JP4091539B2 - 燃焼機関の排気ガス用の微粒子フィルタ - Google Patents
燃焼機関の排気ガス用の微粒子フィルタ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4091539B2 JP4091539B2 JP2003505073A JP2003505073A JP4091539B2 JP 4091539 B2 JP4091539 B2 JP 4091539B2 JP 2003505073 A JP2003505073 A JP 2003505073A JP 2003505073 A JP2003505073 A JP 2003505073A JP 4091539 B2 JP4091539 B2 JP 4091539B2
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- Prior art keywords
- filter
- filter bag
- bag
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- triangular cross
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/10—Filter screens essentially made of metal
- B01D39/12—Filter screens essentially made of metal of wire gauze; of knitted wire; of expanded metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
- B01D39/2027—Metallic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/0001—Making filtering elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/10—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filter plates, sheets or pads having plane surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2411—Filter cartridges
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/52—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material
- B01D46/521—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material using folded, pleated material
- B01D46/523—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material using folded, pleated material with means for maintaining spacing between the pleats or folds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/66—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter
- B01D46/80—Chemical processes for the removal of the retained particles, e.g. by burning
- B01D46/84—Chemical processes for the removal of the retained particles, e.g. by burning by heating only
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/022—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2279/00—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses
- B01D2279/30—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses for treatment of exhaust gases from IC Engines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
- F01N2330/14—Sintered material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S55/00—Gas separation
- Y10S55/10—Residue burned
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S55/00—Gas separation
- Y10S55/30—Exhaust treatment
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Description
0.26×D<n<0.52×D
の範囲内であり、この時フィルタ本体の直径をDで示し、フィルタバッグの数をnで示している。
1°<α<4.5°
10<L/B<80,
特に10<L/B<60
200<m/F<350,
この時、空気質量mの単位はkg/hであり、フィルタ面Fの単位はm2である。
250<m/F<270
であり、これに関する実施例はフィルタ面が1.7m2の場合に最大空気質量が450kg/hで排気量がおよそ2リットルの過給された自動車‐ディーゼルエンジン用に設計されており、中心部に集まっているフィルタバッグを備えたフィルタ本体、特に断面が円形であるフィルタ本体についてはおよそ60のフィルタバッグが連続する設計である:フィルタバッグの長さは250mm、V字型の背部の幅はおよそ7mm、高さはおよそ60mmである。
本発明ではここで図示していないスペーサを開放気泡の金属フォーム等によって本発明に基づいて形成することもできる。
Claims (7)
- 燃焼機関用の微粒子フィルタ(1)であって、
焼結金属板からなるフィルタバッグ(2)を備え、
該フィルタバッグ(2)は、三角形断面を備えるV字形状に形成され、
前記三角形断面は、側壁(9,10)の挟角として鋭角に形成される角側(7,15)を備え、
前記角側(7,15)のうち一方の角側(7)に対向する前記三角形断面の頂部は鈍角に形成され、
該鈍角に形成された端部側には開口部(8)が形成され、
前記角側(7,15)のうち一方の角側(7)は、横方向に延設し、前記角側(7,15)のうち他方の角側(15)は、前記角側(7)と前記鈍角に形成された三角形断面の頂部との間で縦方向に延設し、
前記フィルタバッグ(2)は、互いに隣接して配されることにより、該フィルタバッグ(2)の間には、前記フィルタバッグ(2)の内部空間と対称形状をなす空間(20)が形成され、
前記微粒子フィルタ(1)は、前記フィルタバッグ(2)の少なくとも一方の半径方向側端部において、2つの前記フィルタバッグ(2)の間隔を定めるとともに前記フィルタバッグ(2)の方向に延出する手段を備え、
側壁において厚くなって構成されている少なくとも一つのエッジの部分において少なくとも一つのスペーサ(30)をフィルタバッグ(2)に割り当てることを特徴とする微粒子フィルタ。 - 側壁(9、10)において厚くなって構成されている少なくとも一つのエッジの部分においてフィルタバッグ(2)が折り曲げた及び/又は折り畳んだ側壁部分(折り返し25;26;28;31;32)を有することを特徴とする請求項1記載の微粒子フィルタ。
- 前記フィルタバッグ(2)は、三角形断面を備えるV字形状に形成され、
前記三角形断面は、側壁(9,10)の挟角として鋭角に形成される角側(7,15)を備え、前記角側のうち一方の角側(7)に対向する前記三角形断面の頂部は鈍角に形成され、
前記角側(7,15)のうち一方の角側(7)は、横方向に延設し、前記角側(7,15)のうち他方の角側(15)は、前記角側(7)と前記鈍角に形成された三角形断面の頂部との間で縦方向に延設し、
前記フィルタバッグ(2)は、かぶせ板(17)を備え、
前記鈍角に形成された三角形断面の頂部におけるかぶせ板(17)の幅Bに対する前記フィルタバッグ(2)の高さ寸法(24)が5〜12倍であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の微粒子フィルタ。 - 前記鈍角に形成された三角形断面の頂部におけるかぶせ板(17)の幅Bに対するフィルタバッグ(2)の高さ寸法(24)が略8倍であることを特徴とする請求項3記載の微粒子フィルタ。
- フィルタバッグ(2)がフィルタ本体(43)の中心部にある軸の周囲に集まる接続部分に配置され、バッグ開口部(8)を形成する側壁(9、10)の角側(6)においてフィルタバッグ(2)が厚くなっていることを特徴とする請求項1乃至4いずれかに記載の排気ガス微粒子フィルタ。
- 前記フィルタバッグ(2)が、スペーサ(34)を備え、
