JP3919307B2 - Hot wire semiconductor gas detector for air pollution detection - Google Patents

Hot wire semiconductor gas detector for air pollution detection Download PDF

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JP3919307B2
JP3919307B2 JP29984397A JP29984397A JP3919307B2 JP 3919307 B2 JP3919307 B2 JP 3919307B2 JP 29984397 A JP29984397 A JP 29984397A JP 29984397 A JP29984397 A JP 29984397A JP 3919307 B2 JP3919307 B2 JP 3919307B2
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gas
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JPH11132981A (en
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幸子 西田
清 福井
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New Cosmos Electric Co Ltd
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New Cosmos Electric Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、貴金属線材に金属酸化物半導体を被覆して焼成してある空気汚染検出用熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子に関する。ここにいう空気汚染検出とは、オフィス、家庭、車内等の環境下で、被検知ガスの漏洩等による空気汚染を高感度に検知し、その被検知ガスによる爆発等の危険や人体への悪影響を防止するにとどまらず、さらに、そこに至るまでに被検知ガスを早期に排除する措置を講じるために、その被検知ガスを低濃度にて汚染とみなし、捕捉することを指す。また、熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子とは、貴金属線材に金属酸化物半導体を被覆焼成して形成してあるガス検知素子を指す。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、この種の空気汚染検出用熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子として、通常の一酸化炭素ガス検知素子や、可燃性ガス検知素子等の汎用ガス検知素子が代用されている場合が多い。
ちなみに、これらの汎用ガス検知素子としては、通常、酸化ゲルマニウム半導体を主材とする金属酸化物半導体を、白金等の貴金属線材に被覆焼成して構成してある、いわゆる熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子が用いられる(図1参照)。このように形成したガス検知素子は、酸化ゲルマニウム半導体の持つ性質から低濃度ガス検知に極めて高い特性を有すること、貴金属線材上に単に焼成させただけの単純構造により、小型化が容易でかつ小型小容量に基づき吸放熱応答特性に優れる点から、ガス応答性に優れる、小電力で稼働することが出来る等のために、汎用されているものであり、その検知原理は、以下のように説明される。
図16に示すように、ガス検知素子に電圧をかけたときに、貴金属線材と金属酸化物半導体とが、並列に接続された抵抗として働く形態をとる。一方、前記金属酸化物半導体は、被検知ガスが金属酸化物半導体に接触したときに、その金属酸化物半導体の表面で被検知ガスに起きる化学反応により、電子の授受を行うことで見かけの電気抵抗が変化するという性質を持つ。ガス検知素子は、貴金属線材と金属酸化物半導体とが並列接続された合成抵抗体として働いているから、その合成抵抗値が、前記ガス検知素子の前記金属酸化物半導体に対する被検知ガスの接触による化学反応に応じて変化する事になる。また、前記抵抗値の変化は、化学反応に伴う電子の授受に基づいているから、化学反応量は被検知ガスの濃度に基づいて決定されるため、前記抵抗値の変化も被検知ガスの濃度に基づいて決定されることになる。つまり、ガス検知素子全体としての抵抗値が、前記被検知ガスの濃度に基づいて変化することを利用すれば、そのガス検知素子の抵抗値の変化を測定することによって、そのガス検知素子に接触した被検知ガスの濃度を測定することができるようになるのである。ちなみに、前記貴金属線材と、前記金属酸化物半導体とは、抵抗体同士を並列に接続した関係にあるから、前記貴金属線材と、金属酸化物半導体との抵抗差が小さいほど、前記金属酸化物半導体の抵抗値変化に対する合成抵抗の変化が大きく設定できるという特性を有することになり、熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子における前記金属酸化物半導体としては、抵抗値の小さなものほど有利に用いられる。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上述した従来の汎用ガス検知素子によれば、上述の空気汚染検出という利用目的に対しては安定性が十分でなく信頼性の面で改良の余地があった。というのは、前記酸化ゲルマニウム半導体は、表面酸素や表面水酸基の活性が高くて空気中の水蒸気濃度に応じて変化しやすいという特性を有する。その結果、湿度変化により、その被検知ガスに対する検知特性が変化しやすいため、検知対象地区において常設するような場合に、一日あるいは年間を通じての湿度変化に対する安定性が確保しにくいという事情があるためである。そこで、前記酸化ゲルマニウム半導体に種々の被覆層を形成したり、添加物を添加することにより、先述の特性を改良して用いることが考えられるのであるが、このような手法によれば、製造工程が煩雑化したり、製品ごとの品質安定性の管理が困難になったりするという欠点があり、製造面からはあまり好ましくないものとされている。
そこで、主材とすべき半導体の種類を替えるなどして、根本的にガス検知特性を変更する必要性が生じている。しかしながら、金属酸化物半導体の特性は、そのガス検知素子の形状、形態によって大きく変化する場合が多く、一概に他のガス検知素子に用いられているものを転用することが出来ない。
