JP3623994B2 - Crustacean infection control feed composition - Google Patents

Crustacean infection control feed composition Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3623994B2
JP3623994B2 JP29585994A JP29585994A JP3623994B2 JP 3623994 B2 JP3623994 B2 JP 3623994B2 JP 29585994 A JP29585994 A JP 29585994A JP 29585994 A JP29585994 A JP 29585994A JP 3623994 B2 JP3623994 B2 JP 3623994B2
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crustacean
saponin
tea
infection
feed composition
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JPH08131089A (en
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謙哉 間部
勉 大久保
幸則 高橋
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Taiyo Kagaku KK
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Taiyo Kagaku KK
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • Y02A40/818Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures

Description

【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は甲殻類感染症の病原体に対し、その増殖を抑制し、該病原体の感染力の低下あるいは消失効果を有する甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、甲殻類の養殖技術が確立され、世界各国においてクルマエビ属を中心とした甲殻類の養殖産業が発展してきている。このような状況下、養殖飼料の散逸による底質の悪化や過密養殖等の環境悪化にともない、甲殻類感染症が多発し甚大な被害をもたらしている。
甲殻類感染症としては、病原性細菌によるビブリオ病,糸状菌症および病原性ウィルスによるバキュロウィルス性,ラブドウィルス性感染症が挙げられる。
【0003】
これら感染症に対する防除対策として、現在、ビブリオ病をはじめとする細菌感染症に対して抗生物質ではオキシテトラサイクリン,合成の抗菌剤ではオキソリン酸が用いられており、飼料に添加して投与するか又は甲殻類を薬液中で薬浴させる方法が行われている。しかし、薬剤の多用にともないそれら薬剤に対する耐性菌の出現や薬剤の体内への残留性等が問題となり、薬剤投与による感染症抑制効果が望めなくなってきている。
【0004】
また、これら抗生物質や合成抗菌剤に代わる防除対策として、現在、水産動物の生体防御機能を活性化し、感染症に対する抵抗力を付与する方法や抗菌性の天然物を使用する方法が注目されている。通常、生体防御機能は抗体を介する体液性免疫機能、あるいはマクロファージ,好中球などの貪食細胞を介する細胞性免疫機能を活性化することにより高めることができる。体液性免疫機能を活性化する方法としてはワクチンが知られており、水産用ワクチンではアユのビブリオ病不活化ワクチンが実用化されている(Aoki et al. ,魚病研究,19(3) ,181ー185(1984) ,Kawano et al. ,魚病研究,50,771ー774(1984a),18(4) ,185ー190 (1984b) ,川合・楠田,魚病研究,20(2/3) ,413ー419(1985) )。また、細胞性免疫機能の活性化方法としては、細胞性免疫機能活性化物質を経口投与する方法が注目され、現在、その活性化物質としてリポポリサッカライド,ペプチドグリカン,レバミゾール,β−1,3−グルカン等が知られており、これらが水産動物の感染症防除に有効であることが報告されている。
しかしながら、甲殻類等の無脊椎動物は抗体を介した免疫機能を有さず、ワクチンによる有効な予防方法がなかった。近年、クルマエビのビブリオ病細菌性疾病に対して、その病原体の不活化ワクチンを経口法,注射法および浸漬法による予防効果が確認されているが、実用化には至っていない。
