JP3918735B2 - Ofdm信号のパッシブ・レーダ受信機におけるクラッタの排除 - Google Patents
Ofdm信号のパッシブ・レーダ受信機におけるクラッタの排除 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3918735B2 JP3918735B2 JP2002563026A JP2002563026A JP3918735B2 JP 3918735 B2 JP3918735 B2 JP 3918735B2 JP 2002563026 A JP2002563026 A JP 2002563026A JP 2002563026 A JP2002563026 A JP 2002563026A JP 3918735 B2 JP3918735 B2 JP 3918735B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- symbol
- signals
- spectral lines
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/003—Bistatic radar systems; Multistatic radar systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
- G01S13/50—Systems of measurement based on relative movement of target
- G01S13/52—Discriminating between fixed and moving objects or between objects moving at different speeds
- G01S13/522—Discriminating between fixed and moving objects or between objects moving at different speeds using transmissions of interrupted pulse modulated waves
- G01S13/524—Discriminating between fixed and moving objects or between objects moving at different speeds using transmissions of interrupted pulse modulated waves based upon the phase or frequency shift resulting from movement of objects, with reference to the transmitted signals, e.g. coherent MTi
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
- G01S7/41—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00 using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation; Target signature; Target cross-section
- G01S7/414—Discriminating targets with respect to background clutter
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
Description
−これらの方法は、その方向により特徴づけられる、限られた数の無相関干渉信号のみを除去する。従って、これらの方法は、クラッタにおいて異なる時間遅延を有するマルチパスが多いときは、クラッタを克服すると言う点では最適化されない。
−これらの方法によって、排除された信号と関連した盲目軸(blind axes)を作成することになり、該盲目軸上では、対象を検出することは不可能である。
−これらの方法は、角度圧縮後に信号対雑音比が正である信号のみを排除する。この排除は、レーダ処理の始めに、つまり、距離−ドップラー圧縮の前に行われる場合には限定的である。
−シンボル間、キャリア内干渉:様々に符号化された信号が重なること、又は、解析時間TSが符号には適していない。
−シンボル間、キャリア間干渉:解析時間TSにわたる非直交信号。
−シンボル内、キャリア内干渉:様々に符号化された信号が重なること。
−シンボル内、キャリア間干渉:非固定信号。
X(t)=TD(t)+SC(t)+B(t)
ここで、発信された各シンボル
−B(t)は、散乱(scatterer)と呼ばれる、干渉及び熱雑音信号などの相関OFDM信号以外の、好ましい帯域内で受信された信号を示す。
X’(t)=SC(t)+B(t)−b(t)
において、直接パス及びマルチパスによりもたらされたゼロ・ドップラー効果に寄与する相関信号は、各周波数fKについて
2、2b 相関信号フィルタリング回路
3 信号検出器
4、4b 対象区別回路
5 信号レプリカ推定器
111〜11N 受信アンテナ
121〜12N 受信段階
13、13b 発信パラメータ及びチャネル推定回路
14、14b 切り捨て回路
21 フーリエアナライザ
22 減算器
23、23b シンセサイザ
24b 共分散行列計算モジュール
25b 逆共分散行列計算モジュール
26b フィルタリングモジュール
41、42b ドップラー−距離相関器
42、42b 角度集束回路
43、43b 誤警報処理(CFAP)回路
Claims (3)
- 複数の受信機手段(111、121〜11N、12N)を有し、該受信機手段は伝搬チャネル(EM〜RE)を介して受信され符号化された直交キャリア(f1〜fk)上に送信されるシンボルのフレームを有する無線信号である複数の信号を受信し、
受信された該複数の信号をディジタルシンボル信号(X1〜XN)に整形する整形手段(1b)と、
移動目標を識別するための目標識別手段(4b)とを有するレーダ受信機において、
前記直交キャリア(f1〜fk)に対応するシンボル信号(X1〜XN)のスペクトル線のグループ((SP11〜SP1N)〜(SPK1〜SPKN))を発生する手段(21b)と、
それぞれのキャリア(fk)に関連するグループ毎に2つずつのスペクトル線(SPK1〜SPKN)の積に依存する共分散行列(R1〜RK)を推定する手段(24b)と、
前記共分散行列の逆行列(R1 −1〜RK −1)を推定する手段(25b)と、
フィルタ済みスペクトル線のグループを生成するために、前記スペクトル線のグループとそれぞれの逆行列とを乗ずることによってそれぞれが前記キャリア(f1〜fk)に関連する前記スペクトル線のグループをフィルタリングする手段(26b)と、
前記フィルタ済みスペクトル線のグループから、前記目標識別手段(4b)に印加される対象(CB)により後方散乱された信号を実質的に含むフィルタ済みシンボル信号(X’1〜X’N)を合成する手段(23b)と
を含むことを特徴とするレーダ受信機。 - 前記共分散行列(R1〜RK)を決める前記スペクトル線の積は、シンボルのスペクトル線によって決まり、各フレームにわたって平均化されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のレーダ受信機。
- 発信信号レプリカ(Re)を、好ましくないゼロ・ドップラー効果信号の伝搬チャネルの伝達関数の係数を推定することにより前記シンボル信号(X1)の1つのスペクトル線(SP11〜SPK1)の関数として推定する手段(3、5)を有し、前記推定されたレプリカは、目標識別手段(4b)でフィルタ済みシンボル信号(X’1〜X’N)に相関されることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のレーダ受信機。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0101695A FR2820507B1 (fr) | 2001-02-07 | 2001-02-07 | Rejection de fouillis dans un recepteur radar passif de signaux ofdm |