【0004】
そこで、本発明者らは、一般にガス検知の際の応答特性に優れた金属酸化物半導体と言われている酸化インジウムを選択し、低濃度ガス検知が可能で、かつ、湿度依存性が低いガス検知素子を提供する目的で鋭意研究をおこなった。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
その結果、本発明者らは酸化インジウム自体が本来高抵抗な物質であり、かつ湿度の影響を受けにくいという新知見を得た。また、ゲルマニウムによる原子価制御により、酸化インジウムの抵抗値を調整することが可能であり、また、このような酸化インジウムを用いたガス検知素子により、低濃度ガスを高感度に検知できることを見いだした。
本発明は、上記新知見に基づきなされたものであって、前記目的を達成するための本発明の空気汚染検出用熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の特徴構成は、
貴金属線材に金属酸化物半導体を被覆して焼成してある空気汚染検出用熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子であって
前記金属酸化物半導体が、水酸化インジウムに塩化ゲルマニウムまたはゲルマニウムアルコキシドの溶液を含浸させた後、焼成することにより、酸化ゲルマニウムを0.1atm%以上30atm%以下含有させた酸化インジウムを主成分とするものである点にある。また、好ましくは、酸化ゲルマニウムを2atm%以上4atm%以下であることが望ましい。
【0006】
〔作用効果〕
酸化インジウムが湿度の影響を受けにくいのは、酸化インジウムの表面酸素や表面水酸基は、酸化スズのものに比べて活性が低く、疎水的になっていることによると考えられる。つまり、前記表面酸素や表面水酸基には、雰囲気下の水蒸気が付着反応して、被検知ガスとの反応を阻害したり、必要以上に活性をあげてしまうような現象が起きにくくなっており、結果として湿度の影響を受けにくくなって、所定の活性を維持し易くなり安定に用いられるのである。そのため、前記特徴構成に記載のガス検知素子は湿度に対して影響を受けにくく、高感度で被検知ガスを検知できるのである。
尚、この論理に基づけば、酸化インジウムは水を加えてペーストにするときに、その疎水性によって分散性が低いはずである。はたして、酸化インジウムをペーストにすると、酸化スズをペーストにする場合に比べて、分散性が低く、貴金属線材上に塗布するような場合に取り扱いの良くないものになりやすいことがわかった。
ところが、前記ゲルマニウムを酸化インジウムに添加する際に酸化ゲルマニウムとして添加してあれば、酸化インジウムの疎水的で、湿度の影響を受けにくい性質を維持しながらペーストにする際の分散性を向上させられることもわかり、ガス検知素子の製造工程上も好ましいことがわかった。つまり、これにより、ガス検知素子の性能安定性や、大量生産性が向上し、ガス検知素子の安定供給にも役立つ。
また、酸化ゲルマニウムの添加量について種々検討したところ、0.1〜30atm%程度、さらに好ましくは、2〜4atm%であれば、ガス検知素子の対湿度安定性を高く維持しながらも、先述のペースト分散性を良好にし、かつ、酸化ゲルマニウムの性質が酸化インジウムの性質に勝ってしまうのを防止し、酸化インジウムの疎水的な特性が十分に発揮されにくくなるといった不都合を生じにくくできる。
【0007】
尚、これらの実験結果は、99.99%以上の純度の原料を用い、実験室レベルで厳密に不純物の混入を遮断した環境下で生成した酸化インジウムについて種々の試験を行って得られたものであり、既報の物性と異なる結果が多数得られていることについては、既報の物性は、原料純度の相違や、製法の相違による種々の不純物が、ドーパントとして働き、再現性に乏しい結果をもたらしたと考えられるのに対し、再現性の高い結果を与えるものと言える条件下で行われた試験によって得られたものである。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明の実施の形態を図面に基づいて説明する。
〔熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の製造〕
水酸化インジウムの微粉体に塩化ゲルマニウムの所定濃度のエタノール溶液を、前記水酸化インジウム中のインジウムに対してゲルマニウムが0.5atm%含まれるように含浸させ、80℃で24時間乾燥させた後、電気炉で600℃で4時間焼成した。こうして得られた酸化インジウムをさらに粉砕して、平均粒径1.5μm程度の微粉体を形成した。この微粉体を1,3ブタンジオールを用いてペーストにして、実効寸法0.4mmの白金線コイル1(線径20μm、巻き径0.30mm、巻き間隔0.02mm)に直径0.50mmの球形で、前記白金線コイルの全体を覆うように塗布する。これをさらに80℃で1時間乾燥させた後、前記白金線コイル1に電流を流し、そのジュール熱で600℃で1時間焼成させて感応層2を被覆形成して、熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子を得た(図1参照)。このように構成してあれば、白金線コイルが前記感応層2の加熱用ヒータと電極とを兼ねる簡単な構成で検知素子の機能を果たすことになる。
【0009】
尚、この場合、被覆というのは、白金線コイル1を覆って焼成してあれば足り、焼成物が白金線コイル1と感応層2とが一体となって、働く形態であればよい。また、前記貴金属線としては、白金線コイルのほかに、白金とロジウムの合金等の貴金属が用いられる。さらに、焼成という場合には、前記貴金属線のジュール熱で加熱する場合のほか、電気炉で加熱する場合等も含み、不可避不純物の混入の許容量によっては、空気中で行っても良いし、不活性ガス雰囲気下で行っても良い。
また、水酸化インジウムを調整するには、塩化インジウムの水溶液にアンモニア水を滴下して、加水分解により沈殿させても良い。
尚、塩化インジウムの替わりに硝酸インジウムや硫酸インジウム等でも良い。また、塩化ゲルマニウムの替わりに例えば、テトラメトキシゲルマニウム(Ge(OCH3)4) などのアルコキシドを用いても良い。
【0010】
尚、熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の形成には以下に示す各試薬を用いた。
水酸化インジウム:(株)高純度化学研究所社製、純度99.99%
塩化ゲルマニウム:(株)高純度化学研究所社製、純度99.99%
1,3ブタンジオール:東京化成工業(株)製、純度99%
