JP3754969B2 - Airtight container and image display apparatus using the same - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an airtight container that maintains an interior different from the outside and an image display device that uses the airtight container.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, an envelope capable of maintaining the inside in a vacuum reduced pressure state is a frit (low melting point glass) using a face plate (phosphor substrate), a rear plate (electron-emitting device substrate), and an outer frame as a bonding material. It is manufactured by bonding using.
[0003]
That is, by forming a frit layer at the joint portion and then firing it, the joint portion is hermetically sealed, and an envelope capable of maintaining a vacuum inside is formed. Sealing the glass using the frit requires a high-temperature baking process at 400 to 500 ° C. in the atmosphere (normal pressure).
[0004]
In general, in an image display device using electrons, an envelope that maintains a vacuum (decompressed) atmosphere including a face plate, a rear plate, and an outer frame, which are glass members, an electron source for emitting electrons, and driving thereof A circuit, an image display member having a phosphor that emits light by collision of electrons, an acceleration electrode for accelerating electrons toward the image display member, and a high-voltage power source thereof are required (for example, see Patent Document 1).
[0005]
FIG. 8 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the peripheral portion of the envelope, which is a conventional example (see Patent Document 2). In the figure, an electron source 1 has a plurality of surface conduction electron-emitting devices arranged on a substrate and provided with appropriate wiring. The rear plate 2 and the face plate 4 are joined using an adhesive 9 and a sealing material 14 at a joint portion with the outer frame 3.
[0006]
The sealing material 14 for the joint is formed by forming an In wire or In sheet into an arbitrary shape and heating at 160 ° C. or higher to soften In, and the rear plate 2 and the outer frame 3 and the face plate 4 and the outer frame. 3 and 3 are respectively sealed. After that, the adhesive 9 is filled between the rear plate 2 and the face plate 4 so as to cover the outer periphery of the In sealing material 14 and the outer frame 3.
[0007]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-8-83578 [Patent Document 2]
International Publication No. 00/51155 Pamphlet [0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of this invention is to ensure the reliability of an airtight container by obtaining favorable airtight performance.
[0009]
Another object of the present invention is to provide an image display device capable of displaying a higher definition image.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The above object is achieved by the present invention described below.
[0011]
The present invention includes as a constituent member of the first substrate and the second substrate facing each other, wherein the first sealing material disposed in contact with the two substrates between the substrate and the second substrate, inside airtight Te airtight container odor that is maintained in the bonding material and the first substrate coupling the second substrate, wherein the sealing member and the contact portion between the two substrates with a gap, the sealing material It is an airtight container characterized by being arranged outside .
[0013]
Further, the present invention includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, wherein a component of the arrangement has an outer frame between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the first substrate second a second substrate each with the outer frame of Te airtight container odor inside a sealing material for sealing is maintained airtight, adhesive for connecting the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the sealing material contact portion between the substrates, and wherein the contact portion between the outer frame of the sealing member with a gap, a hermetically sealed container, characterized in that it is arranged outside of the sealing material.
[0019]
In addition, the present invention is an image display device comprising an image display means in the above airtight container.
[0020]
In the above image display device, the image display means preferably includes an electron source and a light emitter that emits light by irradiation of electrons emitted from the electron source.
[0021]
Further, the airtight container of the present invention includes a first substrate, a second substrate disposed to face the first substrate, an outer frame surrounding the periphery in time for the first substrate and the second group plate , possess a sealing member for sealing the respective outer frame and the first substrate and the second substrate, the space between the first substrate and the second substrate and the outer frame is maintained in an airtight Te airtight container smell that, and outside than the space which is maintained airtight, between the first substrate and the second substrate, the relative position between the first substrate and the second substrate is fixed and it has an adhesive state to maintain the adhesive material, the outer frame and the portion are in contact before Symbol sealant, as well as with each of the first substrate and the second substrate and the sealing member is in contact It is provided so that it may not contact | connect in a part .
[0022]
In addition, the hermetic container of the present invention has a particularly effective configuration when the adhesive material, the outer frame, and the sealing material have different coefficients of thermal expansion. If the thermal expansion coefficient of the adhesive and the outer frame and the sealing material are different respectively, and said adhesive material at every position where an adhesive having a respective thermal expansion coefficient different from the thermal expansion coefficient of the outer frame and the sealing material It is desirable that the outer frame and the sealing material do not contact in common (do not create a triple point), but if the adhesion in the vicinity of a certain area is sufficient, the adhesive in the area is not the outer frame and the sealing material. You may touch. Moreover, you may use together the other adhesive material in which a thermal expansion coefficient is substantially equal to at least any one of an outer frame and a sealing material. The other adhesive may be arranged so as to be further in contact with a portion where the sealing material and the outer frame are in contact.
[0025]
Furthermore, an image display device in the present invention for achieving the above object is an image display device using the above airtight container, and has an electron source on either the first substrate or the second substrate, On the other hand, it has a luminous body that emits light when irradiated with electrons emitted from the electron source.
[0026]
The present invention described above has been made based on the following knowledge.
[0027]
That is, for example, FIG. In the image display device as shown in FIG. 18, when the image display device is operated to display an image, heat is generated in the electron source 1 or the fluorescent film 7, and there is a temperature difference between the face plate 4 and the rear plate 2. May occur. At this time, a difference in thermal expansion occurs between the face plate 4 and the rear plate 2, and the difference in thermal expansion occurs in the frame portion (mainly the outer frame 3 and the adhesive 9) that is the peripheral portion of the envelope. As applied. When the frame portion is deformed by the shearing force applied to the frame portion, the relative relationship between the face plate 4 and the rear plate 2 is changed. As a result, the irradiation position of the electron beam emitted from the electron source 1 is desired. The fluorescent film 7 may be displaced from the center position, and image quality may be deteriorated. The relative positional shift between the face plate 4 and the rear plate 2 is a point that needs to be improved in order to improve the definition of the image of the image display device.
[0028]
The adhesive 9 is required to have a reinforcing performance for bonding the face plate 4 and the rear plate 2 more firmly together with the bonding performance. While proceeding with the study of the reinforcing structure using an adhesive having high elastic strength and high breaking strength as the adhesive 9, the following points were noticed.
[0029]
When a reliability test was performed on the face plate 4 and the rear plate 2 to give a temperature difference that is three times the temperature difference that would normally be expected, damage occurred starting from the two triple points in FIG. As shown in FIG. 8, in the conventional configuration, three different materials of the sealing material 14, the rear plate 2, and the adhesive material 9 are in contact with each other at a triple point 20, and the sealing material 14, the outer frame 3, and the adhesive material 9 are in contact. Are in contact at the triple point 21. That is, at the three points where three different kinds of materials having different material properties such as elastic modulus and thermal expansion coefficient come into contact, complicated and large stress is generated due to residual stress during manufacturing and temperature load for reliability test, It was found that the higher the strength of the adhesive 9, the greater the concentration of stress and the greater the possibility of breakage. Note that FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view, and 20 and 21 are referred to as triple points in order to explain using the cross-sectional view. However, in consideration of the depth direction, they are actually triple lines.
[0030]
Furthermore, when these three points are present, the material selection of the adhesive material 9 and the sealing material 14 is greatly limited. That is, it becomes difficult to select a higher strength adhesive as the adhesive 9, and even if it is intended to use an adhesive having a lower cost as the adhesive 9, it is necessary to carefully conduct a reliability test due to the presence of the triple point, There are significant restrictions on the device design.
[0031]
In view of the above situation, in the present invention, the relative position between the first substrate and the second substrate is well fixed by the reinforcing member that connects the first substrate and the second substrate facing each other, and the triple point is provided. Since the material selection of the adhesive material is expanded while ensuring the reliability of the hermetic container, it is realized that the first substrate and the second substrate can be more firmly fixed. A high-definition image display device can be manufactured.