PCT/FR2002/000224 WO2002063335A1 (fr) | 2001-02-07 | 2002-01-18 | Rejection de fouillis dans un recepteur radar passif de signaux ofdm |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2004531701A JP2004531701A (ja) | 2004-10-14 |
JP3918735B2 true JP3918735B2 (ja) | 2007-05-23 |
Family
ID=8859762
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002563026A Expired - Fee Related JP3918735B2 (ja) | 2001-02-07 | 2002-01-18 | Ofdm信号のパッシブ・レーダ受信機におけるクラッタの排除 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6924763B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1358505B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3918735B2 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2387264T3 (ja) |
FR (1) | FR2820507B1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2002063335A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (35)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7952511B1 (en) | 1999-04-07 | 2011-05-31 | Geer James L | Method and apparatus for the detection of objects using electromagnetic wave attenuation patterns |
FR2834072B1 (fr) * | 2001-12-26 | 2006-08-04 | Onera (Off Nat Aerospatiale) | Rejection de fouillis dans un recepteur radar passif de sign aux ofdm a reseau d'antennes |
US7573419B2 (en) * | 2003-05-21 | 2009-08-11 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Method and system for unambiguous angle resolution of a sparse wide-band antenna array |
JP4555656B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-16 | 2010-10-06 | 日本放送協会 | 電波到来方向推定装置 |
US7852259B2 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2010-12-14 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Clutter filtering |
US7864884B2 (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2011-01-04 | Nokia Corporation | Signal detection in OFDM system |
US8045927B2 (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2011-10-25 | Nokia Corporation | Signal detection in multicarrier communication system |
US8212717B2 (en) * | 2006-10-26 | 2012-07-03 | Raytheon Company | Radar imaging system and method using second moment spatial variance |
US8054217B2 (en) * | 2006-10-26 | 2011-11-08 | Raytheon Company | Radar imaging system and method using gradient magnitude second moment spatial variance detection |
FR2915288B1 (fr) * | 2007-04-17 | 2009-06-05 | Thales Sa | Procede de depollution de signaux pour un antibrouillage centralise. |
US7646332B2 (en) * | 2007-08-09 | 2010-01-12 | Raytheon Company | Method and apparatus for interleaved gridding in distributed multiple computing for real-time RCS prediction |
US7652620B2 (en) * | 2007-08-09 | 2010-01-26 | Raytheon Company | RCS signature generation for closely spaced multiple objects using N-point models |
DE602008002813D1 (de) * | 2008-02-22 | 2010-11-11 | Thales Nederland Bv | Verfahren zur Messung der Radialgeschwindigkeit eines Ziels mit einem Doppler-Radar |
TWI475847B (zh) * | 2008-04-16 | 2015-03-01 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | 存在及移動偵測之被動雷達 |
EP2124071B1 (en) * | 2008-05-23 | 2010-09-29 | Thales Nederland B.V. | A method for estimating the position and the speed of a target with a radar emitting an OFDM waveform |
US7616151B1 (en) * | 2008-06-13 | 2009-11-10 | Raytheon Company | Reducing scattering center data using magnitude-based reduction |
US7602332B1 (en) | 2008-06-13 | 2009-10-13 | Raytheon Company | Reducing scattering center data using multi-volume aggregation |
US7592947B1 (en) | 2008-09-18 | 2009-09-22 | Raytheon Company | Generating radar signatures for multiple objects |
US7880671B2 (en) * | 2008-09-18 | 2011-02-01 | Raytheon Company | Electromagnetic (EM) solver using a shooting bouncing ray (SBR) technique |