【0011】
〔回路構成〕
前記熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子は、図2に示すように、ブリッジ回路に組み込んで用いられる。つまり、前記熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子に、固定抵抗R0を直列に接続するとともに、この熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子と固定抵抗R0との合成抵抗に対して固定抵抗R1と固定抵抗R2との合成抵抗を、前記熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子と固定抵抗R1、固定抵抗R0と固定抵抗R2が対向するように並列に接続する。また、前記熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子と固定抵抗の間と、前記固定抵抗R1と固定抵抗R2との間との電位差をセンサ出力として取出す出力部を接続してある。
【0012】
このようなブリッジ回路によれば、供給電圧をE、センサ出力をV、熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の全体としての抵抗値をRs、各固定抵抗R0,R1,R2の抵抗値をそれぞれR0 、R1 、R2 としたときに、数1の関係を有する。
【0013】
【数1】

Figure 0003919307
【0014】
ここでR1 =R2 とし、ガス感度を、被検知ガス共存雰囲気下でのセンサ出力と清浄空気中でのセンサ出力との差(ΔV)とすると、そのガス感度は、熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の被検知ガスとの接触による抵抗値変化をΔRsとしたときに、熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の抵抗値変化に比例することになる。
一方、熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の抵抗値Rsは、金属酸化物半導体と、白金線コイルとの並列抵抗として挙動するから、金属酸化物半導体の抵抗をrS とし、白金線コイルの抵抗値をrC としたときに、数2(1)式であらわされる。また、被検知ガスとの接触の際の金属酸化物半導体の抵抗値変化をΔrS としたときに、被検知ガスの濃度が低いときには、ΔRsやΔrS は、非常に小さいとすると、その熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の抵抗変化率は近似的に数2(2)式で与えられる。つまり、熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の抵抗変化率は、金属酸化物半導体の抵抗変化率に比例することになり、さらに熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の感度は、数2(3)のように近似されることになる。ここで、βは、増幅率に相当し、rS /rC が小さいほど大きくなり、つまり、一般に金属酸化物半導体の抵抗は貴金属の抵抗よりも大きいものであるから、金属酸化物半導体の抵抗rS が小さいほど、感度の良い熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子が得られることになる。ところで、前記感度はΔrS /rS にも関与しているので、半導体の抵抗値を小さくしすぎても感度の低下を招くことになり、その抵抗値を最適化すべく、酸化ゲルマニウムの添加量を調整するのである。
【0015】
【数2】
Figure 0003919307
【0016】
【実施例】
以下に本発明の実施例を図面に基づいて説明する。
〔ゲルマニウム添加量依存性〕
熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子を前記ブリッジ回路に組み込んでベース出力を測定し、そのゲルマニウム添加量依存性を調べたところ、図3に示すようになった。
つまり、この熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子は、酸化ゲルマニウムの含有量によって、ベース出力が変動し、酸化ゲルマニウムの使用量によって有利にガスを検出できる領域があることがわかる。また、ベース出力を、半導体の抵抗rs のゲルマニウム添加量依存性に換算したところ、図4のようになり、抵抗値を最適化することの出来るゲルマニウム添加量が存在することが分かる。
【0017】
これに対し、熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の各ガス種(水素(H2 )、エタノール(C2 5 OH)、一酸化炭素(CO)、イソブタン(i−C4 10)、メタン(CH4 ))に対するガス感度を調べ、そのゲルマニウム添加量依存性を調べたところ、図5に示すようになった。
つまり、種々のガスに対して、特に、2〜4atm%程度のゲルマニウム含有量に調整した場合に、高感度でガスを検知できるようになることがわかり、また、ゲルマニウムの添加量が30atm%を越えると、正の感度出力をほとんど示さなくなることから、酸化インジウムに対するゲルマニウムの添加量は、30atm%以下であることが好ましいことが分かる。
【0018】
〔ガス検知温度依存性〕
ゲルマニウムを0.5atm%含有する先の熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子を製造し、種々のガス種に対してガス感度の温度(電圧)依存性を調べたところ、図6に示すようになった。
つまり、この熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子は、種々のガスを高感度に検知出来ることがわかる。
【0019】
〔感度特性〕
同様に、前記熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子のガス感度の各種ガス濃度依存性を調べたところ、図7のようになった。
つまり、各ガスとも比較的低濃度で、検知可能な感度を出力することが読みとれる。
【0020】
〔湿度依存性〕