また、ワクチン以外の感染症に対する防除方法としては、例えば、抗菌性を有する天然物を添加した飼料として平成4年特許出願公告第75745号公報では水産動物の感染症の病原菌に対する天然抗菌活性物質として植物精油およびその成分を養殖魚用飼料に配合し利用する技術が開示されている。また、細菌性疾病の予防・治療剤として平成4年特許出願公開第103537号公報では緑茶抽出物を用いた養殖魚感染症に対する予防および治療剤に関する技術が開示されており、平成4年特許出願公開第360839号公報では養殖魚の細菌性疾病に対しユーカリ抽出物およびその成分を利用する養殖魚感染症の予防および治療剤が開示されている。以上が抗菌性天然物を利用した養殖魚感染症,特に細菌性感染症の予防・治療法の例示であるが、実用的な面での効果が低いという欠点を有する。平成5年特許出願公開第308908号公報では養殖魚類甲殻類の飼料に茶成分を含有させることを特徴とする魚類甲殻類の感染症に対する治療方法が開示されているが、この例示でも実用的効果は薄い。
一方、ウィルス性感染症に対しては、今だ有効な薬剤が開発されておらず、効果的な防除対策がないのが現状である。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
このような状況下、甲殻類感染症に対し抗生物質あるいはワクチン等に代わる効果的で、安全性の高い実用的な感染防除方法の開発が強く望まれている。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、前記課題を解決するために、甲殻類感染症の防除方法として種々の研究を重ねた結果、われわれが日常飲用している茶の抽出物が、甲殻類の病原体に対して強い抗菌活性および抗ウィルス活性を有すること,また、サポニンが甲殻類の細胞性免疫機能のうち、マクロファージ,顆粒球などの貪食細胞の貪食能を高める効果を有することを見出した。さらに、茶成分とサポニンの両成分を配合した甲殻類の飼料を調製し、経口投与による甲殻類感染症の抑制効果について試験をおこなったところ、茶成分またはサポニン単独の場合よりも顕著な感染症抑制効果を見出した。すなわち、本発明は、甲殻類感染症の病原体に対し、その増殖を抑制し、該病原体の感染力の低下あるいは消失効果を有する茶成分及びサポニンを配合してなる甲殻類感染症防除組成物に関する。
【0007】
本発明の茶成分とは、緑茶などの非醗酵茶,ウーロン茶などの半醗酵茶,紅茶などの醗酵茶の茶全草もしくはその一部,例えば木部,根,茎,葉,実等の生もしくは乾燥物のそのまま、もしくは部分醗酵物および完全醗酵物,もしくはそれらの混合物を水(熱水を含む),エタノール,メタノール,イソプロピルアルコール,アセトン,酢酸エチル,ヘキサン,クロロホルム,石油エーテルなどの有機溶剤,または水とこれら有機溶剤の混合液等を用いて抽出したものであるが、その抽出物をさらに精製して純度を高めたものであっても問題はなく、例えば、緑茶,ウーロン茶,紅茶もしくはそれらの混合物の抽出物があげられる。好ましくは、緑茶の熱水抽出物を精製した製品であるサンフェノン(太陽化学(株)製,登録商標)をあげることができる。これら茶成分の製造法は、水及び/または有機溶剤による茶抽出液を分画分子量6,000 〜100,000 である限外濾過膜を通過させ、濃縮・乾燥により精製粉末を得ることができ、平成2年特許出願公開第6499号公報に詳細に例示される。
【0008】
本発明のサポニンとは、キラヤ、大豆、ビート、ユッカの植物に含まれるサポニンの精製品またはサポニンを含有する植物の粗抽出物または粗抽出物を精製して得られる精製サポニンである。これらサポニンは各植物体を粉砕し、水,好ましくは熱水,エタノールもしくは有機溶剤,または水と有機溶剤の混合液等で抽出,精製し得ることができる。抽出条件は、特に限定するものではないが室温あるいは 40〜60℃加温下でおこなうことが望ましい。甲殻類養殖用飼料に添加して使用する場合、大量のサポニンの供給が要求され、これに適するサポニンとしてはキラヤサポニン,大豆サポニン,ビートサポニン,ユッカサポニンをあげることができる。この中で、キラヤ皮抽出物より得られるキラヤサポニンが好ましい。
【0009】
キラヤ皮抽出物は、南米のチリ,ボリビア,ペルー地域に分布するシャボンの木(学名:Quillaja Saponaria Mol. )とよばれるバラ科の常緑高木の樹皮から得られた抽出物である。キラヤ皮抽出物はキラヤサポニン(キラヤ酸をアグリコンとするトリテルペン系の配糖体)を含有する。キラヤサポニンは優れた界面活性作用を有し、この作用を利用して、現在、キラヤ皮抽出物が天然の起泡剤、乳化剤として食品に応用されている。
【0010】
キラヤサポニンについては、哺乳動物に対する経口投与で、その抗体産生能力を高める作用が知られており、その作用機作として腸管からの抗原蛋白質の吸収を促進すること、また、抗体産生にかかわるB細胞やT細胞を活性化することが報告されている。しかし、キラヤサポニンまたはキラヤ皮抽出物の経口投与で魚類及び甲殻類の細胞性免疫機能、特に、貪食細胞の遊走能及び貪食能を高めるということは知られていない。
【0011】
本発明の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物における茶成分とサポニンの配合量は、使用目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。通常、飼料に対して茶成分 0.05 〜5%,サポニン 0.005〜1%の配合量を選択する。配合方法としては、例えばブレンダーを使用する場合、茶成分とサポニンを混合し、均質化することで得られる。
【0012】
