JP3878637B2 - Solar system house - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a passive solar system house that uses solar energy in the winter or the like to perform heating or the like with air heated by the sun.

  The thermal performance of Japanese buildings is very poor from the viewpoint of energy saving. The effect of housing and construction on the energy crisis and the phenomenon of global warming due to carbon dioxide as a result of overheating the summer heat with an air conditioner that can be supported by electric power, cold in winter, and burning with plenty of oil Is very big.

  What advanced countries should do now is to create a way to reduce the environmental burden while improving the quality of life without lowering the level of life. Therefore, it is necessary to construct houses and buildings that flexibly respond to external environmental conditions as well as wind and other weather conditions to optimize the use of solar energy for indoor heating, cooling, ventilation, dehumidification, and hot water supply. It is done.

The applicants previously obtained a patent right for "Solar System House" as the following patent document.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 08-001336 "Solar system house and handling box used therefor" Japanese Patent Publication No. 07-116765 “Solar System House” Japanese Patent Publication No. 06-070528 “Solar System House” Japanese Patent No. 3295070 “Solar System House” Japanese Patent No. 3274858 “Solar System House” Japanese Patent No. 3182544 “Solar System House” Japanese Patent No. 3134118 “Solar System House” Japanese Patent No. 30664456 “Solar System House”

  As shown in FIG. 7, the solar system house of the above-mentioned patent document forms an air flow path 2 having a roof gradient immediately below a metal roof plate 1 of a colored iron plate, and one end of the air flow path 2 is an eaves tip. Etc., and the other end of the air flow path 2 communicates with a ridge duct 4 as a condensing duct.

  A handling box 5 provided with a backflow prevention damper 6, a heat collecting fan 7 and a flow path switching damper 8 inside is installed in a hut 29 which is an attic space, and one of the handling box 5 on the outflow side of the flow path switching damper 8. Is opened outdoors by an exhaust duct 9.

  Further, the inflow side of the backflow prevention damper 6 of the handling box 5 is communicated with the ridge duct 4 via the connection duct 32, and the other one of the outflow side of the flow path switching damper 8 is connected to the upper end of the falling duct 10. . The lower end of the falling duct 10 opened to the air circulation space 13 between the soil concrete 11 as the underfloor heat storage body and the floor panel 12. Furthermore, a floor outlet 14 from the air circulation space 13 to the room was provided.

  A hot water take-off coil 15 is provided inside the handling box 5 or between the handling box 5 and the building duct 4, and the hot water take-off coil 15 is connected to a hot water tank 17 and a circulation pump 19 by a circulation pipe 16. Is provided with a hot water supply boiler 18 in the middle and connected to a hot water supply pipe 21 connected to a bath, a washroom, and a kitchen.

  Thus, the roof board 1 which is a metal plate heated by sunlight warms the outside air that has entered the air flow path 2, and the warmed air rises along the roof gradient. The heated air is collected in the ridge duct 4 and then enters the handling box 5 by the heat collecting fan 7, and flows down from the handling box 5 into the falling duct 10, between the thermal storage soil concrete 11 and the floor panel 12. Enter the air circulation space 13. In this air circulation space 13, heated air directly warms the floor surface via the floor panel 12, stores heat in the thermal storage soil concrete 11, and blows out directly from the floor outlet 14 into the room 20 as hot air. Performs 3 types of heating.

  On the other hand, in the hot water coil 15, the heat medium fed by the circulation pump 19 from the hot water storage tank 17 through the circulation pipe 16 is heated and stored as hot water in the hot water storage tank 17, and further reheated from here as necessary. The hot water supply boiler 18 reheats and supplies hot water from the hot water supply pipe 21 to various places.

  The feature of the solar house of these patent documents is that heat is first collected on the roof. What can be said about the characteristics of solar energy as energy, it can be said that it is “lightly, broadly, evenly distributed”. It is not suitable for large-scale and intensive power generation because it is not intensive high temperature like the heat obtained from oil. In other words, the use of solar energy means that each building uses its “roof”, which is the most realistic and well suited to the characteristics of energy. So, on the “roof” that receives the most sun, it collects solar energy and takes it into the building.

