JP4109746B2 - Integrated heat exchanger - Google Patents

Integrated heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4109746B2
JP4109746B2 JP13822898A JP13822898A JP4109746B2 JP 4109746 B2 JP4109746 B2 JP 4109746B2 JP 13822898 A JP13822898 A JP 13822898A JP 13822898 A JP13822898 A JP 13822898A JP 4109746 B2 JP4109746 B2 JP 4109746B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
header
opening edge
integrated
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JP13822898A
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JPH11325790A (en
Inventor
幹生 渡辺
隆幸 安武
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Resonac Holdings Corp
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Showa Denko KK
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/0408Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids
    • F28D1/0426Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids with units having particular arrangement relative to the large body of fluid, e.g. with interleaved units or with adjacent heat exchange units in common air flow or with units extending at an angle to each other or with units arranged around a central element
    • F28D1/0435Combination of units extending one behind the other
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0202Header boxes having their inner space divided by partitions
    • F28F9/0204Header boxes having their inner space divided by partitions for elongated header box, e.g. with transversal and longitudinal partitions
    • F28F9/0214Header boxes having their inner space divided by partitions for elongated header box, e.g. with transversal and longitudinal partitions having only longitudinal partitions
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0243Header boxes having a circular cross-section
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/008Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
    • F28D2021/0084Condensers
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F2009/0285Other particular headers or end plates
    • F28F2009/0287Other particular headers or end plates having passages for different heat exchange media
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2220/00Closure means, e.g. end caps on header boxes or plugs on conduits

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Details Of Heat-Exchange And Heat-Transfer (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、自動車用カークーラーのコンデンサの他、事務用及び家庭用ルームエアコンのコンデンサ等に適用されるアルミニウム製等の金属製の一体型熱交換器に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
例えば自動車用カークーラーのコンデンサとして、垂直に配置される一対のヘッダー間に、多数の熱交換用扁平チューブが並列状に配置されるとともに、各扁平チューブ間にフィンが配置された熱交換器コアアッセンブリを一括ろう付けにより連結一体化したマルチフロータイプのアルミニウム製熱交換器が周知であるが、近年において、設置スペースと冷却性能との双方を考慮して、上記マルチフロータイプの熱交換器を並列に複数配置した一体型熱交換器が採用される場合がある。
【0003】
従来、上記の一体型熱交換器を製造する場合、一般には、各コアアッセンブリをろう付けにより一体化して、複数の熱交換器コアを製造した後、各熱交換器コアを互いに連結一体化するとともに、各熱交換器コアのヘッダー間にパイプを連結するようにして製造していた。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記従来の一体型熱交換器においては、一括ろう付け後に、熱交換器コア同士を連結一体化したり、パイプを連結する等の多くの後作業が必要であるため、製造が困難であるという問題を抱えていた。更にコア同士を連結する部材や連結パイプ等を後付けにより多数取り付けるため、構造の複雑化を来すという問題もあった。
【0005】
また複数の熱交換器を互いに高い組付精度で連結するために、慎重な作業を必要とするので、作業者の負担が大きくなり、一段と製造が困難になるという問題があった。
【0006】
この発明は、上記従来技術の問題を解消し、高い組付精度を十分に確保しつつ、簡単に製造することができる上更に、構造の簡素化を図ることができる一体型熱交換器を提供することを目的とする。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するため、この発明は、互いに平行に配置される一対の筒状のヘッダー間に、両端を両ヘッダーに連通接続する複数本の熱交換チューブが所定の間隔おきに並列状に配置された第1及び第2の熱交換器コアを備え、それら両熱交換器コアが前後に並んで平行に配置される一体型熱交換器において、前記ヘッダーの端部における開口縁部に切欠部が設けられる一方、前記ヘッダーの端部開口部を閉塞するためのヘッダーキャップが、前記第1及び第2の熱交換器コア間において対応し合うヘッダーの端部間に架け渡し可能な大きさの架橋プレートにより構成され、その架橋プレートに、前記対応し合うヘッダーにおける各開口縁部の前記切欠部を除く部分に対応して、円弧状の開口縁部挿入孔がそれぞれ設けられ、前記対応し合うヘッダーの各開口縁部が、前記ヘッダーキャップの各開口縁部挿入孔にそれぞれ挿入されて、そのヘッダーキャップにより、対応し合うヘッダー同士が互いに連結されるとともに、各ヘッダーの端部開口部が閉塞された状態で一括ろう付けされることにより、各熱交換器コアごとのコア構成部品が連結一体化されるとともに、両熱交換器コア同士が連結一体化されてなるものを要旨としている。
【0008】
この発明の一体型熱交換器においては、各熱交換器コアごとのコア構成部品の連結一体化と、コア同士の連結一体化とを一度に行うようにしているため、例えばコアごとにコア構成部品をろう付け一体化してから、コア同士を連結する場合に比べて、コア同士の連結作業等の後加工を省略することができるので、その分、簡単に製造することができる。
【0009】
またヘッダーキャップの各開口縁部挿入孔内に、対応し合うヘッダーの各開口縁部を挿入するように、ヘッダーキャップを組み付けるだけで、対応し合うヘッダー間の間隔を正確に保持することができ、両コア間の位置合わせを正確に行うことができる。
【0010】
またヘッダーキャップの開口縁部挿入孔内にヘッダーの開口縁部を挿入した際に、挿入孔端部がヘッダーの切欠部に係止することにより、ヘッダーキャップの位置ずれを防止することができる。
【0011】
またヘッダーキャップは、略板状の架橋プレートにより構成されるものであるため、プレス加工等により、簡単に製造できるとともに、そのシンプル形状のヘッダーキャップにより、コア同士の連結を行うようにしているため、熱交換器全体としての構造を簡素に仕上げることができる。
【0012】
一方、本発明においては、前記ヘッダーキャップの開口縁部挿入孔に挿入されたヘッダーの開口縁部が折曲された状態で一括ろう付けされてなる構成を採用するのが好ましい。
【0013】
すなわちこの構成を採用する場合、ヘッダーキャップの抜止めを確実に図ることができ、より確実にヘッダーキャップの位置ずれを防止することができる。
【0014】
更に本発明においては、対応し合うヘッダーに、互いに対向して、熱媒体通過口がそれぞれ形成される一方、周壁外周に周方向に沿って位置決め凸部が設けられた連結パイプの両端部が上記各熱媒体通過口にそれぞれ挿入されるとともに、前記位置決め凸部が上記各熱媒体通過口の周縁に係止した状態で一括ろう付けされてなる構成を採用するのが良い。
【0015】
すなわちこの構成を採用する場合には、コア間の内部的な連通を確実に行える上更に、位置決め凸部が熱媒体通過口周縁に係止することにより、連結パイプの差し込み過多や、差し込み不足等の連結不良の発生を確実に防止でき、連結パイプの差し込み作業を精度良く簡単に行うことができる。
【0016】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1はこの発明の実施形態である一体型熱交換器を分解して示す斜視図、図2(a)はその熱交換器の正面図、同図(b)は平面図である。
【0017】
これらの図に示すように、この一体型熱交換器は、第1及び第2の2つの熱交換器コア(10)(20)を有している。各熱交換器コア(10)(20)は、離間して対峙した左右一対の垂直方向に沿う丸パイプ製のヘッダー(11)(11)(21)(21)を有し、両ヘッダー(11)(21)間に、熱交換チューブとしての多数本の水平方向に沿う扁平チューブ(2)が、それらの各両端を両ヘッダー(11)(21)に連通連結した状態で、上下方向に所定の間隔おきに並列状に配置されるとともに、扁平チューブ(2)の各間及び最外側の扁平チューブ(2)の外側にコルゲートフィン(3)が配置されている。更に最外側のフィン(3)の外側には、そのフィン(3)を保護するための帯板状のサイドプレート(4)が取り付けられている。
【0018】
また両熱交換器コア(10)(20)の各ヘッダー(11)(21)における両端開口縁部(12)(22)には、各ヘッダー(11)(21)の軸方向外側に向けて開放する矩形状の切欠部(13)(23)が、前後対向配置に形成されている。
【0019】
一方図1ないし図5に示すように、ヘッダー(11)(21)の端部開口部を閉塞するためのヘッダーキャップ(30)は、第1及び第2の熱交換器コア(10)(20)間において対応し合うヘッダー(11)(21)の端部同士を連結し得るよう構成されており、対応し合うヘッダー(11)(21)の端部間に架け渡し得る大きさの架橋プレート(31)を有している。
【0020】
架橋プレート(31)には、その両側縁部が折曲加工されて補強リブ(35)が設けられている。また架橋プレート(31)の前後両側領域には、対応し合うヘッダー(11)(21)における開口縁部(12)(22)の上記切欠部(13)(23)を除く部分に対応して、一対の略半円弧状の開口縁部挿入孔(32)(32)がそれぞれ穿設されている。更に架橋プレート(31)における各一対の挿入孔(32)(32)の内側領域によって、略円板状の閉塞板部(33)が形成されるとともに、この閉塞板部(33)が、各一対の半円弧状挿入孔(32)(32)の端部間における連設部(34)(34)によって、架橋プレート(31)の周囲領域に連結されている。
【0021】
この構成のヘッダーキャップ(30)が、その前後各一対の開口縁部挿入孔(32)(32)に、対応し合うヘッダー(11)(21)の開口縁部(12)(22)を挿入するようにして、対応し合うヘッダー(11)(21)に嵌合される。これにより、ヘッダーキャップ(30)の連設部(34)(34)が、ヘッダー(11)(21)における開口縁部(12)(22)の切欠部(13)(13)に適合状態に嵌合されるとともに、ヘッダーキャップ(30)の閉塞板部(33)がヘッダー(11)(21)の端部開口部に適合状態に嵌合される。
【0022】
図1及び図2に示すように、前方側に配置される第1の熱交換器コア(10)における左側のヘッダー(11)の下部には、冷媒出口ユニオン(6)が連結されるとともに、後側に配置される第2の熱交換器コア(20)における左側のヘッダー(21)の下部には、冷媒入口ユニオン(5)が連結されている。
【0023】
更に第1の熱交換器コア(10)の左側ヘッダー(11)の周側壁上部には、冷媒通過口(11a)が設けられるとともに、第2の熱交換器コア(20)の左側ヘッダー(21)の周側壁上部には、上記冷媒通過口(11a)に対向して、冷媒通過口(21a)が設けられている。
【0024】