該スペーサ(34)が、前記側壁(9,10)を支持し、ガス体を案内し、温度を吸収することを特徴とする請求項1乃至5いずれかに記載の微粒子フィルタ。 - 前記フィルタバッグ(2)の鋭角をなして横方向に延設する角側(7)が、止め具(47)を介して、半径方向外側で固定されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6いずれかに記載の微粒子フィルタ。
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2001128937 DE10128937A1 (de) | 2001-06-18 | 2001-06-18 | Partikelfilter, insbesondere für Abgase von Dieselbrennkraftmaschinen |
| DE10128936A DE10128936A1 (de) | 2001-06-18 | 2001-06-18 | Partikelfilter, insbesondere für Abgase von Dieselbrennkraftmaschinen |
| DE10223452A DE10223452A1 (de) | 2002-05-25 | 2002-05-25 | Partikelfilter für Abgase von Brennkraftmaschinen |
| PCT/EP2002/006098 WO2002102494A1 (de) | 2001-06-18 | 2002-06-04 | Partikelfilter für abgase von brennkraftmaschinen |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2004532375A JP2004532375A (ja) | 2004-10-21 |
| JP2004532375A5 JP2004532375A5 (ja) | 2008-02-21 |
| JP4091539B2 true JP4091539B2 (ja) | 2008-05-28 |
Family
ID=27214473
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003505073A Expired - Lifetime JP4091539B2 (ja) | 2001-06-18 | 2002-06-04 | 燃焼機関の排気ガス用の微粒子フィルタ |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7044992B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP1399241B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP4091539B2 (ja) |
| BR (1) | BR0210523B1 (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE50202491D1 (ja) |
| ES (1) | ES2237685T3 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2002102494A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (26)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10301033A1 (de) * | 2003-01-13 | 2004-07-22 | Hjs Fahrzeugtechnik Gmbh & Co. | Verfahren zum Fügen von porösen Metallteilen |
| DE10301034A1 (de) * | 2003-01-13 | 2004-07-22 | Hjs Fahrzeugtechnik Gmbh & Co. | Filterkörper aus Sintermetallfiltermaterial sowie Verfahren zum Herstellen eines solchen Filterkörpers |
| DE10328188A1 (de) * | 2003-06-24 | 2005-01-13 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Partikelfilter, insbesondere für Abgase von Brennkraftmaschinen |
| DE10331347A1 (de) * | 2003-07-11 | 2005-02-03 | Purem Abgassysteme Gmbh & Co. Kg | Filtertasche für einen Partikelfilter |
| DE10337265A1 (de) * | 2003-08-13 | 2005-03-10 | Emitec Emissionstechnologie | Rollnahtgeschweißter Körper zur Abgasbehandlung |
| DE10359574A1 (de) * | 2003-12-18 | 2005-07-28 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Partikelfilter zur Reinigung von Abgasen |
| DE102004001717A1 (de) * | 2004-01-13 | 2005-08-04 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Filtereinrichtung, insbesondere für ein Abgassystem einer Brennkraftmaschine |
| DE102004006601A1 (de) * | 2004-02-11 | 2005-09-01 | Hjs Fahrzeugtechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Abgaspartikelfilter |
| EP1804955B1 (de) * | 2004-08-04 | 2011-01-26 | Daimler AG | Partikelfilter |
| DE102004044338A1 (de) * | 2004-09-09 | 2006-03-16 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Filtereinrichtung, insbesondere für ein Abgassystem einer Brennkraftmaschine |
| DE102004054158A1 (de) | 2004-11-10 | 2006-05-11 | Purem Abgassysteme Gmbh & Co. Kg | Filterplatte für einen Partikelfilter |
| FR2881178B1 (fr) * | 2005-01-24 | 2007-04-20 | Faurecia Sys Echappement | Dispositif de depollution incorporant un filtre a particules |
| US7527671B1 (en) | 2005-11-15 | 2009-05-05 | Sandia Corporation | Regenerable particulate filter |
| WO2008086447A1 (en) * | 2007-01-09 | 2008-07-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Pleated diesel particulate filter assembly |
| US20080202084A1 (en) * | 2007-01-09 | 2008-08-28 | Lynch Michael S | Diesel particulate filter pleat design and method |
| US20080236118A1 (en) * | 2007-03-27 | 2008-10-02 | Meyer Robert L | Exhaust particulate filter for a machine engine system and assembly method therefor |
| WO2008157487A2 (en) * | 2007-06-15 | 2008-12-24 | Honeywell International Inc. | Diesel particulate filter assembly |
| US7981174B2 (en) * | 2007-11-26 | 2011-07-19 | Caterpillar Inc. | Electrically regenerated exhaust particulate filter for an engine system and operating strategy therefor |
| US8444729B2 (en) * | 2007-11-26 | 2013-05-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | Electrically regenerated exhaust particulate filter having non-axial regeneration flame propagation |