  The altitude of buildings in the area is severely limited, so even if you cannot get sunshine indoors, the “roof” usually has abundant solar energy. In other words, this use adds a new function of “capturing heat” to the function of “shelter” that prevents the natural wind and rain of the roof.

  The next feature is the transfer of heat with air. When taking heat into the room, a widely used method is to transfer it to water. The solar system house of the above-mentioned patent document takes in "air" warmly instead of water. This is because water collection has many difficult aspects. A drop of water must be prevented from leaking, solar energy often causes boiling of water, must withstand the boiling vapor pressure, freezing phenomenon, and tube expansion and contraction Etc. Air, on the other hand, will not bother anyone if it leaks a little. Also, since air is a gas, it cannot boil. For this reason, it is very safe to use air.

  In the solar system house, the heat collecting surface of the solar heat collecting part formed by forming an air flow path having a slope similar to that of the open roof, with one end as an air intake port, directly below the roof plate is directed to the south. Is ideal.

  However, depending on the conditions of the site and the surrounding environment, deviations in orientation will inevitably occur. In summer, the sun's altitude is high, so there is no significant effect, but in winter when the sun's altitude is low, this orientation shift tends to cause a shortage of heat collection. Therefore, if possible, a deviation within 30 ° was used as a guide.

  In this way, even if the amount of heat collection decreases due to the large misalignment of the direction, it does not mean that heat collection itself is not possible, but consider planning to make use of as much solar energy that is available from the site conditions. is required.

  In the solar system house, attention is paid only to the roof surface on the east side of the roof, and the solar heat collecting part is provided on the roof surface on the east side.

  However, as for the building temperature, the east building temperature rises in the morning, the west building temperature rises at noon, and along with the east building temperature, the west building temperature rises and the east building temperature falls in the afternoon. As a result, heat collection after noon was inefficient.

  The present invention eliminates the inconveniences of the conventional example and can collect heat from east to west, and thus provides a solar system house capable of optimizing the use of solar energy by constructing houses and buildings that flexibly respond to external environmental conditions. There is.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention according to claim 1 is a solar heat collecting part formed by forming an air flow path having a gradient similar to that of an open roof, with one end as an air intake, directly below a roof plate. The solar heat collecting part is connected to a handling box having a heat collecting fan disposed therein via a heat collecting duct, and the handling box has a falling duct under the floor and an exhaust duct to the outside. In a passive solar system house in which outdoor air obtained from the air intake through the solar heat collector is sent indoors via a falling duct with a heat collecting fan, the solar heat collector is the east-west surface of the roof provided on both of the heat collecting duct section to be installed on the roof as an external type is rectangular oblong box, handling boxes, shared by East and West solar heat collector unit, the internal A flow path switching damper (discharge side) that switches the flow path to the air duct and the falling duct, and a flow path switching damper that can switch between the connection ducts that connect both the heat collecting duct and the handling box. (Suction side) is provided, and the gist is that the intake of warm air from the solar heat collecting portions of both the east and west can be switched by a handling box.

  According to the first aspect of the present invention, the solar heat collecting section is provided on both the east and west surfaces of the roof. First, in the morning, the metal plate heated by sunlight in the solar heat collecting section on the east surface. The roof plate warms the outside air entering the air flow path, and this warmed air rises along the roof slope. The heated air is collected in the building duct and then enters the handling box by the heat collecting fan, flows down from the handling box into the falling duct, and enters the floor. This heating air performs two types of heating operations: directly warming under the floor surface and directing it into the room as warm air from the outlet from under the floor.

  At noon, heat can be collected at the solar heat collector on the west side, and heat can be collected at both the east and west solar heat collectors. Also, in the afternoon, the solar heat collector on the east surface stops working and heat can be collected only by the solar heat collector on the west surface.

  Thus, heat collection is possible on both the east and west sides of the roof, and efficient heat collection without waste of solar heat is possible.

  In addition, the heat collecting fan is operated at night in summer, the cold air at night is taken into the air flow path directly below the roof plate, and the radiant cooling from the roof surface also acts, and this air is brought under the floor through the falling duct. It can also be blown out into the room from the outlet from below the floor.