US7750842B2 (en) * | 2008-09-18 | 2010-07-06 | Raytheon Company | Parallel processing to generate radar signatures for multiple objects |
KR100971773B1 (ko) * | 2009-11-13 | 2010-07-21 | 엘아이지넥스원 주식회사 | 전자 정보 수신기의 신호 식별 방법 |
US8390508B1 (en) | 2010-04-05 | 2013-03-05 | Raytheon Company | Generating radar cross-section signatures |
CN102621538B (zh) * | 2012-04-20 | 2013-10-16 | 西安电子科技大学 | 雷达信号处理机中的截位电路及其截位方法 |
FR3034274B1 (fr) | 2015-03-27 | 2017-03-24 | Stmicroelectronics Rousset | Procede de traitement d'un signal analogique issu d'un canal de transmission, en particulier un signal vehicule par courant porteur en ligne |
US9838077B2 (en) | 2015-07-09 | 2017-12-05 | Stmicroelectronics (Rousset) Sas | Method for estimating a cyclostationary transmission channel, and corresponding receiver |
FR3038801B1 (fr) | 2015-07-09 | 2017-07-21 | Stmicroelectronics Rousset | Procede d'estimation d'un canal de transmission temporellement invariant, et recepteur correspondant |
FR3038800A1 (fr) | 2015-07-09 | 2017-01-13 | Stmicroelectronics Rousset | Procede de traitement d'un signal issu d'un canal de transmission, en particulier un signal vehicule par courant porteur en ligne, et notamment l'estimation du canal, et recepteur correspondant |
CN105785331B (zh) * | 2016-03-02 | 2018-05-29 | 河海大学 | 一种采用盲源分离的外辐射源雷达直达波恢复方法 |
CN106291502B (zh) * | 2016-08-30 | 2018-11-09 | 北京航空航天大学 | 目标rcs测量中背景提取与抵消的最大概率时域处理方法 |
AU2018265772B2 (en) | 2017-05-12 | 2022-06-09 | Locata Corporation Pty Ltd | Methods and apparatus for characterising the environment of a user platform |
FI20185130A1 (en) * | 2018-02-14 | 2019-08-15 | Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus Vtt Oy | Radar |
CN108549048B (zh) * | 2018-03-23 | 2021-10-22 | 武汉大学 | 一种多频WiFi外辐射源雷达相参处理方法 |
JP6587199B1 (ja) * | 2018-07-03 | 2019-10-09 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 推定装置および推定方法 |
CN111077515B (zh) * | 2019-12-20 | 2023-02-10 | 西安电子科技大学 | 一种基于模拟电视外辐射源雷达的目标检测方法 |
CN114859313B (zh) * | 2022-04-28 | 2023-04-28 | 长沙祥云瑞风信息技术有限公司 | 一种基于基带跳频实现的距离解模糊方法、系统及设备 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3972041A (en) * | 1971-03-17 | 1976-07-27 | International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation | Adaptive clutter velocity cancellation system for pulsed digital MTI system |
US3831174A (en) * | 1973-02-05 | 1974-08-20 | Hughes Aircraft Co | Automatic target acquisition in mti radar system |
US3987442A (en) * | 1974-06-24 | 1976-10-19 | Raytheon Company | Digital MTI radar system |
US4137533A (en) * | 1977-10-12 | 1979-01-30 | United Technologies Corporation | Angle/vector processed, phase-accumulated single vector rotation, variable order adaptive MTI processor |
JPS60379A (ja) * | 1983-06-16 | 1985-01-05 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 移動目標指示レ−ダ装置 |
US4618864A (en) * | 1984-01-31 | 1986-10-21 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Radar channel including an orthogonal MTI filter pair |
FR2719382B1 (fr) * | 1994-05-02 | 1996-05-31 | Thomson Csf | Procédé de détection radar discrète et système de mise en Óoeuvre. |
FR2776438B1 (fr) * | 1996-04-30 | 2000-05-05 | Dassault Electronique | Systeme de detection de mobiles, utilisant les emissions de telediffusion numerique d'un reseau d'emetteurs terrestres |
US5973642A (en) * | 1998-04-01 | 1999-10-26 | At&T Corp. | Adaptive antenna arrays for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems with co-channel interference |
US6400306B1 (en) * | 1999-12-17 | 2002-06-04 | Sicom Systems, Ltd | Multi-channel moving target radar detection and imaging apparatus and method |
-
2001