本発明における甲殻類とは、クルマエビ(Penaeus japonicus) ,ウシエビ(Penaeus monodon) ,バナナエビ(Penaeus morguiensis) ,コウライエビ(Penaeusorientalis)等のクルマエビ族(Penaeidea )やコエビ族(Caridea ),オトヒメエビ族(Stenopodidea)等の甲殻類である。
【0013】
本発明における甲殻類感染症とは、ビブリオ属に属するビブリオ菌やロイコスリックス属に分類される糸状菌の細菌性病原体による感染症およびバキュロウィルスやラブドウィルスのウィルス性病原体による感染症を言う。
【0014】
本発明の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物の性状としては、粉末状,顆粒状,ペレット状等どのような形状であってもよいが、エビ類への経口投与を目的とした場合、ペレット状に成型することが最も望ましい。また、エビ類幼生への経口投与を目的とした場合、噴霧乾燥機や流動造粒乾燥機等により微粒子粉末状に加工することが望ましい。
【0015】
本発明においては、エビ類の公知飼料成分を基本飼料組成として茶成分とサポニンを配合するだけでよく、成エビ類に対してはペレット状(1〜2.5mm × 5〜15mm)に,幼エビ類に対しては微粒子粉末状(粒径50〜200μm)の飼料に加工することが望ましい。
さらに、魚類飼料に通常用いられている摂餌誘引・促進物質(イノシン酸,アミノ酸,ペプチド,ベタイン,プロリン,アラニン,メチオニン,アルギニン,ヌクレオチド,グリシン,アスパラギン酸,イソロイシン,フェニルアラニン,チロシン,リジン,セリン,ロイシン,ヒスチジン,イノシン,バリン,スレオニン,グルタミン酸等)やビタミン類(ビタミンC,E,B,A,D,B,B,B12,K等),ミネラル類(Ca,P,K,Na,Mg,Cl,Mn,
Fe,Cu,Zn,Mo等),抗酸化剤(トコフェロール,アスコルビン酸,エトキシキン,BHA,BHT等)など適宜配合することができる。
【0016】
本発明の飼料組成物は、エビ類感染症の抑制を目的として利用する。投与量は、緑茶の熱水および溶剤抽出等による抽出物の場合、薬浴法では 0.01 〜1%溶液,飼料添加法では 1mg〜10g/尾/日である。サポニンは、飼料に対して 0.0001 〜0.001%の添加が望ましい。飼料に対しては、茶抽出物 0.005%以下,サポニン 0.0001%以下の濃度では、サポニンとの併用による抗菌活性の増強作用が期待されない。また、茶抽出物 50%を越える濃度ではエビ類の摂餌性に影響を及ぼす場合がある。
【0017】
本発明に用いられる緑茶の熱水および有機溶剤により得られた抽出物の成分組成は、(+)−カテキン,(+)−ガロカテキン,(−)−ガロカテキンガレート,(−)−エピカテキン,(−)−エピカテキンガレート,(−)−エピガロカテキンおよび(−)−エピガロカテキンガレートより選ばれるタンニン類を1種または2種以上含有することが好ましく、特に好ましくは(−)−エピガロカテキンガレートを高濃度含有することが望ましい。
【0018】
本発明によれば、茶成分とサポニン配合の飼料,薬剤等をエビ類に経口法あるいは浸漬法等により投与すれば、試験例に示したようにエビ類感染症を効果的に抑制することができる。その抑制メカニズムについては、エビ類等の無脊椎動物の生体防御機構が脊椎動物のものと著しく異なるため不明な点が多いが、エビ類の体内において投与された茶成分とサポニンがエビ類感染症の病原体の表面に付着することにより、病原体の増殖を抑制し、その病原性,付着感染力等を消去すること,さらにサポニンが甲殻類の貪食細胞を活性化し病原体を貪食,消去することによるものであると推測される。
【0019】
以下、実施例および試験例により本発明をさらに詳しく説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例により何ら限定されるものではない。なお、使用したサポニンはキラヤサポニンであるが、他のサポニン(大豆,ビート,ユッカ)を使用してもほぼ同様の結果が得られた。
【0020】
【実施例】
実施例1.エビ類のビブリオ病抑制飼料の調製
茶成分としてサンフェノン(太陽化学(株)製)を 0.1% 配合させた茶成分配合エビ類ビブリオ病抑制飼料を調製した。すなわち、エビ類基本飼料粉末 100kgに対してサンフェノン 100gおよび水30リットルを加え混合した後、ミートチョッパーにて直径2mm,長さ約5mmのペレットに成型した。蒸し工程処理をおこない、80℃の流動乾燥機で水分含量10%以下になるように乾燥し、エビ類ビブリオ病抑制飼料 100kgを得た。なお、エビ類基本飼料粉末の処方を表1に示す。
【0021】
【表1】

Figure 0003623994
【0022】
実施例2
キラヤサポニン液20mlを澱粉分解物 20gに吸着させた後、ビール乾燥酵母 960gを混合して粉末化(プレミックス)し、実施例1のペレット成型方法により上記プレミックス品を1%配合させたエビ類感染症抑制飼料 100kgを調製した。
【0023】
実施例3
大豆サポニン液 20ml を澱粉分解物 20gに吸着させた後、ビール乾燥酵母960gを混合して粉末化(プレミックス)し、実施例1のペレット成型方法により上記プレミックス品を1%配合させたエビ類感染症抑制飼料 100kgを調製した。