更にこれらの冷媒通過口(11a)(21a)を連結するための連結パイプ(7)は、図6に示すようにビーディング加工により周壁部外周中央に周方向に沿って連続する位置決め凸部(7a)が突設されており、この位置決め凸部(7a)が、上記対応し合うヘッダー(11)(21)における両冷媒通過口(11a)(21a)の縁部に当接係止した状態で、連結パイプ(7)の両側部が両冷媒通過口(11a)(21a)内に挿入されることにより、両ヘッダー(11)(21)が連結パイプ(7)を介して内部的に連結されている。
【0025】
また図2及び図9に示すように、第1の熱交換器コア(10)における左側ヘッダー(11)の内部には、上部位置と下部位置の2箇所に仕切り部材(15)(17)が設けられるとともに、右側ヘッダー(11)の内部における中間高さ位置に仕切り部材(16)が設けられる。更に第2の熱交換器コア(20)における左側ヘッダー(21)の内部における中間高さ位置に仕切り部材(25)が設けられる。
【0026】
このような構成の一体型熱交換器は、ヘッダー(11)(21)、扁平チューブ(2)、フィン(3)、サイドプレート(4)、ユニオン(5)(6)、連結パイプ(7)、ヘッダーキャップ(30)等の各コア構成部品が、アルミニウム又はその合金製であり、以下に説明するように、これらを仮組した状態で炉中にて一括ろう付けすることにより、連結一体化される。
【0027】
まず各熱交換器コア(10)(20)ごとに、ヘッダー(11)(21)、扁平チューブ(2)、フィン(3)、サイドプレート(4)、ユニオン(5)(6)等のコア構成部品を仮組みしてバンディングし、各コア(10)(20)ごとのコアアッセンブリ(10)(20)を作製する。
【0028】
そしてこれらのコアアッセンブリ(10)(20)を洗浄した後、所定の配列で前後に並べて配置し、各コアアッセンブリ(10)(20)の対応し合う左側ヘッダー(11)(21)同士を連結するように連結パイプ(7)をセットする。
【0029】
続いて図3及び図4に示すように、各コアアッセンブリ(10)(20)間において、対応し合うヘッダー(11)(21)の端部同士を連結するように、ヘッダーキャップ(30)の各開口縁部挿入孔(32)(32)内にヘッダー(11)(21)の開口縁部(12)(22)をそれぞれ挿入する。こうして対応し合うヘッダー(11)(21)の端部に架け渡すように、ヘッダーキャップ(30)を嵌め込むことにより、対応し合うヘッダー(11)(21)間の間隔を正確に保持して、コアアッセンブリ(10)(20)を互いに位置精度良く配置する。なお言うまでもなく、ヘッダーキャップ(30)は、一対のヘッダー(11)(21)の上下両端の計4箇所の位置に取り付けられる。
【0030】
次に図7及び図8に示すように、ヘッダー(11)(21)の開口縁部(12)(22)における挿入側端部を折曲して、ヘッダーキャップ(30)の抜止めを図る。
【0031】
もっとも、ヘッダーキャップ(30)の抜脱が懸念されない場合には、ヘッダー(11)(21)の開口縁部(12)(22)における挿入側端部を、必ずしも折曲する必要はない。
【0032】
こうして仮連結された2つのコアアッセンブリ(10)(20)を、その状態で、炉中に入れて、ろう付け一体化することにより、各熱交換器コア(10)(20)ごとのコア構成部品の連結一体化と、連結パイプ(7)及びヘッダーキャップ(30)の連結、すなわち両コア(10)(20)同士の連結一体化とを同時に行う。
【0033】
これにより本実施形態の一体型熱交換器が製造される。
【0034】
この一体型熱交換器において、第2の熱交換器コア(20)の冷媒入口ユニオン(5)から流入された冷媒は、図9に示すように、ヘッダー(21)の仕切り部材(25)によって第2の熱交換器コア(20)を蛇行状に流れて、左側ヘッダー(21)の上部に導かれ、そこから連結パイプ(7)を通って第1の熱交換器コア(10)に導かれる。更にその冷媒は、ヘッダー(11)(11)の仕切り部材(15)〜(17)によって第1の熱交換器コア(10)を蛇行状に流れて、左側ヘッダー(11)の下部に導かれ、そこから冷媒出口ユニオン(6)を通って熱交換器外部に流出される。
【0035】
本実施形態の一体型熱交換器によれば、各熱交換器コア(10)(20)ごとのコア構成部品の連結一体化と、コア(10)(20)同士の連結一体化とを一度に行うようにしているため、例えば各コアを個々にろう付け一体化してから、コア同士を連結するという従来のものと比べた場合、コア間の内部的及び外部的な連結作業等の後作業が不要となり、その分、製造を簡単に行えるとともに、コストの削減を図ることができる。
【0036】
更に所定のヘッダー(11)(21)間に架け渡すように、ヘッダーキャップ(30)を嵌め込むだけで、ヘッダー(11)(21)間の間隔を正確に保持することができ、両コアアッセンブリ(10)(20)間の位置合わせを正確に行うことができるので、高い組付精度を確保することができる。
【0037】
更にヘッダーキャップ(30)は、その開口縁部挿入孔(32)が、ヘッダー(11)(21)における開口縁部(12)(22)の切欠部(13)(23)を除く部分に対応する形状に形成されるとともに、切欠部(13)(23)に対応する部分に、連設部(34)を形成しているため、開口縁部挿入孔(32)内にヘッダー(11)(21)の開口縁部(12)(22)を挿入した際に、連設部(34)が切欠部(13)(23)に係止することにより、ヘッダーキャップ(30)の位置ずれを防止できるので、一層、組付精度を向上させることができる。
【0038】
また対応し合うヘッダー(11)(21)に、互いに対向する冷媒通過口(11a)(21a)を形成して、両冷媒通過口(11a)(21a)に連結パイプ(7)を差し込むものであるため、パイプ差し込み作業という簡単な作業で、両熱交換器コア(10)(20)間の内部的な連通を確実に行える。しかも連結パイプ(7)は、その外周に位置決め凸部(7a)を形成して、その凸部(7a)を、冷媒通過口(11a)(21a)の周縁に係止することにより、連結パイプ(7)のヘッダー(11)(21)への差し込み量を調整しているので、パイプ(7)の差し込み過多や、差し込み不足等の連結不良の発生を確実に防止でき、例えばろう付け時における連結パイプ(7)の位置ずれ等の不具合を確実に防止でき、より一層、組付精度を向上させることができる。
【0039】
また本実施形態においては、略板状のヘッダーキャップ(11)(21)と、略円筒形状の連結パイプ(7)とのシンプル構造の部材により、熱交換器コア(10)(20)を連結一体化するものであるため、熱交換器全体として、構造の簡素化を図ることができる。
【0040】
更にヘッダーキャップ(11)(21)は、プレス加工により簡単に製造できるとともに、連結パイプ(7)も押出部材をビーディング加工するだけで簡単に製造することができ、各構成部品の製造を容易に行うことができ、ひいては熱交換器自体の製造を、一段と容易に行うことができる。
【0041】
なお、上記実施形態においては、熱交換器コアの配列数を2列のものを例に挙げて説明しているが、本発明は、それだけに限られず、コアの配列数が3列以上のものにも適用することができる。
【0042】
更に各ヘッダーの開口縁部に設けられる切欠部の数もヘッダーの一端部につき2つに限定されるものではなく、1つあるいは3つ以上形成するようにしても良い。
【0043】
また言うもでもなく、熱交換器コアのパス数、各パスにおけるチューブ本数、更には各コアの縦横寸法等の細部構成については、上記実施形態以外にも種々の設計的な変更は可能である。
【0044】
【発明の効果】
以上のように、本発明の一体型熱交換器によれば、各熱交換器コアごとのコア構成部品の連結一体化と、コア同士の連結一体化とを一度に行うようにしているため、例えばコアごとにコア構成部品をろう付け一体化してからコア同士を連結する場合に比べて、コア同士の連結作業等の後加工を省略することができるので、その分、簡単に製造することができる。またヘッダーキャップの各開口縁部挿入孔内に、対応し合うヘッダーの各開口縁部を挿入するように、ヘッダーキャップを組み付けるだけで、対応し合うヘッダー間の間隔を正確に保持することができ、両コア間の位置合わせを正確に行うことができるので、高い組付精度を確保しつつ、より一層簡単に製造することができる。またヘッダーキャップの開口縁部挿入孔内にヘッダーの開口縁部を挿入した際に、挿入孔端部がヘッダーの切欠部に係止することにより、ヘッダーキャップの位置ずれを防止できるので、一層、組付精度を向上させることができる。またヘッダーキャップは、略板状の架橋プレートにより構成されるものであるため、簡単に製造することができるとともに、そのシンプル構造のヘッダーキャップにより、コア同士の連結を行うようにしているため、熱交換器全体として構造の簡素化を図ることができるという効果がある。
【0045】
本発明において、ヘッダーキャップの開口縁部挿入孔に挿入したヘッダーの開口縁部を折曲する場合には、ヘッダーキャップの抜止めを確実に図ることができるので、より確実にヘッダーキャップの位置ずれを防止でき、より一層、組付精度を向上させることができるという利点がある。
【0046】
また本発明において、周壁外周に位置決め凸部が設けられた連結パイプの両端部を、対応し合うヘッダーの各熱媒体通過口にそれぞれ挿入して、位置決め凸部を各熱媒体通過口の周縁に係止する場合には、コア間の内部的な連通を簡単かつ確実に行えて、しかも位置決め凸部が熱媒体通過口周縁に係止することにより、連結パイプの差し込み過多や、差し込み不足等の連結不良を確実に防止でき、例えばろう付け時における連結パイプの位置ずれ等の不具合を確実に防止でき、一段と組付精度を向上させることができるという利点がある。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】この発明の実施形態である一体型熱交換器を分解して示す斜視図である。
【図2】実施形態の一体型熱交換器を示す図であって、同図(a)は正面図、同図(b)は平面図である。
【図3】実施形態の一体型熱交換器におけるヘッダーキャップ取付部周辺を拡大して示す分解斜視図である。
【図4】実施形態のキャップ取付部周辺を拡大して示す斜視図である。
【図5】実施形態に適用されたヘッダーキャップを示す図であって、同図(a)は平面図、同図(b)は正面図である。
【図6】実施形態に適用された連結パイプを示す図であって、同図(a)は平面図、同図(b)は正面図である。
【図7】実施形態のキャップ取付部周辺をヘッダー端部を折曲した状態で示す拡大斜視図である。
【図8】図7のP−P線断面図である。
【図9】実施形態の一体型熱交換器における冷媒経路を示す斜視図である。
【符号の説明】
2…扁平チューブ
7…連結パイプ
7a…位置決め凸部
10、20…熱交換器コア
11、21…ヘッダー
11a、21a…冷媒通過口
12、22…開口縁部
13、23…切欠部
30…ヘッダーキャップ
31…架橋プレート
32…開口縁部挿入孔
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an integrated heat exchanger made of metal such as aluminum, which is applied to condensers for office and home room air conditioners, in addition to condensers for car coolers for automobiles.
[0002]
[Prior art]
For example, as a condenser of an automobile car cooler, a heat exchanger core in which a number of flat tubes for heat exchange are arranged in parallel between a pair of vertically arranged headers and fins are arranged between the flat tubes. Multi-flow type aluminum heat exchangers are known in which assemblies are connected and integrated by batch brazing. However, in recent years, the above multi-flow type heat exchangers are considered in consideration of both installation space and cooling performance. There are cases where a plurality of integrated heat exchangers arranged in parallel are employed.
[0003]
Conventionally, when manufacturing the above-described integrated heat exchanger, generally, the core assemblies are integrated by brazing to manufacture a plurality of heat exchanger cores, and then the heat exchanger cores are connected and integrated with each other. At the same time, the pipes are connected between the headers of the heat exchanger cores.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the conventional integrated heat exchanger described above is difficult to manufacture because it requires many post-operations such as connecting and integrating the heat exchanger cores and connecting pipes after batch brazing. I had a problem. Furthermore, since many members and connecting pipes for connecting the cores are attached by retrofitting, there is a problem that the structure becomes complicated.
[0005]
In addition, since a plurality of heat exchangers are connected to each other with high assembling accuracy, careful work is required, which increases the burden on the operator and makes manufacturing more difficult.
[0006]
The present invention provides an integrated heat exchanger that solves the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, can be easily manufactured while sufficiently ensuring high assembly accuracy, and can further simplify the structure. The purpose is to do.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, according to the present invention, a plurality of heat exchange tubes, which are connected to both headers in communication with each other, are arranged in parallel at predetermined intervals between a pair of cylindrical headers arranged in parallel to each other. In the integrated heat exchanger comprising the first and second heat exchanger cores, the heat exchanger cores being arranged in parallel in the front-rear direction, a notch portion at the opening edge at the end of the header The header cap for closing the end opening of the header is of a size that can be bridged between the end portions of the corresponding headers between the first and second heat exchanger cores. The bridge plate is provided with arc-shaped opening edge insertion holes corresponding to portions of the opening edges of the corresponding headers excluding the notches, and each of the corresponding headers. Each opening edge portion of the header is inserted into each opening edge portion insertion hole of the header cap, and the corresponding headers are connected to each other by the header cap, and the end opening portion of each header is closed. In this state, the core components for each heat exchanger core are connected and integrated, and the heat exchanger cores are connected and integrated together.
[0008]
In the integrated heat exchanger of the present invention, the core components for each heat exchanger core are connected and integrated and the cores are connected and integrated at a time. Compared with the case where the cores are connected to each other after the components are brazed and integrated, post-processing such as the connecting operation between the cores can be omitted.
[0009]
In addition, by assembling the header cap so that each opening edge of the corresponding header is inserted into each opening edge insertion hole of the header cap, the interval between the corresponding headers can be accurately maintained. The alignment between both cores can be performed accurately.
[0010]
Further, when the opening edge portion of the header is inserted into the opening edge portion insertion hole of the header cap, the insertion hole end portion engages with the notch portion of the header, thereby preventing the header cap from being displaced.
[0011]
In addition, since the header cap is composed of a substantially plate-like cross-linking plate, it can be easily manufactured by pressing or the like, and the cores are connected to each other by the simple header cap. The structure of the entire heat exchanger can be simply finished.
[0012]
On the other hand, in the present invention, it is preferable to employ a configuration in which the opening edge portion of the header inserted into the opening edge portion insertion hole of the header cap is collectively brazed in a bent state.
[0013]
In other words, when this configuration is adopted, the header cap can be reliably secured, and the header cap can be prevented from being displaced more reliably.
[0014]
Further, in the present invention, the corresponding headers are formed with the heat medium passage ports facing each other, while the both ends of the connection pipe provided with positioning protrusions along the circumferential direction on the outer periphery of the peripheral wall It is preferable to employ a configuration in which the positioning projections are inserted into the respective heat medium passage ports and brazed together in a state where the positioning convex portions are engaged with the peripheral edges of the respective heat medium passage ports.
[0015]
That is, when this configuration is adopted, the internal communication between the cores can be surely performed, and the positioning projection is locked to the periphery of the heat medium passage opening, so that the connecting pipe is excessively inserted or insufficiently inserted. Therefore, it is possible to reliably prevent the occurrence of poor connection, and to easily and accurately insert the connection pipe.
[0016]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view showing an integrated heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 (a) is a front view of the heat exchanger, and FIG. 2 (b) is a plan view.
[0017]
As shown in these drawings, the integrated heat exchanger has first and second heat exchanger cores (10) and (20). Each heat exchanger core (10) (20) has a pair of left and right round pipe headers (11), (11), (21), and (21) facing each other, and both headers (11 ) (21), a large number of flat tubes (2) extending in the horizontal direction as heat exchange tubes are predetermined in the vertical direction in a state where their both ends are connected to both headers (11) (21). The corrugated fins (3) are arranged between the flat tubes (2) and outside the outermost flat tube (2). Further, a strip-shaped side plate (4) for protecting the fin (3) is attached to the outside of the outermost fin (3).
[0018]
Moreover, the both ends opening edge part (12) (22) in each header (11) (21) of both heat exchanger cores (10) (20) is directed to the axial direction outer side of each header (11) (21). Opening rectangular notches (13) and (23) are formed in a front-rear facing arrangement.
[0019]
On the other hand, as shown in FIGS. 1 to 5, the header cap (30) for closing the end openings of the headers (11) and (21) includes the first and second heat exchanger cores (10) (20 ) Between the ends of the headers (11) and (21) corresponding to each other, and a bridge plate having a size that can be bridged between the ends of the corresponding headers (11) and (21). (31).
[0020]
The bridging plate (31) is provided with reinforcing ribs (35) by bending both side edges. Further, the front and rear side regions of the bridging plate (31) correspond to the portions of the corresponding headers (11) and (21) except for the notches (13) and (23) of the opening edge portions (12) and (22). A pair of substantially semicircular arc opening edge insertion holes (32) and (32) are respectively formed. Furthermore, a substantially disc-shaped closing plate portion (33) is formed by the inner region of each pair of insertion holes (32) and (32) in the bridge plate (31). It connects with the surrounding area of a bridge | crosslinking plate (31) by the connection part (34) (34) between the edge parts of a pair of semicircular arc-shaped insertion holes (32) (32).
[0021]
The header cap (30) having this configuration inserts the opening edge portions (12) and (22) of the corresponding headers (11) and (21) into the pair of opening edge portion insertion holes (32) and (32), respectively. In this manner, the corresponding headers (11) and (21) are fitted. As a result, the continuous portions (34) and (34) of the header cap (30) are adapted to the notches (13) and (13) of the opening edges (12) and (22) of the headers (11) and (21). As well as being fitted, the closing plate portion (33) of the header cap (30) is fitted into the end openings of the headers (11) and (21) in an adapted state.
[0022]
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a refrigerant outlet union (6) is connected to the lower part of the left header (11) in the first heat exchanger core (10) arranged on the front side, A refrigerant inlet union (5) is connected to a lower portion of the left header (21) in the second heat exchanger core (20) disposed on the rear side.
[0023]
Furthermore, a refrigerant passage port (11a) is provided in the upper portion of the peripheral side wall of the left header (11) of the first heat exchanger core (10), and the left header (21 of the second heat exchanger core (20). ) Is provided with a refrigerant passage port (21a) facing the refrigerant passage port (11a).
[0024]
Further, the connecting pipe (7) for connecting these refrigerant passage ports (11a) and (21a) is a positioning projection (continuous in the circumferential direction at the outer peripheral center of the peripheral wall portion by beading as shown in FIG. 7a) is projected, and this positioning projection (7a) is in contact with and locked to the edges of the refrigerant passage ports (11a) and (21a) in the corresponding headers (11) and (21). Then, both side portions of the connecting pipe (7) are inserted into the refrigerant passage ports (11a) and (21a), so that the headers (11) and (21) are internally connected via the connecting pipe (7). Has been.
[0025]
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 9, partition members (15) and (17) are provided at two locations, an upper position and a lower position, in the left header (11) of the first heat exchanger core (10). The partition member (16) is provided at an intermediate height position inside the right header (11). Furthermore, a partition member (25) is provided at an intermediate height position inside the left header (21) in the second heat exchanger core (20).
[0026]
The integrated heat exchanger having such a structure includes a header (11) (21), a flat tube (2), a fin (3), a side plate (4), a union (5) (6), and a connecting pipe (7). Each core component such as the header cap (30) is made of aluminum or its alloy, and as described below, these are temporarily integrated in a furnace in a pre-assembled state so that they are connected and integrated. Is done.
[0027]
First, for each heat exchanger core (10) (20), cores such as header (11) (21), flat tube (2), fin (3), side plate (4), union (5) (6), etc. The component parts are temporarily assembled and banded to produce a core assembly (10) (20) for each core (10) (20).
[0028]
After washing these core assemblies (10) and (20), they are arranged side by side in a predetermined arrangement, and the corresponding left headers (11) and (21) of each core assembly (10) and (20) are connected to each other. Set the connecting pipe (7) to
[0029]
Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, the header caps (30) are connected so as to connect the ends of the corresponding headers (11) (21) between the core assemblies (10) (20). The opening edge portions (12) and (22) of the headers (11) and (21) are inserted into the opening edge portion insertion holes (32) and (32), respectively. By fitting the header cap (30) so as to be bridged over the end portions of the corresponding headers (11) and (21), the distance between the corresponding headers (11) and (21) is accurately maintained. The core assemblies (10) and (20) are arranged with high positional accuracy. Needless to say, the header cap (30) is attached to a total of four positions on the upper and lower ends of the pair of headers (11) and (21).
[0030]
Next, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the insertion-side end portions of the opening edges (12) and (22) of the headers (11) and (21) are bent to prevent the header cap (30) from being removed. .
[0031]
However, when there is no concern about the removal of the header cap (30), it is not always necessary to bend the insertion-side end portion of the opening edge portions (12) and (22) of the headers (11) and (21).
[0032]
The two core assemblies (10) and (20) temporarily connected in this way are put in a furnace in that state, and are integrated by brazing, whereby a core configuration for each heat exchanger core (10) and (20) is obtained. The connection and integration of components and the connection of the connection pipe (7) and the header cap (30), that is, the connection and integration of the cores (10) and (20) are performed simultaneously.
[0033]
Thereby, the integrated heat exchanger of this embodiment is manufactured.
[0034]
In this integrated heat exchanger, the refrigerant flowing from the refrigerant inlet union (5) of the second heat exchanger core (20) is separated by the partition member (25) of the header (21) as shown in FIG. The second heat exchanger core (20) flows in a meandering manner and is led to the upper part of the left header (21) and from there through the connecting pipe (7) to the first heat exchanger core (10). It is burned. Further, the refrigerant flows in a meandering manner through the first heat exchanger core (10) by the partition members (15) to (17) of the headers (11) and (11), and is guided to the lower part of the left header (11). From there, it flows out of the heat exchanger through the refrigerant outlet union (6).
[0035]
According to the integrated heat exchanger of the present embodiment, connection integration of core components for each heat exchanger core (10) (20) and connection integration of cores (10) (20) are performed once. For example, when compared with the conventional method in which the cores are individually brazed and integrated, and then the cores are connected to each other, the subsequent work such as internal and external connection work between the cores is performed. Therefore, the manufacturing can be simplified and the cost can be reduced.
[0036]
Furthermore, the space between the headers (11) and (21) can be accurately maintained only by fitting the header cap (30) so as to be bridged between the predetermined headers (11) and (21). (10) Since alignment between (20) can be performed correctly, high assembly accuracy can be ensured.
[0037]
Further, the header cap (30) has an opening edge insertion hole (32) corresponding to a portion of the header (11) (21) excluding the notches (13) (23) of the opening edge (12) (22). Since the connecting portion (34) is formed in the portion corresponding to the notches (13) and (23), the header (11) ( When the opening edge portions (12) and (22) of 21) are inserted, the connecting portion (34) is locked to the notches (13) and (23) to prevent the header cap (30) from being displaced. Therefore, the assembly accuracy can be further improved.