同様に、ゲルマニウムの含有量がそれぞれ0,1,5,10atm%の熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の100ppmの各種ガスに対するガス感度の湿度依存性を求めたところ、図8〜11に示すようになった。また、従来の酸化スズ半導体を主材とする熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子についても同様に調べたところ図12に示すようになった。
つまり、センサ出力の湿度依存性は、従来のものに比べて極めて安定していることがわかる。また、感応層のゲルマニウム含有量は、湿度依存性には、ほとんど影響を与えないこともわかる。
また、20℃、相対湿度48%、絶対湿度8.3g/m3 の条件下で200ppmの被検知ガスに対して正確なガス濃度を出力するように調整した熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子を用いて、各種湿度条件下における入力ガス濃度と出力濃度との関係を調べたところ、被検知ガスが水素ガスの場合、図13(イ)に示すようになった。また、酸化スズを主材とする従来の熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子についても同様に調べたところ、図13(ロ)に示すようになった。
また、同様に被検知ガスが一酸化炭素の場合は、図14のようになった。
つまり、本発明の熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子は、各種湿度条件において安定した性能を発揮し、従来のものに比べて信頼性の高い濃度出力が得られることが読みとれる。
その結果、この種の熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の対湿度特性は、酸化インジウム自体の持つ重要な特性であって、ゲルマニウムの添加量の少ない領域ではその添加量によっては、ほとんど影響を受け得ていないことがわかる。
これらの結果、本発明の熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子は、高いガス感度を有しながら、対湿度特性にも優れたものであると言える。
【0021】
〔経時安定性〕
先の実施の形態における熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子を、1.90V(R0 =5.6Ω)の使用条件下で経日的に使用し、各種ガス(100ppm)に対するセンサ出力がどのように変化するかを調べたところ、図15に示すようになった。
つまり、ベース出力、センサ出力ともにほぼ安定しているので、安定した感度が長期にわたって得られることが読みとれる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の縦断斜視図
【図2】熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子を組み込む回路構成図
【図3】ベース出力のゲルマニウム添加量依存性を示すグラフ
【図4】半導体の抵抗のゲルマニウム添加量依存性
【図5】感度出力のゲルマニウム添加量依存性を示すグラフ
【図6】感度出力のガス検知温度依存性を示すグラフ
【図7】感度出力のガス濃度依存性を示すグラフ
【図8】感度出力に対する湿度の影響を示すグラフ(In2 3 系:Ge=0%)
【図9】感度出力に対する湿度の影響を示すグラフ(In2 3 系:Ge=1%)
【図10】感度出力に対する湿度の影響を示すグラフ(In2 3 系:Ge=5%)
【図11】感度出力に対する湿度の影響を示すグラフ(In2 3 系:Ge=10%)
【図12】感度出力に対する湿度の影響を示すグラフ(酸化スズ系)
【図13】水素ガス感度曲線に対する湿度の影響を示すグラフ
【図14】一酸化炭素ガス感度曲線に対する湿度の影響を示すグラフ
【図15】熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の経時安定性を示すグラフ
【図16】熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子の動作概念図
【符号の説明】
1 貴金属線材
2 感応層[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element for detecting air contamination, in which a noble metal wire is covered with a metal oxide semiconductor and fired. Air pollution detection here refers to air pollution caused by leakage of detected gas with high sensitivity in the environment of offices, homes, cars, etc., and dangers such as explosion caused by the detected gas and adverse effects on the human body. Furthermore, in order to take measures to eliminate detected gas at an early stage before reaching that point, it means that the detected gas is regarded as contaminated at a low concentration and captured. The hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element refers to a gas detection element formed by coating and firing a metal oxide semiconductor on a noble metal wire.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, a general-purpose gas detection element such as a normal carbon monoxide gas detection element or a flammable gas detection element is often used as a hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element for detecting air contamination of this type.