| US20090188389A1 (en) * | 2008-01-30 | 2009-07-30 | Caterpillar Inc. | Particulate filter for an exhaust aftertreatment system of a machine and filtering method thereof |
| US8236084B2 (en) * | 2009-08-18 | 2012-08-07 | Corning Incorporated | Ceramic radial wall flow particulate filter |
| US10207214B2 (en) * | 2013-10-21 | 2019-02-19 | Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc. | Filter with bidirectional pleated media |
| US9551306B2 (en) * | 2014-07-09 | 2017-01-24 | Caterpillar Inc. | Air filtration element |
| KR102089126B1 (ko) | 2017-05-24 | 2020-03-13 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 선택적 촉매 환원 시스템 |
| US11174774B2 (en) * | 2018-10-27 | 2021-11-16 | Imagine Tf, Llc | Structures for catalytic converters |
| EP4255605B1 (en) * | 2020-12-04 | 2026-03-04 | BASF Mobile Emissions Catalysts LLC | Particulate filter having a centralized-distributed functional material layer and process for preparing the same |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE7529340U (de) * | 1975-09-17 | 1976-02-19 | Freudenberg Carl Fa , 6940 Weinheim | Gasfilterelement |
| CH608976A5 (ja) * | 1976-06-04 | 1979-02-15 | Luwa Ag | |
| US4359864A (en) * | 1981-02-05 | 1982-11-23 | Caterpillar Tractor Co. | Burn-out type cleaning means for particulate filter of engine exhaust system |
| DE3228325A1 (de) | 1982-07-29 | 1984-02-02 | Fa. J. Eberspächer, 7300 Esslingen | Filter- und nachverbrennungseinrichtung fuer abgase |
| US4562039A (en) * | 1984-06-27 | 1985-12-31 | Pall Corporation | Porous metal article and method of making |
| DE3608801A1 (de) | 1986-03-15 | 1987-09-17 | Fev Forsch Energietech Verbr | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur regeneration von partikelfiltersystemen |
| DE3637516C1 (en) * | 1986-11-04 | 1988-04-14 | Intensiv Filter Gmbh | Filter elements for dust filters |
| JPH0353041Y2 (ja) * | 1987-08-31 | 1991-11-19 | ||
| DE3838589C1 (ja) * | 1988-11-14 | 1989-12-28 | Voest-Alpine Automotive Ges.M.B.H., Linz, At | |
| DE9010910U1 (de) | 1990-07-23 | 1990-10-25 | Electrostar Schöttle GmbH & Co, 7313 Reichenbach | Rohrartiger Filter |
| US5259190A (en) * | 1991-08-01 | 1993-11-09 | Corning Incorporated | Heated cellular structures |
| DE4137738C2 (de) | 1991-11-15 | 1993-12-23 | Daimler Benz Ag | Rußfilter |
| DE4403450C1 (de) * | 1994-02-04 | 1995-04-06 | Freudenberg Carl Fa | Wechselrahmen |
| DE69514608T2 (de) * | 1994-10-13 | 2000-09-21 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Partikelfilter |
| DE19503067C2 (de) | 1995-02-01 | 1997-07-10 | Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh | Abgasfilter zur Beseitigung von Partikeln aus dem Abgas eines Dieselmotors |
| DE19524399C2 (de) | 1995-07-04 | 2000-01-13 | Karlsruhe Forschzent | Verfahren zum Regenerieren von mit brennbaren Substanzen beladenen, elektrisch leitfähigen Filtermaterialien durch Verbrennung sowie Filterkerze zur Ausübung des Regenierverfahrens |
| JPH09187614A (ja) * | 1996-01-12 | 1997-07-22 | Toyoda Spinning & Weaving Co Ltd | フィルタエレメント |
-
2002
- 2002-06-04 WO PCT/EP2002/006098 patent/WO2002102494A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2002-06-04 JP JP2003505073A patent/JP4091539B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-04 EP EP02753065A patent/EP1399241B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-04 BR BRPI0210523-3A patent/BR0210523B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-06-04 ES ES02753065T patent/ES2237685T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-04 DE DE50202491T patent/DE50202491D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-12-18 US US10/740,652 patent/US7044992B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE50202491D1 (de) | 2005-04-21 |
| JP2004532375A (ja) | 2004-10-21 |
| EP1399241B1 (de) | 2005-03-16 |
| BR0210523A (pt) | 2004-06-22 |
| BR0210523B1 (pt) | 2010-12-14 |
| US20040128988A1 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
| US7044992B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 |
| EP1399241A1 (de) | 2004-03-24 |
| ES2237685T3 (es) | 2005-08-01 |
| WO2002102494A1 (de) | 2002-12-27 |
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