[0038]
In addition, the refrigerant passage ports (11a) and (21a) facing each other are formed in the corresponding headers (11) and (21), and the connecting pipe (7) is inserted into both the refrigerant passage ports (11a) and (21a). Therefore, the internal communication between the two heat exchanger cores (10) and (20) can be reliably performed by a simple work of pipe insertion work. Moreover, the connecting pipe (7) is formed with a positioning projection (7a) on its outer periphery, and the projection (7a) is locked to the periphery of the refrigerant passage port (11a) (21a). Since the amount of insertion into the headers (11) and (21) of (7) is adjusted, it is possible to reliably prevent the occurrence of connection failures such as excessive insertion of pipes (7) and insufficient insertion, for example during brazing Problems such as misalignment of the connecting pipe (7) can be reliably prevented, and the assembly accuracy can be further improved.
[0039]
In the present embodiment, the heat exchanger cores (10) and (20) are connected by a simple structure member consisting of the substantially plate-like header caps (11) and (21) and the substantially cylindrical connection pipe (7). Since they are integrated, the structure of the heat exchanger can be simplified as a whole.
[0040]
Furthermore, the header caps (11) and (21) can be easily manufactured by pressing, and the connecting pipe (7) can also be manufactured simply by beading the extruded member, making it easy to manufacture each component. Thus, the manufacture of the heat exchanger itself can be performed more easily.
[0041]
In the above embodiment, the number of arrangements of heat exchanger cores is described as an example of two rows. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the number of arrangements of cores is three or more. Can also be applied.
[0042]
Furthermore, the number of notches provided at the opening edge of each header is not limited to two per one end of the header, and one or three or more may be formed.
[0043]
Needless to say, various design changes can be made in addition to the above-described embodiment for the detailed configuration such as the number of passes of the heat exchanger core, the number of tubes in each pass, and the vertical and horizontal dimensions of each core. .
[0044]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the integrated heat exchanger of the present invention, since the core components for each heat exchanger core are connected and integrated, and the cores are connected and integrated at a time, For example, as compared with the case where cores are connected to each other after the core components are brazed and integrated, post-processing such as connecting the cores can be omitted. it can. In addition, by assembling the header cap so that each opening edge of the corresponding header is inserted into each opening edge insertion hole of the header cap, the interval between the corresponding headers can be accurately maintained. Since the alignment between the two cores can be performed accurately, it can be more easily manufactured while ensuring high assembly accuracy. Also, when inserting the opening edge of the header into the opening edge insertion hole of the header cap, the insertion hole end is locked to the notch of the header, so that the header cap can be prevented from being displaced, Assembly accuracy can be improved. In addition, since the header cap is composed of a substantially plate-like cross-linking plate, it can be easily manufactured and the cores are connected by the header cap having a simple structure. There is an effect that the structure of the exchanger as a whole can be simplified.
[0045]
In the present invention, when bending the opening edge portion of the header inserted into the opening edge portion insertion hole of the header cap, the header cap can be surely secured, so that the header cap can be displaced more reliably. There is an advantage that the assembling accuracy can be further improved.
[0046]
Further, in the present invention, both end portions of the connection pipe provided with positioning protrusions on the outer periphery of the peripheral wall are inserted into the respective heat medium passage ports of the corresponding headers, and the positioning protrusions are formed on the peripheral edges of the respective heat medium passage ports. When locking, the internal communication between the cores can be performed easily and reliably, and the positioning convex part is locked to the periphery of the heat medium passage port, so that the connecting pipe is over-inserted or insufficiently inserted. There is an advantage that connection failure can be reliably prevented, problems such as misalignment of the connection pipe during brazing, for example, can be reliably prevented, and assembly accuracy can be further improved.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view showing an integrated heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present invention.
2A and 2B are diagrams showing an integrated heat exchanger according to the embodiment, in which FIG. 2A is a front view and FIG. 2B is a plan view.
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view showing, in an enlarged manner, the vicinity of a header cap attachment portion in the integrated heat exchanger of the embodiment.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged perspective view showing the periphery of a cap attachment portion according to the embodiment.
5A and 5B are views showing a header cap applied to the embodiment, in which FIG. 5A is a plan view and FIG. 5B is a front view.
6A and 6B are diagrams showing a connection pipe applied to the embodiment, where FIG. 6A is a plan view and FIG. 6B is a front view.
FIG. 7 is an enlarged perspective view showing the vicinity of the cap attaching portion of the embodiment in a state where the header end portion is bent.
8 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line PP in FIG.
FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing a refrigerant path in the integrated heat exchanger of the embodiment.