By the way, as these general-purpose gas detection elements, a so-called hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element is usually configured by coating and firing a metal oxide semiconductor mainly composed of a germanium oxide semiconductor on a noble metal wire such as platinum. Is used (see FIG. 1). The gas sensing element formed in this way has extremely high characteristics for detecting low-concentration gas due to the properties of germanium oxide semiconductors, and is easy to miniaturize due to its simple structure that is simply fired on a noble metal wire. It is widely used for its excellent gas absorption and heat dissipation characteristics based on small capacity, excellent gas responsiveness, operation with low power, etc. The detection principle is explained as follows. Is done.
As shown in FIG. 16, when a voltage is applied to the gas detection element, the noble metal wire and the metal oxide semiconductor act as a resistance connected in parallel. On the other hand, when the gas to be detected comes into contact with the metal oxide semiconductor, the metal oxide semiconductor transmits and receives electrons by a chemical reaction that occurs in the gas to be detected on the surface of the metal oxide semiconductor. It has the property that resistance changes. Since the gas detection element works as a combined resistor in which a noble metal wire and a metal oxide semiconductor are connected in parallel, the combined resistance value depends on contact of the gas to be detected with the metal oxide semiconductor of the gas detection element. It will change according to the chemical reaction. In addition, since the change in the resistance value is based on the exchange of electrons accompanying a chemical reaction, the amount of chemical reaction is determined based on the concentration of the gas to be detected. Therefore, the change in the resistance value is also the concentration of the gas to be detected. It will be decided based on. In other words, by utilizing the fact that the resistance value of the gas detection element as a whole changes based on the concentration of the gas to be detected, it is possible to contact the gas detection element by measuring the change in the resistance value of the gas detection element. The concentration of the detected gas can be measured. Incidentally, since the noble metal wire and the metal oxide semiconductor are in a relationship in which resistors are connected in parallel, the smaller the resistance difference between the noble metal wire and the metal oxide semiconductor, the smaller the metal oxide semiconductor. Therefore, the metal oxide semiconductor in the hot-wire semiconductor gas sensing element is more advantageously used as the metal oxide semiconductor has a smaller resistance value.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
According to the above-described conventional general-purpose gas detection element, there is room for improvement in terms of reliability due to insufficient stability for the purpose of use of the above-described detection of air contamination. This is because the germanium oxide semiconductor has a characteristic that the activity of surface oxygen and surface hydroxyl group is high, and it easily changes according to the water vapor concentration in the air. As a result, the detection characteristics for the gas to be detected are likely to change due to changes in humidity, so there is a situation where it is difficult to ensure stability against changes in humidity throughout the day or year when it is permanently installed in the detection target area. Because. Therefore, it is conceivable to improve the above-mentioned characteristics by forming various coating layers on the germanium oxide semiconductor or by adding additives. Are complicated, and it is difficult to manage the quality stability of each product, which is not preferable from the viewpoint of manufacturing.
Therefore, it is necessary to fundamentally change the gas detection characteristics by changing the type of semiconductor to be used as the main material. However, the characteristics of metal oxide semiconductors often vary greatly depending on the shape and form of the gas detection element, and it is not possible to divert those used for other gas detection elements.
[0004]
Therefore, the present inventors have selected indium oxide, which is generally said to be a metal oxide semiconductor excellent in response characteristics in gas detection, can detect low concentration gas, and has low humidity dependency. We conducted intensive research with the purpose of providing sensing elements.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result, the present inventors have obtained a new finding that indium oxide itself is a substance with high resistance and is hardly affected by humidity. In addition, it was found that the resistance value of indium oxide can be adjusted by controlling the valence with germanium, and that a low-concentration gas can be detected with high sensitivity by such a gas detection element using indium oxide. .