- 2001-02-07 FR FR0101695A patent/FR2820507B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-01-18 EP EP02708403A patent/EP1358505B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-01-18 JP JP2002563026A patent/JP3918735B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-01-18 US US10/470,713 patent/US6924763B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-01-18 ES ES02708403T patent/ES2387264T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-01-18 WO PCT/FR2002/000224 patent/WO2002063335A1/fr active Application Filing
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20040066331A1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
JP2004531701A (ja) | 2004-10-14 |
FR2820507B1 (fr) | 2003-03-28 |
EP1358505A1 (fr) | 2003-11-05 |
WO2002063335A1 (fr) | 2002-08-15 |
FR2820507A1 (fr) | 2002-08-09 |
ES2387264T3 (es) | 2012-09-19 |
EP1358505B1 (fr) | 2012-05-30 |
US6924763B2 (en) | 2005-08-02 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP3918735B2 (ja) | Ofdm信号のパッシブ・レーダ受信機におけるクラッタの排除 | |
JP3736558B2 (ja) | アンテナ・アレイを用いたofdm信号のパッシブ・レーダ受信機におけるクラッタの排除 | |
US7932852B2 (en) | RFI suppression in SAR | |
Zaimbashi | Target detection in analog terrestrial TV-based passive radar sensor: Joint delay-Doppler estimation | |
EP1500951B1 (fr) | Procédé de détection et localisation multistatique d'engin par l'utilisation d'émetteurs de diffusion numériques | |
JP4466988B2 (ja) | 地上送信機のアレイによるデジタル・テレブロードキャスティング送信を使用した移動体検出システム | |
US11460541B2 (en) | Method and system for detection of a target by a passive radar system exploiting multichannel-per-carrier illuminator sources | |
US6300895B1 (en) | Discreet radar detection method and system of implementation thereof | |
CN113884989B (zh) | 一种基于ofdm信号的外辐射源雷达时变杂波抑制方法 | |
Filippini et al. | Experimental results of polarimetric detection schemes for DVB‐T‐based passive radar | |
CN108594200B (zh) | 一种被动式mimo雷达的全相参目标检测方法 | |
Li et al. | Integrating Passive Bistatic Sensing into mmWave B5G/6G Networks: Design and Experiment Measurement | |
Li et al. | Performance analysis of uplink joint communication and sensing system | |
Schüpbach et al. | Jamming of DAB-based passive radar systems | |
US7783110B2 (en) | Semicoherent channel estimator | |
Zemmari | Reference signal extraction for GSM passive coherent location | |
RU2700005C1 (ru) | Способ оценки параметров канала в широкополосной гидроакустической связи и устройство для его реализации | |
Yajnanarayana et al. | Bi-Static Sensing in OFDM Wireless Systems for Indoor Scenarios | |
CN114397649A (zh) | 一种基于子载波的目标匹配方法 | |
CN113805170A (zh) | Ofdm雷达通信一体化的高速目标距离速度估计方法 | |
Mhiri et al. | Synchronization for a DVB-T receiver in presence of cochannel interference | |
Gao et al. | Optimal Passive Detection Using Digital Television Terrestrial Broadcasting Single Frequency Network |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20050721 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20060228 |
|
A601 | Written request for extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601 Effective date: 20060518 |
|
A602 | Written permission of extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A602 Effective date: 20060529 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20060712 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20070123 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20070205 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110223 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110223 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120223 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130223 Year of fee payment: 6 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130223 Year of fee payment: 6 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20140223 Year of fee payment: 7 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |