量範囲に含まれ前記目標蓄電量レベルを中心とする所定の制御幅内で変動するように制御され、前記蓄電池の充電メモリ効果の発生及び前記蓄電池の放電メモリ効果の発生を検知するメモリ効果検知手段と、前記充電メモリ効果及び放電メモリ効果のいずれの発生も検知されない場合は、前記目標蓄電量レベルを所定の通常レベルに設定し、充電メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合は、前記目標蓄電量レベルを前記通常レベルから前記適正蓄電量範囲の上限に近い限度近傍レベルに変更し、放電メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合は、前記目標蓄電量レベルを前記通常レベルから前記適正蓄電量範囲の下限に近い限度近傍レベルに変更する目標レベル設定手段と、を有し、上限及び下限の限度近傍レベルに対する制御幅は、前記通常レベルに対する制御幅に対して同一又はそれよりも狭く設定されることを特徴とする。また、前記目標レベル設定手段は、充電メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合に、前記目標蓄電量レベルを所定時間だけ上限の限度近傍レベルとし、放電メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合に、前記目標蓄電量レベルを所定時間だけ下限の限度近傍レベルとすることを特徴とする。
【００１９】
本発明によれば、メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合には、目標蓄電量レベルを通常レベルから適正蓄電量範囲の上限近傍まで引き上げること、及び目標蓄電量レベルを通常レベルから適正蓄電量範囲の下限近傍まで引き下げることの少なくともいずれか一方が行われる。目標蓄電量レベルを上限近傍レベルへ引き上げることにより充電メモリ効果の解消が図られ、また目標蓄電量レベルを下限近傍レベルへ引き下げることにより放電メモリ効果の解消が図られる。
【００２０】
他の本発明に係る電池制御装置においては、前記蓄電量が、前記適正蓄電量範囲に含まれ前記目標蓄電量レベルを中心とする所定の制御幅内で変動するように制御され、前記限度近傍レベルに対する前記制御幅は、前記通常レベルに対する前記制御幅の同一以下に設定される。
【００２１】
本発明によれば、蓄電量の目標制御範囲として、目標蓄電量レベルを中心とした所定の制御幅が適正蓄電量範囲内に設定される。大抵の走行状態ではこの制御幅内で変動するように蓄電量が制御される。限度近傍レベルに対する制御幅が、通常レベルに対する制御幅の同一以下であるということは、限度近傍レベルに対する制御幅は必然的に適正蓄電量範囲より小さく、それは適正蓄電量範囲の上限又は下限に寄って位置することを意味する。これにより、蓄電量が上限又は下限に近い位置で推移しやすく、例えば制御幅を適正蓄電量範囲全体とする場合などに比べて速やかに充電メモリ効果、放電メモリ効果が解消される。
【００２２】
本発明の好適な態様は、前記目標レベル設定手段が、前記メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合に、前記目標蓄電量レベルを所定時間だけ前記限度近傍レベルとする電池制御装置である。本態様では、メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合に、目標蓄電量レベルは所定時間、限度近傍レベルに変更され、その後、通常レベルに戻される。限度近傍レベルが維持される所定時間は、メモリ効果の解消に必要な時間に基づいて定められる。限度近傍レベルによってメモリ効果が解消されるのに必要な時間は、例えば限度近傍レベルと適正蓄電量範囲の上限又は下限との距離や限度近傍レベルを中心とした蓄電量の制御幅の大きさに応じて変わり得る。
【００２３】
本発明の他の好適な態様は、前記限度近傍レベルが、前記適正蓄電量範囲の前記上限の近傍に設定される電池制御装置である。ハイブリッド車に搭載される蓄電池は通常、複数の電池（単位セル）が直列に接続された組電池であり、蓄電量は単位セル毎に異なり得る。本態様によれば、目標蓄電量レベルを適正蓄電量範囲の上限近くまで引き上げることにより、蓄電池を構成する各単位セル間の蓄電量のばらつきを縮小し蓄電量の均一化を図ることができる。
【００２４】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態（以下実施形態という）であるハイブリッド車の電池制御システムについて、図面に基づいて説明する。図１は、実施形態の電池制御システムの概略の全体構成を示すブロック図であり、ハイブリッド車のメインバッテリである電池１０は、ニッケル金属水素（ＮｉＭＨ）電池である。電池１０は、複数の電池セルの直列接続からなる組電池であり、これにより、例えば２８０Ｖといった高電圧を得ることができる。
【００２５】
電池１０は、数個ずつの電池セルの直列接続からなる電池ブロックに区分され、各電池ブロック毎の電圧を電圧センサ１２が検出している。図においては、電池ブロックの１つを１つの電池記号として示している。電圧センサ１２の測定結果は、電池ＥＣＵ１４に供給される。
【００２６】
また、電流センサ１６は、電池１０の充放電電流を計測し、その測定結果は電池ＥＣＵ１４に供給される。また電池１０には、その温度を検知する温度センサ１８が取り付けられ、その測定結果も電池ＥＣＵ１４へ供給される。
【００２７】
電池ＥＣＵ１４は、電池１０の充放電電流を積算して電池１０のＳＯＣを推定する。
【００２８】
また、電池ＥＣＵ１４は、電圧センサ１２、電流センサ１６、温度センサ１８から得られる充放電中における電圧、電流、温度の情報から電池１０における充電メモリ効果の発生を検知する。図２は、充電時の電圧特性の模式的なグラフであり、電池１０の充電メモリ効果を説明するためのものである。図において、横軸は、電池１０の蓄電量を示し、縦軸は電池１０の起電力を示す。実線は充電メモリ効果の発生前又は解消後の初期電圧特性２０を示し、点線は、充電メモリ効果が発生した状態での電圧特性２２を示す。充電メモリ効果が発生すると、充電量の増加と共に起電力が早期に上昇し、満充電容量が低下する。電池ＥＣＵ１４は、例えば、初期電圧特性２０の情報を記憶している。ここで電圧特性は温度に応じて変わり得るので、電池ＥＣＵ１４は異なる温度に対する複数の初期電圧特性２０を記憶する。そして、電池ＥＣＵ１４は電圧センサ１２にて測定される電池１０の起電力と、電流センサ１６の測定結果に基づいて算出される充電量とから現在の電圧特性を検知する。電池ＥＣＵ１４は、これと、温度センサ１８で検知された温度に対応する初期電圧特性２０と比較して、満充電容量の低下を検出し、充電メモリ効果が発生したと判定する。また、電池１０に圧力センサなど他のセンサを設け、電池ＥＣＵ１４がさらに圧力等の他の情報を用いて充電メモリ効果に伴う満充電容量の低下を検出する構成としてもよい。
【００２９】
電池ＥＣＵ１４は、求めたＳＯＣをＨＶＥＣＵ３０へ出力し、また充電メモリ効果が発生した場合には、これをＨＶＥＣＵ３０へ通知する。ＨＶＥＣＵ３０は、電池ＥＣＵ１４から入力されるＳＯＣに基づいて、負荷３２の動作を制御する。ここで、この負荷３２は、駆動用モータ、発電機、インバータなどからなっており、電池１０からの電力の消費が負荷３２の制御によって制御される。すなわち、電池１０からの電力は、インバータ３４を介し、駆動用モータ３６に供給される。ＨＶＥＣＵ３０は、アクセル踏み込み量などにより、駆動モータ３６の出力トルクを決定し、決定した出力トルクになるようにインバータ３４を制御して、駆動モータ３６を制御する。また、ＨＶＥＣＵ３０は、エンジンＥＣＵ４０に対してパワー要求を出力することによって、エンジン出力の発電機４２の駆動力および車輪駆動力についても制御する。これによって、電池１０への充電量が制御される。
【００３０】
次に、本システムの充電メモリ効果の解消動作を説明する。図３は、この充電メモリ効果の解消動作を説明するフロー図である。
【００３１】
まず、本システムでは基本的に、ＳＯＣを制御上限値及び制御下限値で規定される適正ＳＯＣ範囲（適正蓄電量範囲）内に維持し、電池１０を保護する。具体的には、適正ＳＯＣ範囲内に目標ＳＯＣ（目標蓄電量レベル）が設定され、この目標ＳＯＣを中心とした所定の制御幅内でＳＯＣが変動するように制御が行われる。
【００３２】
制御上限値、制御下限値は例えばそれぞれＳＯＣで８０％、２０％とされる。電池ＥＣＵ１４は、電圧センサ１２及び電流センサ１６の出力から得られるＩ−Ｖ特性に基づいて、電池１０のＳＯＣが、制御下限値になったことを検知する下限判定及び、制御上限値になったことを検知する上限判定を行う。例えば、下限判定が発生すると、ＨＶＥＣＵ３０は電池１０からの放電を禁止する。すなわち、負荷３２を制御して発電機４２による発電量以上の電力を駆動モータ３６が消費することを禁止する。一方、上限判定が発生すると、ＨＶＥＣＵ３０は電池１０への充電を禁止する。
【００３３】
さて、本システムの電池ＥＣＵ１４は、電池１０に取り付けられた各種センサの出力に基づいて、充電メモリ効果の発生の有無を監視する。充電メモリ効果が発生したとの判定がなされていない場合には（Ｓ５０）、ＨＶＥＣＵ３０は通常時の蓄電量制御として、電池１０の目標ＳＯＣを通常値である５０％に設定する（Ｓ５５）。すなわち、ＨＶＥＣＵ３０は、ＳＯＣが５０％より大きい場合には、エンジン出力による発電量が少なくなるように設定し、電池１０からの放電が進むようにする。また、ＳＯＣが５０％より小さい場合には、エンジン出力による発電量が多くなるようにして、電池１０への充電が進むようにする（Ｓ６０）。
【００３４】
図４は、本システムの蓄電量制御によるＳＯＣの時間変動の一例を示すグラフであり、同図（ａ）は、上述の通常時の制御を示し、同図（ｂ）は後述する充電メモリ効果発生時の制御を示すものである。図４（ａ）に示すように、通常時には、ＨＶＥＣＵ３０は、ＳＯＣが５０％を中心として所定の制御幅（例えば±１０％）以内にて変動するように制御を行う。
【００３５】
一方、電池ＥＣＵ１４が充電メモリ効果の発生を検知した場合（Ｓ５０）、これがＨＶＥＣＵ３０に通知される。ＨＶＥＣＵ３０は、充電メモリ効果発生の通知を受けると、タイマ処理を起動して、所定時間の経過を計時する。このタイマ処理がタイムアップしていない場合には（Ｓ６５）、ＨＶＥＣＵ３０は充電メモリ発生時の蓄電量制御として、電池１０の目標ＳＯＣを制御上限値の近傍に引き上げる（Ｓ７０）。例えば、その目標ＳＯＣは、それを中心とした変動の制御幅の上限が適正ＳＯＣ範囲の制御上限値を越えないように設定される。ここでは、制御幅を通常時と同じ±１０％に設定し、制御上限値８０％に対応して、目標ＳＯＣを７０％に設定する。そしてＨＶＥＣＵ３０は、ＳＯＣが７０％より大きい場合には、エンジン出力による発電量が少なくなるように設定し、電池１０からの放電が進むようにする。また、ＳＯＣが７０％より小さい場合には、エンジン出力による発電量が多くなるようにして、電池１０への充電が進むようにする（Ｓ７５）。図４（ｂ）はこの制御におけるＳＯＣの変動を示したものである。
【００３６】
目標ＳＯＣを制御上限値近傍に引き上げて充放電を行う制御は、タイマ処理がタイムアップするまで継続される。ステップＳ６５にてタイムアップが判定されると、目標ＳＯＣは通常値である５０％に復元され、通常時の充放電制御が行われる（Ｓ５５，Ｓ６０）。ここで、タイマ処理に設定される所定時間は、充電メモリ効果の解消に必要な時間に基づいて定められ、この充電メモリ効果が解消されるのに必要な時間は、例えば、充電メモリ効果発生時の制御にて設定される目標ＳＯＣと制御上限値との距離や、目標ＳＯＣを中心としたＳＯＣの制御幅の大きさに応じて変わり得る。
【００３７】
なお、以上の説明では、充電メモリ効果の解消を行う構成を述べたが、放電メモリ効果の解消を行うように構成することもできる。その場合には、電池ＥＣＵ１４が放電メモリ効果の発生を判定し、それが発生すると、ＨＶＥＣＵ３０が目標ＳＯＣを所定時間だけ制御下限値近傍（例えば３０％）に引き下げ、制御幅を±１０％とする充放電制御を行う。