The present invention has been made on the basis of the above-mentioned new knowledge, and the characteristic configuration of the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element for air pollution detection of the present invention for achieving the above object is
An air pollution detection hot wire type semiconductor type gas sensing elements which had been fired by coating a metal oxide semiconductor in the noble metal wire,
Wherein the metal oxide semiconductor, after impregnating a solution of germanium or germanium alkoxide chloride indium hydroxide, by firing, composed mainly of indium oxide which contains germanium oxide less 0.1 atm% or more 30 atm% It is in that it is a thing. Moreover, it is preferable that germanium oxide is 2 atm% or more and 4 atm% or less.
[0006]
[Function and effect]
The reason why indium oxide is not easily affected by humidity is considered to be that the surface oxygen and surface hydroxyl groups of indium oxide are less active and more hydrophobic than those of tin oxide. In other words, the surface oxygen and surface hydroxyl groups are less likely to cause a phenomenon in which water vapor in the atmosphere adheres and inhibits the reaction with the gas to be detected or increases the activity more than necessary. As a result, it becomes difficult to be influenced by humidity, and it becomes easy to maintain a predetermined activity and it is used stably. Therefore, the gas detection element described in the feature configuration is not easily affected by humidity and can detect the gas to be detected with high sensitivity.
Based on this logic, indium oxide should have low dispersibility due to its hydrophobicity when water is added to form a paste. Therefore, it has been found that when indium oxide is used as a paste, the dispersibility is lower than that when tin oxide is used as a paste, and when it is applied on a noble metal wire, it is likely to be unhandled.
However, if the germanium is added as germanium oxide to the indium oxide, the dispersibility when making the paste can be improved while maintaining the hydrophobic and insensitive property of indium oxide. It was also understood that this was preferable in the manufacturing process of the gas detection element. In other words, this improves the performance stability and mass productivity of the gas detection element, and is useful for the stable supply of the gas detection element.
Further, when various addition amounts of germanium oxide were examined, about 0.1 to 30 atm%, more preferably about 2 to 4 atm%, while maintaining high stability against humidity of the gas detection element, The paste dispersibility is improved, the property of germanium oxide is prevented from surpassing that of indium oxide, and the inconvenience that the hydrophobic properties of indium oxide are not sufficiently exhibited can be prevented.
[0007]
These experimental results were obtained by conducting various tests on indium oxide produced in an environment in which impurities with a purity of 99.99% or more were used and the contamination of impurities was strictly blocked at the laboratory level. With regard to the fact that many results different from the reported physical properties have been obtained, the reported physical properties result in poor reproducibility because various impurities due to differences in raw material purity and manufacturing methods act as dopants. In contrast, it was obtained by tests conducted under conditions that could give highly reproducible results.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
[Manufacture of hot-wire semiconductor gas detectors]
After impregnating a fine powder of indium hydroxide with an ethanol solution of a predetermined concentration of germanium chloride so that germanium is contained at 0.5 atm% with respect to indium in the indium hydroxide, and drying at 80 ° C. for 24 hours, Firing was carried out at 600 ° C. for 4 hours in an electric furnace. The indium oxide thus obtained was further pulverized to form a fine powder having an average particle size of about 1.5 μm. This fine powder is made into a paste using 1,3 butanediol, and a platinum wire coil 1 having an effective dimension of 0.4 mm (wire diameter 20 μm, winding diameter 0.30 mm, winding interval 0.02 mm) is spherical with a diameter of 0.50 mm. Then, it is applied so as to cover the entire platinum wire coil. This is further dried at 80 ° C. for 1 hour, and then an electric current is passed through the platinum wire coil 1 and fired at 600 ° C. for 1 hour with the Joule heat to coat the sensitive layer 2 to detect the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection. An element was obtained (see FIG. 1). If constituted in this way, the platinum wire coil fulfills the function of the sensing element with a simple construction that serves both as a heater and an electrode for the sensitive layer 2.
[0009]
In this case, the coating is sufficient if the platinum wire coil 1 is covered and fired, and the fired product may be a form in which the platinum wire coil 1 and the sensitive layer 2 work together. In addition to the platinum wire coil, a noble metal such as an alloy of platinum and rhodium is used as the noble metal wire. Furthermore, in the case of firing, in addition to the case of heating with the Joule heat of the noble metal wire, including the case of heating with an electric furnace, depending on the allowable amount of inevitable impurities, it may be performed in the air, You may carry out in inert gas atmosphere.
In addition, in order to adjust indium hydroxide, ammonia water may be dropped into an aqueous solution of indium chloride and precipitated by hydrolysis.
Indium nitrate or indium sulfate may be used instead of indium chloride. Moreover, instead of germanium chloride, for example, an alkoxide such as tetramethoxygermanium (Ge (OCH 3 ) 4 ) may be used.
[0010]
In addition, each reagent shown below was used for formation of a hot wire type | mold semiconductor gas detection element.