Furthermore, one handling box can be shared between the solar heat collectors in both the east and west, and the facility does not take up space, and it is inexpensive. In addition, it is possible to reliably and easily switch the intake of warm air from both the east and west solar heat collecting sections by the flow path switching damper (discharge side).

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a solar heat collecting part formed immediately below the roof plate by forming an air flow path having one end as an air intake and having the same gradient as the open roof. A handling box having a heat collecting fan disposed therein is connected to the heat section via a heat collecting duct, and a falling duct to the floor and an exhaust duct to the outside are connected to the handling box, and the air in passive solar system house for feeding preparative outdoor air obtained via the solar heat collector from the inlet to the chamber through the falling duct heat collector fan, solar heat collector is provided on both the east and west faces of the roof, the The heat collecting duct is a horizontally long box with a rectangular cross section that is installed on the roof as an external type, and the handling boxes are installed separately in the solar heat collecting section of the east and west, and each handling box A flow path switching damper (exhaust side) that switches the flow path to the exhaust duct and the falling duct, and an intake opening that opens indoors, a connection duct that connects the intake duct, the heat collection duct, and the handling box; The gist of the present invention is to provide a flow path switching damper (suction side) that can switch between the solar heat collecting portions of both the east and west and the handling box.

  According to this invention of Claim 2, in addition to the said effect | action, both east and west solar thermal collection parts can switch taking in of the warm air from both east and west solar thermal collection parts by making each handling box cooperate. it can.

  The gist of the present invention described in claim 3 is that an underfloor air inlet is provided by an underfloor duct that opens to the outside, an electric damper is provided in the underfloor duct, and a ventilation fan that is interlocked with the electric damper is provided. .

  According to the third aspect of the present invention, when air intake during winter daytime or during nighttime in summer is viewed as ventilation, it can be handled as push-in type, so-called static pressure type ventilation. At the time of collecting heat during winter daytime or at night in summer, the heat collecting fan is driven to ventilate, and otherwise, the heat collecting fan is stopped and the underfloor air supply port is opened by an underfloor duct that opens outdoors. Provide ventilation through the underfloor space. As for this ventilation, push-in type, so-called static pressure type ventilation is obtained as in the case of collecting heat, and the condition of 24-hour ventilation can be satisfied. Moreover, the air from the underfloor air supply port by this underfloor duct is obtained from the outdoors and is relatively fresh air. Furthermore, the ventilation fan interlocked with the damper of the underfloor duct can be operated to obtain air from the outside through the underfloor air supply port by the underfloor duct, and at the same time, the indoor air can be exhausted by the ventilation fan.

  Since the solar system house of the present invention can collect heat from east to west, it can optimize the use of solar energy by constructing houses and buildings that flexibly respond to external environmental conditions.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. 1 to 4 show a first embodiment of the solar system house of the present invention, and the basic structure is substantially the same as the conventional example shown in FIG.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the roof has an inclined roof, and an air flow path 2 having a roof slope is formed immediately below a metal roof plate 1 of a color iron plate as a solar heat collecting portion. One end of the air flow path 2 opened as an air intake 3 at the eaves or the like. Further, the other end of the air flow path 2 is located at a high portion of the roof, for example, a ridge portion, and serves as an air outlet and communicates with the ridge duct 4 as a condensing duct.

  In this embodiment, the ridge duct 4 is installed on the roof as an external type, and is a horizontally long box having a rectangular cross section.

  The solar heat collecting part was provided as both the solar heat collecting part A and the solar heat collecting part B on the east and west surfaces of the roof.

  An air circulation space 13 is provided under the floor panel 12 as an underfloor part for guiding the air collected by the solar heat collection part A and the solar heat collection part B. Further, the air circulation space 13 enters the room indoors. A floor outlet (not shown) was provided.

  In the air circulation space 13, the heating air performs two kinds of heating operations, that is, heating the floor directly under the floor panel 12 (floor heating) and directing the heated air directly from the floor outlet into the room. .

  Moreover, the handling box 5 was installed indoors as what connects the solar-heat collection part A which collects these solar heat, the solar-heat collection part B, and the part which heat-radiates a solar heat.

  The handling box 5 shares the solar heat collecting part A and the solar heat collecting part B in a single unit, but each building duct 4 of the solar heat collecting part A and the solar heat collecting part B and the handling box 5 are connected to the connecting duct 32a. 32b, and the exhaust duct 9 and the falling duct 10 are coupled from the handling box 5 to the outside.

  This handling box 5 is a heat insulating box having a flow path switching damper (suction side) 22, a suction damper 39, a heat collecting fan 7 and a flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8 provided therein.

  The flow path switching damper (suction side) 22 is a chuck damper having one end pivotally supported, and switches the connection ducts 32a and 32b to each other. One of the outflow sides of the flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8 is opened to the outside by an exhaust duct 9. Further, the other one on the outflow side of the flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8 is connected to the upper end of the falling duct 10. A flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8 switches between the exhaust duct 9 and the falling duct 10.

  The suction damper 39 is positioned between the flow path switching damper (suction side) 22 and the flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8 and opens and closes the suction port 33 provided in the handling box 5.

  The lower end of the falling duct 10 was opened to the air circulation space 13 below the floor panel 12 of the other room via a duct 42 for extending a horizontal duct and a vertical duct. It is also possible to open under the floor of the same room.

  Furthermore, an underfloor air supply port 24 by an underfloor duct 23 that opens outdoors is provided, and an electric damper 25 is provided at the other end of the underfloor duct 23. The duct leading to the underfloor forming the underfloor air supply port 24 may be a cool tube passing through the ground.

  A ventilation fan (ventilation fan) 26 is installed on the ceiling or the like, and this ventilation fan (ventilation fan) 26 is communicated with the outside through an exhaust duct (not shown).

  In the figure, 28 is a relay box, 37 is a remote controller (with a built-in room temperature sensor), and the electric damper 25 and the ventilation fan (ventilation fan) 26 are interlocked.

  The upper part (the height of the roof) of the roof plate 1 forming the air flow path 2 is covered with glass 31 so that the roof plate 1 can receive the heat of sunlight without being affected by wind or the like.

  Next, usage and operation will be described. FIG. 2 shows the morning mode.

  As shown in FIG. 2, for example, in winter, when the heat collection temperature rises in the morning, uptake starts from the east surface of the solar heat collection portion A. The roof plate 1, which is a metal plate heated by sunlight, warms the outside air that has entered the air flow path 2 from the air intake 3 such as the eaves, and the warmed air rises along the roof gradient. The heated air is collected in the building duct 4 and then enters the handling box 5 by the heat collecting fan 7, flows down from the handling box 5 into the falling duct 10, and enters the floor. The heating air performs two types of heating operations: heating the floor panel 12 directly and blowing it directly into the room 20 as warm air from the outlet 14 from under the floor. (Figure 1)

  At this time, the flow path switching damper (suction side) 22 opens the connection duct 32a on the solar heat collection part A side and closes the connection duct 32b on the solar heat collection part B side.

  Further, the flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8 opens the falling duct 10 side and closes the exhaust duct 9.

  As shown in FIG. 3, at 12 noon, the west surface temperature rises at noon and is aligned with the east surface temperature (detected by the temperature sensor). Further, the flow path switching damper (suction side) 22 is stopped between the east and the west, and both the connection duct 32a on the solar heat collection part A side and the connection duct 32b on the solar heat collection part B side are opened.

  Thereby, warm air can be taken in from both the solar heat collection part A side and the solar heat collection part B side.

  As shown in FIG. 4, when the west surface temperature rises in the afternoon and becomes 5 ° C. higher than the east surface temperature, the heat collecting fan 7 on the solar heat collecting portion A side is stopped, and the west surface solar heat collecting is performed. Capture from part B only.

  If the operation of the heat collecting fan 7 is performed by a solar cell, the combined use and switching of the solar heat collecting part A side and the solar heat collecting part B side are automatically controlled by the output of the solar cell by solar radiation. Is possible. As another method, the operation can be controlled by a temperature sensor.

  When the blowing action under the floor is viewed as ventilation, it can be handled as push-in type, so-called static pressure type ventilation. That is, indoor air is exhausted to the outside in accordance with the amount blown into the room. This exhaust may be performed through a gap inherent in the building or through a ventilation opening. Exhaust by operating the ventilation fan (ventilation fan) 26 is also possible.