【００３８】
【発明の効果】
本発明の電池制御装置によれば、電池を過充電・過放電とすることなくメモリ効果が解消される。すなわち、メモリ効果を解消する際に、電池の劣化、車両性能の低下が生じることが回避される。また、充電メモリ効果を解消する場合には、目標蓄電量レベルが所定の高水準に設定され、かつそれを中心とした蓄電量の変動の制御幅が適正蓄電量範囲よりも狭く設定される。これにより、蓄電量が充電メモリ効果の解消に有効な高蓄電量範囲で推移しやすく、充電メモリ効果が速やかに解消される効果が得られる。また同様の効果が放電メモリ効果を解消する場合にも得られる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】 本発明の実施形態である電池制御システムの概略の全体構成を示すブロック図である。
【図２】 充電時の電圧特性の模式的なグラフである。
【図３】 充電メモリ効果の解消動作を説明するフロー図である。
【図４】 本システムの蓄電量制御によるＳＯＣの時間変動の一例を示すグラフである。
【符号の説明】
１０ 電池、１２ 電圧センサ、１４ 電池ＥＣＵ、１６ 電流センサ、１８温度センサ、３０ ＨＶＥＣＵ、３２ 負荷、３４ インバータ、３６ 駆動用モータ、４０ エンジンＥＣＵ、４２ 発電機。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a battery control device that controls the amount of electricity stored in a storage battery mounted on a hybrid vehicle, and more particularly to the elimination of the memory effect known in storage batteries using nickel compounds.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, in addition to a vehicle driving motor, a hybrid vehicle equipped with an engine driven generator is known. In this hybrid vehicle, a battery (main battery) is mounted, and a driving motor is driven by the electric power from the battery, and the battery is charged by the electric power from the generator. Further, the vehicle travels by rotating wheels by a driving motor and an engine.
[0003]
The amount of electricity stored in the battery is monitored and controlled by an index called SOC (State of Charge). This SOC is defined by the ratio of the remaining current amount to the full charge current amount. As a detection method of this SOC, in general, a detection method that uses the correlation between the voltage-current characteristic (IV characteristic) of the battery during charging (or discharging) and the SOC, and the integration of the charge / discharge current amount It is used in combination with a detection method.
[0004]
The battery control device controls charging / discharging of the battery based on this SOC. In charge / discharge control, the SOC is divided into three ranges: a charge prohibited range, a discharge prohibited range, and an appropriate charged amount range. The charge prohibition range may be overcharge, and is a range where charge is prohibited. For example, the SOC is in a range of 80 to 100%. The discharge prohibition range is a range in which overdischarge may occur and discharge is prohibited. For example, the SOC is in a range of 0 to 20%. The appropriate storage amount range has a low possibility of being overcharged and overdischarged, and is a range in which both charging and discharging are permitted. For example, the SOC is in a range of 20 to 80%.