[0032]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
[0033]
By reducing the number of triple points or four points (points where four dissimilar materials contact) or more, the material selection range of the reinforcing member (for example, an adhesive as described later) is expanded while ensuring the reliability of the hermetic container. In the airtight container according to the present invention, the reinforcing member is provided so as not to further contact at the portion where the outer frame and the sealing material are in contact with each other. The outer frame is between the first substrate and the second substrate disposed to face the first substrate and surrounds the periphery, and the sealing material is at least of the outer frame, the first substrate, and the second substrate. One is sealed.
[0034]
Further, the reinforcing member can be provided so as not to contact even at a portion where the first substrate and the sealing material and / or the second substrate and the sealing material are in contact.
[0035]
The most preferable reinforcing member in the form of an airtight container is not to be joined at a portion where the outer frame and the sealing material are in contact, a portion where the first substrate and the sealing member are in contact, and a portion where the second substrate and the sealing material are in contact. Is to provide.
[0036]
In the hermetic container according to the present invention, when the inside is hermetically connected between the first substrate and the second substrate by a sealing material disposed in contact with both substrates, the first substrate and the second substrate The reinforcing member that connects the two is disposed with a gap between the sealing material and the contact portion between the two substrates.
[0037]
In the following description, an example in which an airtight container is used for an image display device will be described. In this case, the first substrate may be referred to as a face plate, and the second substrate may be referred to as a rear plate, but the opposite may be used.
[0038]
The material of the first substrate, the second substrate, and the outer frame constituting the hermetic container is, for example, glass, and there is no problem with glass materials such as high strain point glass, blue plate glass, and quartz glass.
[0039]
As a sealing material having a sealing function, a metal or alloy such as In, Al, Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, Ti, or Ni, and a surface such as In, Al, Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, Ti, or Ni are used. It can be selected from materials such as organic adhesives and inorganic adhesives coated with metals or alloys. In particular, a low melting point metal having a melting point of 400 ° C. or less is preferable, a metal such as In, Pb, or Sn, a so-called solder material containing Pb, Sn, In, Au, or the like, Bi type, Sn—Pb type, or Sn—Zn type. Cd—Zn-based and Zn—Al-based low and medium temperature solder materials can be used.
[0040]
The thermal expansion coefficient of the reinforcing member may be different from that of the outer frame and the sealing agent, or may be the same as at least one of the outer frame and the sealing agent.
[0041]
An adhesive can be used as the reinforcing member. Polymer thermoplastic adhesives such as polyetherketone and polysulfone as main components, adhesives based on polybenzimidazole resin, adhesives based on acrylic resin, adhesives based on polyimide resin Use organic adhesives such as adhesives mainly composed of epoxy resins, inorganic adhesives mainly composed of one or more of alumina, silica, zirconia and carbon (including composite oxides). Can do. Most preferred are an inorganic adhesive mainly composed of zirconia and silica and an inorganic adhesive mainly composed of silica and alumina (including silica and alumina).
[0042]
In addition, an adhesive for resisting a force in a direction in which the first substrate and the second substrate are separated from each other from the viewpoint of maintaining the distance between the first substrate and the second substrate can be used. It is also possible to use an adhesive that resists the force in the direction of attracting the two substrates.
[0043]
Further, an image display is provided by providing an electron source on one of the first substrate and the second substrate of such an airtight container and providing a light emitter that emits light when irradiated with electrons emitted from the electron source. A device can be made.
[0044]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Next, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated further in detail, this invention is not restrict | limited to a following example.
[0045]
Example 1
1 to 4 are diagrams for explaining the present invention with reference to the first embodiment.
[0046]
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view for explaining the overall configuration of the hermetic container, and FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of the frame portion 215.
[0047]
In FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the face plate 201 is equipped with a phosphor 206, the rear plate 202 is equipped with an electron source 207 and a wiring extraction unit 240, and the rear plate 202 faces the face plate 201. The electron source 207 is a generic name including a plurality of surface conduction electron-emitting devices, wiring necessary for driving the insulating element, an insulating layer, and the like. The wiring extraction unit 240 is a wiring for supplying an electric signal or the like to the electron source 207 from the outside. And an insulating layer. The phosphor 206 is a generic name including a phosphor and an electrode for accelerating electrons.
[0048]
The outer frame 203 is installed between the face plate 201 and the rear plate 202. The sealing material 204 is made of an In (97%)-Ag (3%) alloy and seals the face plate 201 and the outer frame. The rear plate 202 and the outer frame 203 are sealed with a frit 205. Sealing means maintaining vacuum tightness.
[0049]
The adhesive 214 is in a region sandwiched between the face plate 201 and the wiring take-out part 240 formed on the rear plate 202 and outside the outer frame 203. The gap 216 is a region sandwiched between the face plate 201 and the wiring extraction portion 240 formed on the rear plate 202, and between the sealing material 204, the outer frame 203, the frit 205, and the adhesive material 214. It is a space provided.
[0050]
When the gap 216 exists as described above, the reinforcing member does not further contact at the portion where the outer frame and the sealing material are in contact, and further does not further contact at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate at the portion where the sealing material contacts. It will have a configuration.
[0051]
The material of the face plate 201, the rear plate 202, and the outer frame 203 is glass, and PD200 (manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), which is a high strain point glass, is used. The frit is ASF2300M (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), and the sealing condition is 430 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thermal expansion coefficient of PD200 is 83 × 10 ⁻⁷ / ° C., and the thermal expansion coefficient of ASF2300M is 72 × 10 ⁻⁷ / ° C. Further, the thermal expansion coefficient of the In—Ag alloy is 25 × 10 ⁻⁶ / ° C.
[0052]
Next, the structure at the time of manufacture is shown in FIGS. In the figure, reference numeral 209 denotes a rear plate hot plate for heating the rear plate, and reference numeral 210 denotes a face plate hot plate. The fixing member 211 fixes the rear plate 202 or the face plate 201 to the hot plate. The InAg alloy wire 212 made of an In (97%)-Ag (3%) alloy becomes the sealing material 204 by firing at a temperature of 141 ° C. or higher, which is the melting point temperature. In the drawing, a dispenser 220 applies an adhesive 214.
[0053]
First, the electron source 207 and the wiring extraction portion 240 are formed in advance, and the rear plate 202 with the outer frame 203 sealed by the frit 205 is placed on the rear plate hot plate 210 and fixed using the fixing member 211. .
[0054]
Next, an InAg alloy wire 212, which is a low melting point metal that has been bent into substantially the same shape as the outer frame 203, is placed on the outer frame 203, and the face plate 201 on which the phosphor 206 is formed in advance is attached to the fixing member 211. And is stacked on the InAg alloy wire-212 so that the phosphor 206 faces the electron source 207 and faces the electron source 207.
[0055]
Thereafter, the rear plate 202 and the face plate 201 are aligned and fixed at a desired position by a positioning mechanism (not shown), and the hot plates 209 and 210 are heated to 150 ° C., which exceeds the melting point temperature of the InAg alloy wire 212. The alloy wire 212 is melted and then cooled. At the stage of cooling the hot plates 209 and 210, the InAg alloy wire-212 is solidified to become the sealing material 204, which exhibits a hermetic performance.
[0056]
In order to improve the adhesion between the outer frame 203 and the face plate 201 and the InAg alloy wire-212, a metal such as In or Ag or an alloy such as an InAg alloy is previously applied to the joint surface by vacuum deposition, screen printing, or dipping. It is effective to coat with a coating method such as spray and dispenser.
[0057]
After the hot plates 209 and 210 are cooled, the fixing member 211 is removed, and the adhesive 214 is applied using the dispenser 220.
[0058]
As the adhesive 214, an inorganic adhesive mainly composed of silica / alumina (Sumiceram S: manufactured by Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was used. The coefficient of thermal expansion of Sumiceram S is 70 × 10 ⁻⁷ / ° C. When the adhesive 214 is applied by the dispenser 220, the position of the tip of the dispenser and the viscosity of the adhesive are adjusted so that a gap 216 is generated. Protruding to the outside is not a serious problem, and the adhesive 214 may be applied to the end surface of the face plate 201 in some cases.
[0059]
After the adhesive 214 is applied, the hot plates 209 and 210 are heated again, baked at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes to be cured, and cooled, whereby the reinforcement of the airtight container 208 is completed.
[0060]
In addition, although the area | region where a wiring extraction part does not exist also exists in the rear plate 202, as shown in FIG.
[0061]
Subsequently, the airtight container 208 is removed from the hot plates 209, 210, etc., and a vacuum exhaust pipe (not shown) is attached to an external vacuum exhaust device to reduce the internal pressure of the airtight container 208 to 1 × 10 ⁻³ Pa or less. As disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-83578, etc., the electron source 107 is subjected to energization processing such as forming processing and activation processing, and then the vacuum exhaust pipe is heated and sealed with a burner, and vacuum (reduced pressure) is applied. The airtight container in a state was completed.
[0062]
Further, a drive device such as a drive board for driving the electron source 207 and the like, a high-voltage power source for supplying a high voltage for accelerating electrons emitted from the electron source 207, and the like are attached to the hermetic container 208 to produce an image display device. , Confirmed the image display.
[0063]
In this example, a surface conduction electron-emitting device was used as the electron source 207. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and a cold cathode electron-emitting device such as a field emission type or carbon nanotube can be used. There is no problem.
[0064]
Further, even if the same material as the sealing material 204 is used in the place where the frit 205 is used in this embodiment, there is no problem.
[0065]
In the present invention, an atmospheric pressure support structure called a spacer is not necessary because of a relatively small image display device. However, when manufacturing an airtight container for a large area image display device, the face plate 201 by atmospheric pressure is used. In order to suppress deformation of the rear plate 202, a support body called a spacer is provided between the face plate 201 and the rear plate 202. Thereby, the airtight container with sufficient tolerance intensity | strength with respect to atmospheric pressure can be comprised.
[0066]
The effect of the present invention is not limited to an airtight container having a cold cathode electron-emitting device and an image display device, but can also be applied to a plasma discharge type image display device (PDP). In this case, partition walls are formed on the rear plate, discharge electrodes and the like are formed on the face plate, and a discharge gas is filled between the rear plate and the face plate.
[0067]
While displaying an image, a surface heater is attached to the outside of the face plate 201 of the hermetic container 208 to heat it so that the temperature of the rear plate 202 is three times the normal temperature, and the electron beam on the phosphor 206 is heated. The irradiation position was measured. As a result, there was no displacement of the electron beam irradiation position, and no deterioration in image quality occurred. The effect that the face plate 201 and the rear plate 202 are firmly fixed to each other by the adhesive 214 via the wiring take-out portion 240 was confirmed.
[0068]
Further, the adhesive material 214 was not damaged. By providing the gap 216, it was confirmed that the triple point was eliminated, the potential defect of the hermetic container was eliminated, and the reliability of the hermetic container and the image display device was improved.
[0069]
(Example 2)
6 and 7 are diagrams for explaining a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration in a region where the wiring take-out portion 240 is present, and FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration in a region where the wiring take-out portion is not present. The configuration of the present embodiment is different from the first embodiment only in the configuration of the adhesive material. The material used in this example was the same as that in Example 1.
[0070]
In FIG. 6, the adhesive 314 is in a region sandwiched between the face plate 201 and the rear plate 202 and is provided outside the outer frame 203. In the present embodiment, although the adhesive 314 is in contact with the outer frame 203, the presence of the gap 316 does not contact the sealing material 204 and the frit 205, so there is no triple point.
[0071]
In this example, the gap 316 could be secured by increasing the viscosity of the adhesive 314 and applying it with a dispenser.
[0072]
Further, by preventing the frit 205 and the sealing material 204 from protruding from the outer frame 203 by reducing the usage amount of the frit 205 and the sealing material 204, the gap 316 can be secured more easily.
[0073]
Also in this example, the same effect as in Example 1 was obtained.