  At summer noon, the heat collecting fan 7 is stopped, or the flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8 closes the falling duct 10 and opens the exhaust duct 9 side.

  In the latter case, the heated air from the handling box 5 is thrown outside through the exhaust duct 9.

  Then, the electric damper 25 is opened, and the ventilation fan (ventilation fan) 26 is operated in conjunction with this. This interlocking is automatically performed by the relay box 28.

  The air in the room 20 is thrown out to the outside by an exhaust duct 27 by a ventilation fan (ventilation fan) 26, and new air enters the floor through the underfloor air inlet 24 that opens to the outside via the underfloor duct 23 and is taken into the room 20. .

  In this way, it is necessary to discharge all the heated air heated by the roof plate 1 to the outside air and throw it away in a high temperature such as summer season when heating is not necessary. In that case, if the falling duct 10 side that is one of the outflow sides is closed by the flow path switching damper 8 and the other side of the exhaust duct 9 that is the outflow side is opened, the heated air from the handling boxes 5a and 5b It is thrown away outdoors via the exhaust duct 9.

  At that time, if the suction port 33 provided in the handling box 5 is opened by the suction damper 39, the air of the air 20 can be attracted and exhausted.

  FIGS. 5 and 6 show a second embodiment of the present invention. Handling boxes 5a and 5b are individually installed in the east and west solar heat collecting parts A and B, and each handling box 5a and 5b is an exhaust duct. 9 and a flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8 for switching the flow path to the falling duct 10, and an intake port 27 or an intake duct, a heat collection duct 4 and a handling box 5a, 5b that are opened indoors. A flow path switching damper (suction side) 8 capable of switching between the connecting ducts 32a and 32b is provided. The connection duct 32a connects the handling box 5a and the heat collection duct 4 of the solar heat collection part A, and the connection duct 32b connects the handling box 5b and the heat collection duct 4 of the solar heat collection part B, respectively.

  The handling boxes 5a and 5b are arranged in parallel with each other. The handling box 5b is provided with a bypass 34, and the flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8 is connected to the flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8a that closes the exhaust duct 9. The flow path switching damper (discharge side) 8b for switching between the bypass path 34 and the falling duct 10 is divided. In the figure, 36 is a control panel and 38 is an indoor thermo.

  Further, the handling box 5b is provided with a hot water coil 15 inside, and this hot water coil 15 is connected to a hot water tank 17 and a circulation pump 19 by a circulation pipe 16, and the hot water tank 17 includes a bath, a washroom, a kitchen. The hot water supply pipe 21 connected to is connected.

  The usage of the solar heat collecting sections A and B in the morning, noon and afternoon is the same as in the first embodiment, but the roof plate 1 which is a metal plate heated by sunlight enters the air flow path 2. The outside air warms and this warmed air rises along the roof slope. Then, after this heated air is collected in the ridge duct 4, the handling box 5 a. 5b and handling box 5a. It flows down into the falling duct 10 from 5b and enters the air circulation space 13 under the floor panel 12. In this air circulation space 13, the heating air performs two kinds of heating operations, that is, heating the floor directly below the floor panel 12 and blowing the heated air directly from the floor outlet 14 into the room 20.

  On the other hand, in the handling box 5b, the heating medium fed from the hot water storage tank 17 through the circulation pipe 16 by the circulation pump 19 is heated by the hot water coil 15 and stored as hot water in the hot water storage tank 17, and from the hot water supply pipe 21. Hot water is supplied to various places.

  In the high temperature season such as summer, when heating is not necessary, it is necessary to discharge all the heated air heated by the roof plate 1 to the outside air and throw it away. In that case, if the falling duct 10 side that is one of the outflow sides is closed by the flow path switching damper 8 and the other side of the exhaust duct 9 that is the outflow side is opened, the heated air from the handling boxes 5a and 5b It is thrown away outdoors via the exhaust duct 9.

  In addition, since the heated air heats the hot water collecting coil 15 by passing through the handling boxes 5a and 5b, it can be ensured that hot water can be obtained by using solar heat even at high temperatures such as summer.