[0005]
In the charge prohibition range, by prohibiting charging, surplus energy is not regenerated as electric power, but is released in the form of heat, for example, and fuel efficiency is reduced. On the other hand, in the discharge prohibition range, since the discharge is prohibited, the motor is not driven and the engine power is diverted to charge the battery, so that the vehicle power performance is deteriorated.
[0006]
Therefore, the battery control device performs control so that the SOC is maintained in the appropriate charged amount range. Specifically, during normal travel, the motor drive and the generator drive are controlled so that the SOC fluctuates within a predetermined control range centered on a predetermined target charged amount level (for example, about 50%). Is done.
[0007]
Now, NiMH batteries are often used for hybrid vehicle batteries. As described above, in a battery using a nickel compound, a memory effect occurs when charging and discharging are repeated within a predetermined control range near the above-described target charged amount level.
[0008]
The memory effect known for general electrical products is generated by repeating the operation of charging before the battery is completely discharged, and even when the discharge is started with a fully charged state, the discharge amount is smaller than the original amount. This is a phenomenon in which the electromotive force is lowered and the battery operable time is shortened, and it is known to be solved by overdischarge. This memory effect is called a discharge memory effect, and is distinguished from the charge memory effect described below.
[0009]
The charge memory effect is a phenomenon that occurs by repeating the operation of discharging before the battery is fully charged, and the charge acceptance is reduced. That is, at the time of charging, the electromotive force reaches the same level as the full charge with a smaller amount of charge than originally intended. That is, the full charge capacity of the battery is reduced.
[0010]
In general electric products, charging is basically performed until the battery is fully charged, whereas in hybrid vehicles, as described above, charging / discharging is basically performed within a predetermined control range within the appropriate storage amount range. Controlled to be repeated. For this reason, in the hybrid vehicle, the discharge memory effect occurs as in the case of general electric products, while the charge memory effect that hardly occurs in general electric products tends to occur.