[Explanation of symbols]
2 ... Flat tube 7 ... Connecting pipe 7a ... Positioning convex part 10, 20 ... Heat exchanger core 11, 21 ... Header 11a, 21a ... Refrigerant passage port 12, 22 ... Opening edge 13, 23 ... Notch 30 ... Header cap 31 ... Bridge plate 32 ... Open edge insertion hole

Claims (8)

互いに平行に配置される筒状のヘッダー間に、両端を両ヘッダーに連通接続する複数本の熱交換チューブが所定の間隔おきに並列状に配置された第1及び第2の熱交換器コアを備え、それら両熱交換器コアが前後に並んで平行に配置される一体型熱交換器において、
前記ヘッダーの端部における開口縁部に切欠部が設けられる一方、
前記ヘッダーの端部開口部を閉塞するためのヘッダーキャップが、前記第1及び第2の熱交換器コア間において対応し合うヘッダーの端部間に架け渡し可能な大きさの架橋プレートにより構成され、その架橋プレートに、前記対応し合うヘッダーにおける各開口縁部の前記切欠部を除く部分に対応して、円弧状の開口縁部挿入孔がそれぞれ設けられ、
前記対応し合うヘッダーの各開口縁部が、前記ヘッダーキャップの各開口縁部挿入孔にそれぞれ挿入されて、そのヘッダーキャップにより、対応し合うヘッダー同士が互いに連結されるとともに、各ヘッダーの端部開口部が閉塞された状態で一括ろう付けされることにより、各熱交換器コアごとのコア構成部品が連結一体化されるとともに、両熱交換器コア同士が連結一体化されてなることを特徴とする一体型熱交換器。
A first and second heat exchanger core in which a plurality of heat exchange tubes, which are connected to both headers in communication with each other, are arranged in parallel at predetermined intervals between cylindrical headers arranged in parallel to each other. In an integrated heat exchanger in which both the heat exchanger cores are arranged in parallel in front and rear,
While a notch is provided at the opening edge at the end of the header,
A header cap for closing the end opening of the header is constituted by a bridging plate having a size that can be bridged between the end portions of the corresponding headers between the first and second heat exchanger cores. In addition, the bridging plate is provided with arc-shaped opening edge insertion holes corresponding to portions other than the cutout portions of the opening edges in the corresponding headers,
Each opening edge of the corresponding header is inserted into each opening edge insertion hole of the header cap, and the corresponding header is connected to each other by the header cap, and the end of each header The core components for each heat exchanger core are connected and integrated, and both heat exchanger cores are connected and integrated by being brazed together with the opening closed. An integrated heat exchanger.
前記ヘッダーキャップの開口縁部挿入孔に挿入されたヘッダーの開口縁部が折曲された状態で一括ろう付けされてなる請求項1記載の一体型熱交換器。  The integrated heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the header opening edge portion inserted into the opening edge portion insertion hole of the header cap is brazed together in a bent state. 対応し合うヘッダーに、互いに対向して、熱媒体通過口がそれぞれ形成される一方、
周壁外周に周方向に沿って位置決め凸部が設けられた連結パイプの両端部が上記各熱媒体通過口にそれぞれ挿入されるとともに、前記位置決め凸部が上記各熱媒体通過口の周縁に係止した状態で一括ろう付けされてなる請求項1又は2記載の一体型熱交換器。
While the corresponding headers are opposed to each other, a heat medium passage port is formed,
Both ends of the connecting pipe provided with positioning convex portions along the circumferential direction on the outer periphery of the peripheral wall are inserted into the respective heat medium passage ports, and the positioning convex portions are locked to the peripheral edges of the respective heat medium passage ports. The integrated heat exchanger according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the heat exchanger is brazed in a lump.
架橋プレートに、その両側縁部が折曲加工されて補強リブが設けられている請求項1ないし3のいずれか1項に記載の一体型熱交換器。The integrated heat exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the bridging plate is provided with reinforcing ribs by bending both side edges. 各ヘッダーにおける開口縁部の前記切欠部が、対向配置に一対づつ設けられ、架橋プレートの前後両側領域に、上記切欠部を除く部分に対応して、一対の略半円弧状の開口縁部挿入孔がそれぞれ穿設されている請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の一体型熱交換器。A pair of the notch portions of the opening edge portion in each header is provided in a facing arrangement, and a pair of substantially semicircular arc opening edge portions are inserted into the front and rear side regions of the bridging plate corresponding to the portion excluding the notch portion. The integrated heat exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein each of the holes is formed. 架橋プレートにおける各一対の挿入孔の内側領域によって、略円板状の閉塞板部が形成されるとともに、この閉塞板部が、各一対の半円弧状挿入孔の端部間における連設部によって、架橋プレートの周囲領域に連結されている請求項1ないし5のいずれか1項に記載の一体型熱交換器。A substantially disc-shaped closing plate portion is formed by the inner region of each pair of insertion holes in the bridging plate, and this closing plate portion is formed by a connecting portion between the end portions of each pair of semicircular arc insertion holes. The integrated heat exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the integrated heat exchanger is connected to a peripheral region of the bridge plate. 請求項1ないし6のいずれか1項に記載の一体型熱交換器を用いたカークーラー。A car cooler using the integrated heat exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 6. 請求項1ないし6のいずれか1項に記載の一体型熱交換器を用いたルームエアコン。A room air conditioner using the integrated heat exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
JP13822898A 1998-05-20 1998-05-20 Integrated heat exchanger Expired - Fee Related JP4109746B2 (en)

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JP4540815B2 (en) * 2000-08-28 2010-09-08 株式会社日本クライメイトシステムズ Heat exchanger
DE10105202A1 (en) * 2001-01-31 2002-08-01 Behr Gmbh & Co Heat exchanger tube block with several slotted header tubes
KR100859730B1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2008-09-23 한라공조주식회사 Duplex heat exchanger
KR101195840B1 (en) 2005-12-29 2012-10-30 한라공조주식회사 A heat exchanger
JP2008256248A (en) * 2007-04-04 2008-10-23 Denso Corp Heat exchanger for cooling
JP6111024B2 (en) * 2012-06-19 2017-04-05 サンデンホールディングス株式会社 Heat exchanger
US10247481B2 (en) 2013-01-28 2019-04-02 Carrier Corporation Multiple tube bank heat exchange unit with manifold assembly
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JP6434786B2 (en) 2014-11-26 2018-12-05 サンデンホールディングス株式会社 Heat exchanger
JP5830188B1 (en) * 2015-04-12 2015-12-09 稲森 總一郎 Flow-down type ice maker and method for manufacturing ice making shelf of flow-down type ice maker
CN110227953A (en) * 2019-07-13 2019-09-13 上海大侨誉远精密机械有限公司 A kind of horizontal Machining centers that bridge plate exchanges automatically
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