  In particular, in the handling box 5b, the air heated in the solar heat collecting part B opens the switching damper (discharge side) 8a and throws it away from the exhaust duct 9. At that time, the bypass passage 34 is opened and the air under the floor from the falling duct 10 is opened. Can be evacuated.

It is apparatus explanatory drawing which shows 1st Embodiment of the solar system house of this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the morning mode of 1st Embodiment of the solar system house of this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the noon mode of 1st Embodiment of the solar system house of this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the afternoon mode of 1st Embodiment of the solar system house of this invention. It is a partial explanatory view showing a second embodiment of the solar system house of the present invention. It is another partial explanatory drawing which shows 2nd Embodiment of the solar system house of this invention. It is a vertical side view which shows the outline | summary of the conventional solar system house.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Roof board 2 ... Air flow path 3 ... Air intake 4 ... Building duct 5, 5a, 5b ... Handling box
6 ... Backflow prevention damper 7 ... Heat collecting fan 8 ... Channel switching damper (discharge side)
8a: Channel switching damper (discharge side)
8b: Channel switching damper (discharge side)
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 9 ... Exhaust duct 10 ... Falling duct 11 ... Dirt concrete 12 ... Floor panel 13 ... Air distribution space 14 ... Floor outlet 15 ... Hot water coil 16 ... Circulation piping 17 ... Hot water tank 18 ... Hot water supply boiler 19 for reheating Circulation pump 20 ... Indoor 21 ... Hot water supply pipe 22 ... Flow path switching damper (suction side)
23 ... Under-floor duct 24 ... Under-floor air inlet 25 ... Electric damper 26 ... Ventilation fan 27 ... Exhaust duct 28 ... Relay box 29 ... Hut back
31 ... Glass 32a, 32b ... Connection duct 33 ... Suction port 34 ... Bypass path 36 ... Control panel 37 ... Remote control 38 ... Indoor thermo 39 ... Suction damper

Claims (3)

A solar heat collecting part is formed immediately below the roof plate, with one end as an air intake and an air flow path having the same gradient as the open roof, and a fan for collecting heat is provided in the solar heat collecting part. An internal handling box is connected via a heat collection duct, and a falling duct to the floor and an exhaust duct to the outside are connected to the handling box, and from the air intake through the solar heat collection section. In a passive solar system house where the outdoor air obtained is sent indoors through a falling duct with a heat collecting fan, solar heat collecting parts are provided on both the east and west surfaces of the roof, and the heat collecting duct is an external type roof. The box installed on the top is a rectangular box with a rectangular cross section, and the handling box is shared by both the east and west solar heat collectors and switches the flow path to the exhaust duct and the falling duct inside. The road switching damper (discharge side) is provided, also, Ryoshunetsu duct and the connecting duct between connecting the handling box mutually provided a switchable flow path switching damper (suction side) of these east and west solar heat collector A solar system house characterized in that the intake of warm air from the section can be switched with a handling box. A solar heat collecting part is formed immediately below the roof plate, with one end as an air intake and an air flow path having the same gradient as the open roof, and a fan for collecting heat is provided in the solar heat collecting part. An internal handling box is connected via a heat collection duct, and a falling duct to the floor and an exhaust duct to the outside are connected to the handling box, and from the air intake through the solar heat collection section. In a passive solar system house where the outdoor air obtained is sent indoors through a falling duct with a heat collecting fan, solar heat collecting parts are provided on both the east and west surfaces of the roof, and the heat collecting duct is an external type roof. It is a horizontally long box with a rectangular cross section installed on the top, and handling boxes are installed separately in the solar heat collector of both east and west, and each handling box is connected to the exhaust duct and the falling A flow path switching damper (discharge side) that switches the flow path to the duct and a flow path switching damper that can switch between an intake opening that opens indoors or a connection duct that connects the intake duct, the heat collection duct, and the handling box. (Suction system) A solar system house characterized in that the intake of hot air from both the east and west solar collectors can be switched by a handling box.   The solar system house according to claim 1 or 2, wherein an underfloor air supply port is provided by an underfloor duct that opens outdoors, an electric damper is provided in the underfloor duct, and a ventilation fan that is interlocked with the electric damper is provided.

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