[0011]
In the hybrid vehicle, as described above, the power performance is improved by the energy output from the battery, and the kinetic energy is converted into the electric energy by the regenerative brake and accumulated in the battery to improve the fuel consumption. In this hybrid vehicle, when the charging memory effect occurs and the full charge capacity decreases, the amount of energy that can be output and the amount of energy that can be recovered decreases, and the vehicle performance decreases.
[0012]
This charging memory effect can be eliminated by overcharging. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-69608 proposes a technique for eliminating the memory effect by expanding the control range of the SOC fluctuation and bringing it closer to full discharge / full charge.
[0013]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Charging the memory effect as described above can be solved by over-charging. However, recombination is performed over charging, hydrogen molecules (H 2) and oxygen molecules (O 2) is the internal pressure rise generated by electrolysis of water in the battery, also the H 2 and O 2 The temperature rises due to the exotherm of the reaction. The increase in the internal pressure and temperature has a problem of promoting the deterioration of the battery.
[0014]
In addition, the hybrid vehicle has a large electric load fluctuation during traveling. For this reason, it is difficult to eliminate the charge memory effect by performing stable charging at a low rate so that the temperature and internal pressure do not increase.
[0015]
On the other hand, it is not preferable to perform over-discharge in order to eliminate the discharge memory effect, because the power performance is remarkably lowered.
[0016]
Furthermore, with the above-described technology for expanding the control range of SOC fluctuations to complete discharge and full charge, the time during which the SOC has changed in the appropriate power storage range, which is an intermediate region that does not become full discharge and full charge, becomes longer. There is a problem that it takes a long time to eliminate the memory effect.
[0017]
The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and a battery control device that eliminates a memory effect in a battery mounted on a hybrid vehicle relatively quickly while avoiding a decrease in vehicle performance and a deterioration of the battery. The purpose is to provide.
[0018]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The battery control device according to the present invention controls the power storage amount of a storage battery mounted on a hybrid vehicle so as to maintain it near a predetermined target power storage amount level set within an appropriate power storage amount range that does not cause overcharge and overdischarge. In the battery control device that performs the control, the storage amount is controlled to vary within a predetermined control range that is included in the appropriate storage amount range and that is centered on the target storage amount level, thereby generating a charge memory effect of the storage battery And the memory effect detection means for detecting the occurrence of the discharge memory effect of the storage battery, and if neither occurrence of the charge memory effect or the discharge memory effect is detected, the target storage amount level is set to a predetermined normal level, When the occurrence of the charging memory effect is detected, the target storage amount level is changed from the normal level to a limit vicinity level close to the upper limit of the appropriate storage amount range, A target level setting means for changing the target storage amount level from the normal level to a limit vicinity level close to a lower limit of the appropriate storage amount range when occurrence of an electric memory effect is detected, and an upper limit and a lower limit The control width for the limit vicinity level is set equal to or narrower than the control width for the normal level. The target level setting means sets the target power storage level to a level near the upper limit for a predetermined time when the occurrence of a charge memory effect is detected, and when the occurrence of a discharge memory effect is detected, The target power storage amount level is set to a lower limit limit vicinity level for a predetermined time .
[0019]
According to the present invention, when the occurrence of the memory effect is detected, the target charged amount level is raised from the normal level to near the upper limit of the appropriate charged amount range, and the target charged amount level is changed from the normal level to the appropriate charged amount range. At least one of lowering to the vicinity of the lower limit is performed. The charge memory effect is eliminated by raising the target charged amount level to the level near the upper limit, and the discharge memory effect is eliminated by lowering the target charged amount level to the level near the lower limit.
[0020]
In another battery control device according to the present invention, the charged amount is controlled so as to vary within a predetermined control range that is included in the appropriate charged amount range and centered on the target charged amount level, and is near the limit The control width for the level is set equal to or less than the control width for the normal level.
[0021]
According to the present invention, the predetermined control range centered on the target storage amount level is set within the appropriate storage amount range as the target control range of the storage amount. In most driving conditions, the amount of power storage is controlled so as to vary within this control range. The fact that the control range for the near limit level is less than or equal to the control range for the normal level means that the control range for the near limit level is inevitably smaller than the appropriate charge amount range, which is close to the upper limit or lower limit of the appropriate charge amount range. Means to be located. As a result, the charged amount easily changes at a position close to the upper limit or the lower limit. For example, the charge memory effect and the discharged memory effect are quickly eliminated as compared with the case where the control range is the entire appropriate charged amount range.