【0024】
実施例4
ビートサポニン液 20ml を澱粉分解物 20gに吸着させた後、ビール乾燥酵母 960gを混合して粉末化(プレミックス)し、実施例1のペレット成型方法により上記プレミックス品を1%配合させたエビ類感染症抑制飼料 100kgを調製した。
【0025】
実施例5
キラヤサポニン液20mlを澱粉分解物 20gに吸着させたのち、サンフェノン100g,ビール乾燥酵母 860gを混合して粉末化(プレミックス)し、実施例1のペレット成型方法により上記プレミックスを1%配合させたエビ類感染症抑制飼料 100kgを調製した。
【0026】
実施例6.エビ類のウィルス性感染症抑制微粒子飼料の調製
茶成分としてサンフェノン,サポニンとしてキラヤサポニンを表2の処方で配合したエビ類感染症抑制微粒子飼料を調製した。粉末 500g を水 5リットルに溶解させ、スプレードライヤー(入口温度 150℃,出口温度 80℃)で乾燥粉末として、その粉末について流動乾燥造粒機で粒状化し、エビ類感染症抑制微粒子飼料500gを得た。
エビ類感染症抑制微粒子飼料の処方を表2に示す。
【0027】
【表2】
Figure 0003623994
【0028】
試験例1.各種ビブリオ病の魚病原因細菌の緑茶抽出物に対する感受性を調べた。
緑茶に対して10倍量の熱水を加え、30分間撹拌しながら抽出後、液層部のみを濾過,濃縮し、凍結乾燥品を緑茶の熱水抽出物とした。
上記の緑茶熱水抽出物に水を加えたものを試料とし、寒天平板希釈法を用いて各種魚病原因細菌に対する最小発育阻止濃度(MIC,μg/ml)を求めた。
各細菌を 1.5%NaCl加ブレインハート・インフュージョン寒天培地上に1白金耳塗抹し、25℃,24時間培養後の試験結果を表3に示した。
【0029】
【表3】
Figure 0003623994
【0030】
試験例2.クルマエビのビブリオ病に対する茶成分およびキラヤサポニンの効果(感染実験)
平均体重11gのクルマエビを16尾ずつの4群に分け、試験群にはそれぞれ実施例1,2および5で調製した茶成分配合,キラヤサポニン配合および茶成分とキラヤサポニン配合のエビ類感染症抑制飼料を、対照群にはエビ類基本飼料を用い、それぞれエビ体重あたり1%量/日で21日間投与した。
投与開始8日目から、クルマエビのビブリオ病原因菌 Vibrio sp.の滅菌海水懸濁液 1.1×10 CFU /mlをエビ第6腹節筋肉に 0.1mlずつ接種した。
感染後14日間、各群の斃死の有無を観察するとともに、斃死エビからのVibrio sp.の菌分離を試みた。
【0031】
各区の感染後14日目の生存数より生残率を求め、図1に示した。
対照群は感染後5日目で16尾すべてが斃死した(生残率0%)。一方、茶成分のみ,サポニンのみの投与群ではそれぞれ12尾斃死(生残率25%),13尾斃死(生残率18.8%)であったが、茶成分とサポニンを合わせた投与群では8尾斃死(生残率50%)と明らかに相乗効果が認められた(p<0.01)。
また、斃死したエビの心臓及びリンパ様器官からは感染に用いた菌が分離された。
【0032】
試験例3.クルマエビ幼生のバキュロウィルス性中腸腺壊死症に対する茶成分およびキラヤサポニンの効果(感染実験)
クルマエビのゾエア期幼生を50尾ずつの4群に分けた。試験群には、実施例6で調製した茶成分およびキラヤサポニンを配合した微粒子飼料をゾエア期からポストラーバ期(PL10)の幼生に 10mg(1尾あたりの1日量として約 0.2mg)を7日間投与した。対照区には、実施例6の対照微粒子飼料を同様に投与した。感染方法は、−80℃で保存していたバキュロウィルス性中腸腺壊死症(BMN)によって斃死したエビを解凍し、その3gを滅菌海水 30ml 中でホモジナイズした後、0.22μmのミリポアフィルターでろ過したろ液をゾエア期幼生を収容した水槽に10mlずつ入れて感染を試みた。感染後10日間の各区における斃死尾数を調べ、生残率を求めた。
【0033】
試験群および対照群におけるクルマエビ幼生の生残率変化を図2に示した。対照区の生残率が0%であったのに対し、茶成分投与区では20%,キラヤサポニン投与区では10%,茶成分とキラヤサポニン投与区では44%であり、各投与区と対照区の生残率には有意な差(p<0.01)が認められた。
【0034】
本発明の実施態様ならびに目的生成物を挙げれば以下のとおりである。
(1)茶成分とサポニンを配合することを特徴とする甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(2)サポニンがキラヤの水及び/またはアルコール抽出成分である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(3)サポニンが大豆の水及び/またはアルコール抽出成分である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(4)サポニンがビートの水及び/またはアルコール抽出成分である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(5)サポニンがユッカの水及び/またはアルコール抽出成分である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(6)サポニンがキラヤ、大豆、ビート、ユッカのいずれか1種または2種の水及び/またはアルコール抽出成分である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(7)サポニンがキラヤから抽出し精製したキラヤサポニンである前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(8)サポニンが大豆から抽出し精製した大豆サポニンである前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(9)サポニンがビートから抽出し精製したビートサポニンである前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(10)サポニンがユッカから抽出し精製したユッカサポニンである前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(11)サポニンがキラヤ、大豆、ビート、ユッカから抽出した1種以上の精製サポニンである前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(12)サポニンがキラヤサポニンであり、茶成分が緑茶抽出物である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(13)茶成分が緑茶である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(14)茶成分がウーロン茶である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(15)茶成分が紅茶である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(16)茶成分が水及び/または有機溶剤による抽出物である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(17)茶成分が水及び/または有機溶剤による茶抽出液を分画分子量6,000 〜100,000 である限外濾過膜を通過させて得られた前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(18)茶成分が(+)−カテキン,(+)−ガロカテキン,(−)−ガロカテキンガレート,(−)−エピカテキン,(−)−エピカテキンガレート,(−)−エピガロカテキンおよび(−)−エピガロカテキンガレートより選ばれるタンニン類を1種または2種以上である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(19)感染症が細菌性感染症である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
(20)感染症がウィルス性感染症である前記(1)記載の甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。
【0035】
【発明の効果】
従来、甲殻類感染症の防除は、抗生物質や合成抗菌剤等の薬剤投与により実施されており、近年、薬剤大量投与による甲殻類体内への薬物残留の問題,薬剤耐性菌出現の問題等により薬剤に代わる甲殻類感染症防除方法の開発が望まれている。また、甲殻類のウィルス性感染症に対しては今だ有効な薬剤もなく、甲殻類養殖においては多大な被害をもたらしている。
本発明は、茶成分とサポニンを含有することにより、従来の薬剤耐性菌の出現頻度の減少や薬物の体内残留の抑制などの効果が期待できる。
このような現状において、本発明によりはじめて、安全性の高い天然物成分を配合した甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物を用いることにより、甲殻類感染症を効果的に防除でき、産業上非常に貢献大である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】クルマエビのビブリオ病に対する茶成分およびキラヤサポニンの効果の図である。
【図2】クルマエビ幼生のバキュロウイルス性中腸腺壊死症に対する茶成分およびキラヤサポニンの効果の図である。
【符号の説明】
試験区1 茶成分0.1%添加区
試験区2 キラヤサポニン0.02%添加区
試験区3 茶成分0.1%とキラヤサポニン0.02%添加区
試験区5 茶成分0.1%とキラヤサポニン0.02%添加区
対照区 無添加区[0001]
[Industrial application fields]