[0074]
According to the configuration of each embodiment described above, in the reinforcing structure in which the adhesive material is installed between the face plate and the rear plate, the selection range of the adhesive material is expanded by eliminating the contact points of three or more kinds of different materials. It was realized that the face plate and the rear plate were more firmly fixed. Furthermore, the potential strength can be increased by removing the stress concentration portion, and as a result, a higher-definition image display device can be manufactured.
[0075]
【The invention's effect】
The present invention can ensure the reliability of the hermetic container by obtaining good hermetic performance.
[0076]
In addition, the present invention can provide an image display device capable of displaying a higher definition image.
[0077]
In addition, according to the present invention, a suitable hermetic container or an image display device can be realized by reducing stress concentration points.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view illustrating a configuration of an airtight container according to a first embodiment.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a frame portion according to the first embodiment.
3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the airtight container of Example 1. FIG.
4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a method for manufacturing the hermetic container of Example 1. FIG.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a frame portion according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a frame portion according to the second embodiment.
FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a frame portion according to the second embodiment.
FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a frame portion for explaining a conventional example.
[Explanation of symbols]
4 ... Face plate 2 ... Rear plate 3 ... Outer frame 1 ... Electron source 7 ... Fluorescent film 14 ... Sealing material 20 ... 3 point 21 ... 3 point 201 .. Face plate 202 ... Rear plate 203 ... Outer frame 204 ... Sealing material 205 ... Frit 206 ... Phosphor 207 ... Electron source 208 ... Airtight container 209 ... Face Plate hot plate 210 ... Rear plate hot plate 211 ... Fixing member 212 ... In wire 214 ... Adhesive 215 ... Frame portion 216 ... Gap 220 ... Dispenser 230 ... · Triple point 240 ··· Wiring extraction portion 216 ··· Gap 314 ··· Adhesive 316 ··· Gap

Claims (9)

And a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other as a constituent member, a sealing material disposed in contact with the two substrates between the first substrate and the second substrate, the internal is maintained airtight Te airtight container smell you are,
The adhesive for connecting the first substrate and the second substrate is disposed outside the sealing material with a gap from the contact portion between the sealing material and the two substrates. Airtight container. A first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, wherein a component of the arrangement has an outer frame between said first substrate and said second substrate, wherein the each of the first substrate and the second substrate a sealing material for sealing an outer frame Te airtight container smell inside is kept airtight,
The adhesive material to the first substrate coupling the second substrate, the contact portions between the substrate of the sealing material, and wherein the contact portion between the outer frame of the sealing member with a gap, the An airtight container, characterized in that it is disposed outside a sealing material . A first substrate; a second substrate disposed opposite the first substrate; an outer frame between and surrounding the first substrate and the second substrate; the outer frame and the first substrate; possess a sealing member for sealing the respective second substrates, Te airtight container odor space is maintained airtight between the outer frame and the first substrate and the second substrate,
And outside than the space which is maintained airtight, between the first substrate and the second substrate, to maintain the state in which the relative position between the first substrate and the second substrate is fixed adhesion Have materials,
The adhesive is provided so as not to contact at a portion where the outer frame and the sealing material are in contact , and at a portion where each of the first substrate and the second substrate is in contact with the sealing material. Airtight container. The adhesive , the outer frame, and the sealing material have different coefficients of thermal expansion ,
The adhesive material, at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, and the sealing material have different coefficients of thermal expansion.
And wherein the airtight container according to claim 3. The sealing material is characterized by a low melting point metal, airtight container according to any one of claims 1-4. The sealing material is characterized by a frit, airtight container according to any one of claims 1-4. The adhesive material, the first is a member opposed to the force acting in a direction to reduce the distance of the substrate and the second substrate, the airtight container according to any one of claims 1-6. In air tight container according to any one of claims 1 to 7, an image display apparatus characterized by comprising an image display means. The image display means is characterized by comprising an electron source and a light emitting member which emits light by irradiation with electrons emitted from said electron source, an image display apparatus according to claim 8.

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