[0022]
A preferred aspect of the present invention is the battery control device, wherein the target level setting means sets the target power storage level to the limit vicinity level for a predetermined time when the occurrence of the memory effect is detected. In this aspect, when the occurrence of the memory effect is detected, the target storage amount level is changed to the limit vicinity level for a predetermined time, and then returned to the normal level. The predetermined time during which the near-limit level is maintained is determined based on the time required to eliminate the memory effect. The time required for the memory effect to be eliminated by the near-limit level is, for example, the distance between the near-limit level and the upper limit or lower limit of the appropriate charged amount range, or the size of the charged amount control centered on the near-limit level. It can change depending on the situation.
[0023]
Another preferable aspect of the present invention is the battery control device in which the limit vicinity level is set in the vicinity of the upper limit of the appropriate storage amount range. A storage battery mounted on a hybrid vehicle is usually an assembled battery in which a plurality of batteries (unit cells) are connected in series, and the amount of stored electricity may be different for each unit cell. According to this aspect, by raising the target storage amount level to near the upper limit of the appropriate storage amount range, it is possible to reduce the variation in the storage amount among the unit cells constituting the storage battery and to make the storage amount uniform.
[0024]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, a battery control system for a hybrid vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as an embodiment) will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a schematic overall configuration of a battery control system according to an embodiment. A battery 10 that is a main battery of a hybrid vehicle is a nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery. The battery 10 is a battery pack composed of a plurality of battery cells connected in series, whereby a high voltage such as 280 V can be obtained.
[0025]
The battery 10 is divided into battery blocks each composed of several battery cells connected in series, and the voltage sensor 12 detects the voltage of each battery block. In the figure, one of the battery blocks is shown as one battery symbol. The measurement result of the voltage sensor 12 is supplied to the battery ECU 14.
[0026]
The current sensor 16 measures the charge / discharge current of the battery 10 and the measurement result is supplied to the battery ECU 14. The battery 10 is provided with a temperature sensor 18 for detecting the temperature, and the measurement result is also supplied to the battery ECU 14.
[0027]
The battery ECU 14 accumulates the charge / discharge current of the battery 10 and estimates the SOC of the battery 10.
[0028]
Further, the battery ECU 14 detects the occurrence of the charging memory effect in the battery 10 from the information on the voltage, current, and temperature during charging / discharging obtained from the voltage sensor 12, the current sensor 16, and the temperature sensor 18. FIG. 2 is a schematic graph of voltage characteristics during charging, and is for explaining the charging memory effect of the battery 10. In the figure, the horizontal axis indicates the amount of electricity stored in the battery 10, and the vertical axis indicates the electromotive force of the battery 10. A solid line indicates the initial voltage characteristic 20 before or after the occurrence of the charging memory effect, and a dotted line indicates the voltage characteristic 22 in a state where the charging memory effect has occurred. When the charge memory effect occurs, the electromotive force increases early as the amount of charge increases, and the full charge capacity decreases. The battery ECU 14 stores information on the initial voltage characteristic 20, for example. Here, since the voltage characteristics can change depending on the temperature, the battery ECU 14 stores a plurality of initial voltage characteristics 20 for different temperatures. Then, the battery ECU 14 detects the current voltage characteristic from the electromotive force of the battery 10 measured by the voltage sensor 12 and the charge amount calculated based on the measurement result of the current sensor 16. The battery ECU 14 compares this with the initial voltage characteristic 20 corresponding to the temperature detected by the temperature sensor 18 to detect a decrease in the full charge capacity and determine that the charge memory effect has occurred. Alternatively, the battery 10 may be provided with another sensor such as a pressure sensor, and the battery ECU 14 may further detect a decrease in the full charge capacity associated with the charge memory effect using other information such as pressure.