Indium hydroxide: manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd., purity 99.99%
Germanium chloride: manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd., purity 99.99%
1,3-butanediol: manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., purity 99%
[0011]
[Circuit configuration]
As shown in FIG. 2, the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element is used by being incorporated in a bridge circuit. That is, a fixed resistor R0 is connected in series to the hot-wire semiconductor gas sensing element, and a fixed resistor R1 and a fixed resistor R2 are combined with the combined resistance of the hot-wire semiconductor gas detector element and the fixed resistor R0. The combined resistor is connected in parallel so that the hot-wire semiconductor gas sensing element and the fixed resistor R1, and the fixed resistor R0 and the fixed resistor R2 face each other. In addition, an output section is connected to take out a potential difference between the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element and the fixed resistor and between the fixed resistor R1 and the fixed resistor R2 as a sensor output.
[0012]
According to such a bridge circuit, the supply voltage E, Rs the overall resistance of the sensor output V, hot wire type semiconductor gas detector element, the resistance value of each R 0 of the fixed resistors R0, R1, R2 , R 1 , R 2 , the relationship of Equation 1 is established.
[0013]
[Expression 1]
Figure 0003919307
[0014]
If R 1 = R 2 and the gas sensitivity is the difference (ΔV) between the sensor output in the coexisting atmosphere of the gas to be detected and the sensor output in clean air, the gas sensitivity is the hot-wire semiconductor gas. When the resistance value change due to the contact of the detection element with the gas to be detected is ΔRs, it is proportional to the resistance value change of the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element.
On the other hand, the resistance value Rs of the hot-wire semiconductor gas sensing element behaves as a parallel resistance between the metal oxide semiconductor and the platinum wire coil, so that the resistance of the metal oxide semiconductor is r S and the resistance value of the platinum wire coil. the when the r C, represented by the number 2 (1). Further, when the change in the resistance value of the metal oxide semiconductor upon contact with the gas to be detected is Δr S, and ΔRs and Δr S are very small when the concentration of the gas to be detected is low, the heat ray The rate of change in resistance of the type semiconductor gas sensing element is approximately given by equation (2). That is, the resistance change rate of the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element is proportional to the resistance change rate of the metal oxide semiconductor, and the sensitivity of the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element is as shown in Equation 2 (3). Will be approximated. Here, β corresponds to an amplification factor, and increases as r S / r C decreases. In other words, since the resistance of a metal oxide semiconductor is generally larger than the resistance of a noble metal, the resistance of the metal oxide semiconductor The smaller the r S is, the more sensitive the hot-wire semiconductor gas sensing element can be obtained. By the way, since the sensitivity is also related to Δr S / r S , even if the resistance value of the semiconductor is made too small, the sensitivity is lowered, and the amount of germanium oxide added to optimize the resistance value Is adjusted.
[0015]
[Expression 2]
Figure 0003919307
[0016]
【Example】
Embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the drawings.
[Depending on the amount of germanium added]
A hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element was incorporated in the bridge circuit, the base output was measured, and the dependency of the germanium addition amount was examined. The result was as shown in FIG.
That is, it can be seen that this hot-wire semiconductor gas sensing element has a region where the base output varies depending on the germanium oxide content, and gas can be detected advantageously depending on the amount of germanium oxide used. Further, when the base output is converted into the germanium addition amount dependency of the resistance r s of the semiconductor, as shown in FIG. 4, it can be seen that there is a germanium addition amount capable of optimizing the resistance value.
[0017]
In contrast, each gas type (hydrogen (H 2 ), ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH), carbon monoxide (CO), isobutane (i-C 4 H 10 ), methane ( The gas sensitivity to CH 4 )) was examined, and its dependency on the amount of germanium added was examined. The result was as shown in FIG.
That is, it can be seen that various gases can be detected with high sensitivity, particularly when the germanium content is adjusted to about 2 to 4 atm%, and the amount of germanium added is 30 atm%. Beyond that, since almost no positive sensitivity output is shown, it can be seen that the amount of germanium added to indium oxide is preferably 30 atm% or less.
[0018]
[Gas detection temperature dependency]
The above-mentioned hot-wire semiconductor type gas sensing element containing 0.5 atm% germanium was manufactured, and the temperature (voltage) dependence of gas sensitivity for various gas species was examined. As a result, it was as shown in FIG. .
That is, it can be seen that this hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element can detect various gases with high sensitivity.
[0019]
(Sensitivity characteristics)
Similarly, when the dependence of various gas concentrations on the gas sensitivity of the hot-wire semiconductor gas sensing element was examined, the result was as shown in FIG.
That is, it can be read that each gas outputs a detectable sensitivity at a relatively low concentration.