[0029]
The battery ECU 14 outputs the obtained SOC to the HVECU 30 and notifies the HVECU 30 when the charging memory effect has occurred. The HVECU 30 controls the operation of the load 32 based on the SOC input from the battery ECU 14. Here, the load 32 includes a drive motor, a generator, an inverter, and the like, and power consumption from the battery 10 is controlled by the control of the load 32. That is, the electric power from the battery 10 is supplied to the drive motor 36 via the inverter 34. The HVECU 30 determines the output torque of the drive motor 36 based on the accelerator depression amount, and controls the drive motor 36 by controlling the inverter 34 so that the determined output torque is obtained. The HVECU 30 also controls the driving force of the generator 42 and the wheel driving force of the engine output by outputting a power request to the engine ECU 40. Thereby, the charge amount to the battery 10 is controlled.
[0030]
Next, the operation for eliminating the charging memory effect of this system will be described. FIG. 3 is a flowchart for explaining the operation of eliminating the charging memory effect.
[0031]
First, in this system, basically, the SOC is maintained within an appropriate SOC range (appropriate storage amount range) defined by the control upper limit value and the control lower limit value, and the battery 10 is protected. Specifically, a target SOC (target power storage level) is set within the appropriate SOC range, and control is performed so that the SOC varies within a predetermined control range centered on the target SOC.
[0032]
The control upper limit value and the control lower limit value are, for example, 80% and 20%, respectively, in SOC. Based on the IV characteristics obtained from the outputs of the voltage sensor 12 and the current sensor 16, the battery ECU 14 has reached the lower limit determination for detecting that the SOC of the battery 10 has reached the control lower limit value, and the control upper limit value. The upper limit is detected to detect this. For example, when the lower limit determination occurs, the HVECU 30 prohibits discharging from the battery 10. That is, the load 32 is controlled to prohibit the drive motor 36 from consuming more power than the amount of power generated by the generator 42. On the other hand, when the upper limit determination occurs, the HVECU 30 prohibits charging of the battery 10.
[0033]
Now, the battery ECU 14 of this system monitors the presence or absence of the occurrence of the charging memory effect based on the output of various sensors attached to the battery 10. When it is not determined that the charging memory effect has occurred (S50), the HVECU 30 sets the target SOC of the battery 10 to 50%, which is a normal value, as the normal storage amount control (S55). That is, the HVECU 30 sets the power generation amount by the engine output to be small when the SOC is larger than 50% so that the discharge from the battery 10 proceeds. If the SOC is smaller than 50%, the amount of power generated by the engine output is increased so that charging of the battery 10 proceeds (S60).
[0034]
FIG. 4 is a graph showing an example of the time variation of the SOC by the storage amount control of the present system. FIG. 4 (a) shows the normal control described above, and FIG. 4 (b) shows the charge memory effect described later. It shows the control at the time of occurrence. As shown in FIG. 4A, at normal times, the HVECU 30 performs control so that the SOC fluctuates within a predetermined control width (for example, ± 10%) around 50%.
[0035]
On the other hand, when the battery ECU 14 detects the occurrence of the charging memory effect (S50), this is notified to the HVECU 30. When the HVECU 30 receives the notification of the occurrence of the charging memory effect, the HVECU 30 starts a timer process and measures the passage of a predetermined time. When the timer process has not expired (S65), the HVECU 30 raises the target SOC of the battery 10 to the vicinity of the control upper limit value as the charged amount control when the charging memory is generated (S70). For example, the target SOC is set such that the upper limit of the control range of fluctuations centered on the target SOC does not exceed the control upper limit value of the appropriate SOC range. Here, the control width is set to ± 10%, which is the same as the normal time, and the target SOC is set to 70% corresponding to the control upper limit value 80%. When the SOC is greater than 70%, the HVECU 30 is set so that the amount of power generated by the engine output is reduced so that the discharge from the battery 10 proceeds. If the SOC is less than 70%, the amount of power generated by the engine output is increased so that charging of the battery 10 proceeds (S75). FIG. 4B shows the SOC variation in this control.
[0036]
Control for charging / discharging by raising the target SOC to the vicinity of the control upper limit value is continued until the timer process expires. If time-up is determined in step S65, the target SOC is restored to the normal value of 50%, and normal charge / discharge control is performed (S55, S60). Here, the predetermined time set for the timer process is determined based on the time required for canceling the charging memory effect, and the time required for canceling the charging memory effect is, for example, when the charging memory effect occurs. It can be changed according to the distance between the target SOC and the control upper limit value set in the control of (1) and the control width of the SOC centering on the target SOC.
[0037]
In the above description, the configuration for eliminating the charge memory effect has been described. However, the discharge memory effect can also be eliminated. In that case, the battery ECU 14 determines the occurrence of the discharge memory effect, and when this occurs, the HVECU 30 lowers the target SOC to the vicinity of the control lower limit value (for example, 30%) for a predetermined time and sets the control width to ± 10%. Charge / discharge control is performed.
[0038]
【The invention's effect】
According to the battery control device of the present invention, the memory effect is eliminated without overcharging / discharging the battery. That is, when the memory effect is eliminated, it is possible to avoid battery deterioration and vehicle performance degradation. In order to eliminate the charge memory effect, the target charged amount level is set to a predetermined high level, and the control range of the fluctuation of the charged amount centering on the target charged amount level is set to be narrower than the appropriate charged amount range. As a result, the amount of stored electricity is likely to change in the range of the high stored amount effective for eliminating the charging memory effect, and the effect of quickly eliminating the charging memory effect is obtained. A similar effect can also be obtained when the discharge memory effect is eliminated.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic overall configuration of a battery control system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic graph of voltage characteristics during charging.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an operation for eliminating a charging memory effect.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing an example of time variation of the SOC by the storage amount control of this system.
[Explanation of symbols]
10 battery, 12 voltage sensor, 14 battery ECU, 16 current sensor, 18 temperature sensor, 30 HVECU, 32 load, 34 inverter, 36 driving motor, 40 engine ECU, 42 generator.

Claims (2)

ハイブリッド車に搭載される蓄電池の蓄電量を、過充電及び過放電とならない適正蓄電量範囲内に設定される所定の目標蓄電量レベル付近に維持するように制御を行う電池制御装置において、
前記蓄電量は、前記適正蓄電量範囲に含まれ前記目標蓄電量レベルを中心とする所定の制御幅内で変動するように制御され、
前記蓄電池の充電メモリ効果の発生及び前記蓄電池の放電メモリ効果の発生を検知するメモリ効果検知手段と、
前記充電メモリ効果及び放電メモリ効果のいずれの発生も検知されない場合は、前記目標蓄電量レベルを所定の通常レベルに設定し、
充電メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合は、前記目標蓄電量レベルを前記通常レベルから前記適正蓄電量範囲の上限に近い限度近傍レベルに変更し、放電メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合は、前記目標蓄電量レベルを前記通常レベルから前記適正蓄電量範囲の下限に近い限度近傍レベルに変更する目標レベル設定手段と、
を有し、
上限及び下限の限度近傍レベルに対する制御幅は、前記通常レベルに対する制御幅に対して同一又はそれよりも狭く設定されることを特徴とする電池制御装置。In a battery control device that performs control so that the storage amount of a storage battery mounted on a hybrid vehicle is maintained near a predetermined target storage amount level that is set within an appropriate storage amount range that does not cause overcharge and overdischarge.
The power storage amount is controlled to vary within a predetermined control range that is included in the appropriate power storage amount range and centered on the target power storage amount level,
A memory effect detecting means for detecting the occurrence of the charge memory effect of the storage battery and the occurrence of the discharge memory effect of the storage battery ;
When neither occurrence of the charge memory effect and the discharge memory effect is detected, the target storage amount level is set to a predetermined normal level,
When the occurrence of the charging memory effect is detected, and changes the target state of charge level that is closer to the limit vicinity level to the upper limit of the proper charged amount ranging from the normal level, when the occurrence of the discharge memory effect is detected A target level setting means for changing the target storage amount level from the normal level to a limit vicinity level close to a lower limit of the appropriate storage amount range ;
Have
Upper and lower limits that control the width against the vicinity level, battery control apparatus characterized by being set smaller than equal to or against the normal against that control the width of the level. 請求項１に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記目標レベル設定手段は、充電メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合に、前記目標蓄電量レベルを所定時間だけ上限の限度近傍レベルとし、放電メモリ効果の発生が検知された場合に、前記目標蓄電量レベルを所定時間だけ下限の限度近傍レベルとすること、
を特徴とする電池制御装置。The battery control device according to claim 1,
The target level setting means sets the target power storage level to a level near the upper limit for a predetermined time when the occurrence of a charge memory effect is detected, and when the occurrence of a discharge memory effect is detected, Set the storage level to a level near the lower limit for a predetermined time ,
A battery control device.
JP2001235841A 2001-08-03 2001-08-03 Battery control device Expired - Lifetime JP4118035B2 (en)

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