[0020]
[Humidity dependency]
Similarly, the humidity dependence of the gas sensitivity to various gases of 100 ppm of the hot-wire semiconductor type gas sensing element having germanium contents of 0, 1, 5, and 10 atm%, respectively, was obtained as shown in FIGS. became. Further, a conventional hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element mainly composed of a tin oxide semiconductor was also examined in the same manner as shown in FIG.
That is, it can be seen that the humidity dependency of the sensor output is extremely stable compared to the conventional one. It can also be seen that the germanium content of the sensitive layer has little effect on the humidity dependence.
In addition, a hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element adjusted to output an accurate gas concentration with respect to a detected gas of 200 ppm under the conditions of 20 ° C., relative humidity 48%, and absolute humidity 8.3 g / m 3 is used. When the relationship between the input gas concentration and the output concentration under various humidity conditions was examined, when the gas to be detected was hydrogen gas, it was as shown in FIG. Further, when a conventional hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element mainly composed of tin oxide was examined in the same manner, the result was as shown in FIG.
Similarly, when the gas to be detected is carbon monoxide, the result is as shown in FIG.
That is, it can be read that the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element of the present invention exhibits stable performance under various humidity conditions, and can provide a concentration output with higher reliability than the conventional one.
As a result, the humidity characteristics of this type of hot-wire semiconductor gas sensing element is an important characteristic of indium oxide itself, and it can be almost affected by the amount of germanium added in the region where the amount of germanium added is small. You can see that it is not.
As a result, it can be said that the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element of the present invention has high gas sensitivity and excellent humidity characteristics.
[0021]
[Stability over time]
How is the sensor output for various gases (100 ppm) when the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element in the previous embodiment is used over time under the use condition of 1.90 V (R 0 = 5.6Ω)? When it was investigated whether it changed, it came to show in FIG.
That is, since both the base output and the sensor output are almost stable, it can be read that stable sensitivity can be obtained over a long period of time.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a vertical perspective view of a hot-wire semiconductor gas sensing element. FIG. 2 is a circuit configuration diagram incorporating the hot-wire semiconductor gas sensing element. FIG. 3 is a graph showing the dependency of base output on the amount of germanium added. Dependence of semiconductor resistance on germanium addition amount [Fig. 5] Graph showing dependence of sensitivity output on germanium addition amount [Fig. 6] Graph showing dependence of sensitivity output on gas detection temperature [Fig. 7] Dependence of sensitivity output on gas concentration FIG. 8 is a graph showing the influence of humidity on sensitivity output (In 2 O 3 system: Ge = 0%).
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the influence of humidity on sensitivity output (In 2 O 3 system: Ge = 1%).
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the influence of humidity on sensitivity output (In 2 O 3 system: Ge = 5%).
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the influence of humidity on sensitivity output (In 2 O 3 system: Ge = 10%).
FIG. 12 is a graph showing the influence of humidity on sensitivity output (tin oxide system)
FIG. 13 is a graph showing the effect of humidity on the hydrogen gas sensitivity curve. FIG. 14 is a graph showing the effect of humidity on the carbon monoxide gas sensitivity curve. FIG. 15 is a graph showing the stability over time of the hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element. FIG. 16 is a conceptual diagram of the operation of a hot-wire semiconductor gas detection element.
1 Precious metal wire 2 Sensitive layer

Claims (2)

貴金属線材に金属酸化物半導体を被覆して焼成してある空気汚染検出用熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子であって、
前記金属酸化物半導体が、水酸化インジウムに塩化ゲルマニウムまたはゲルマニウムアルコキシドの溶液を含浸させた後、焼成することにより、酸化ゲルマニウムを0.1atm%以上30atm%以下含有させた酸化インジウムを主成分とするものである空気汚染検出用熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子。
A noble metal wire is coated with a metal oxide semiconductor and baked.
Wherein the metal oxide semiconductor, after impregnating a solution of germanium or germanium alkoxide chloride indium hydroxide, by firing, composed mainly of indium oxide which contains germanium oxide less 0.1 atm% or more 30 atm% A hot-wire semiconductor gas detector for air pollution detection.
前記金属酸化物半導体が、酸化ゲルマニウムを2atm%以上4atm%以下含有する酸化インジウムを主成分とするものである請求項1に記載の空気汚染検出用熱線型半導体式ガス検知素子。2. The hot-wire semiconductor gas detecting element for air pollution detection according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide semiconductor is mainly composed of indium oxide containing germanium oxide in an amount of 2 atm% to 4 atm%.
JP29984397A 1997-10-31 1997-10-31 Hot wire semiconductor gas detector for air pollution detection Expired - Fee Related JP3919307B2 (en)

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