The present invention relates to a crustacean infection control feed composition that suppresses the growth of a pathogen of a crustacean infectious disease and has an effect of reducing or eliminating the infectivity of the pathogen.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, crustacean aquaculture technology has been established, and the crustacean aquaculture industry centered on the genus Shrimp has been developed around the world. Under such circumstances, crustacean infectious diseases frequently occur and cause serious damages due to the deterioration of bottom sediment due to the dissipation of cultured feed and the deterioration of the environment such as overcrowded aquaculture.
Examples of crustacean infections include vibrio disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, filamentous mycosis, and baculovirus and rhabdovirus infections caused by pathogenic viruses.
[0003]
As control measures against these infectious diseases, oxytetracycline is currently used as antibiotics for bacterial infections such as Vibrio disease, and oxophosphate is used as a synthetic antibacterial agent. There is a method of bathing crustaceans in a chemical solution. However, with the heavy use of drugs, the emergence of resistant bacteria to these drugs, the persistence of drugs in the body, and the like have become problems, and it has become impossible to expect the infectious disease suppression effect by drug administration.
[0004]
In addition, as a control measure to replace these antibiotics and synthetic antibacterial agents, methods that activate the biological defense functions of marine animals and provide resistance to infectious diseases and methods that use antibacterial natural products are currently attracting attention. Yes. Usually, the biological defense function can be enhanced by activating a humoral immune function via antibodies or a cellular immune function via phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. A vaccine is known as a method for activating the humoral immune function, and an ayu vibrio disease inactivated vaccine has been put to practical use as a marine vaccine (Aoki et al., Fish Disease Research, 19 (3), 181-185 (1984), Kawano et al., Fish disease research, 50, 771-774 (1984a), 18 (4), 185-190 (1984b), Kawai, Kamata, Fish disease research, 20 (2/3) ), 413-419 (1985)). Further, as a method for activating cellular immune function, a method of orally administering a cellular immune function activator has attracted attention. Currently, as an activator, lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, levamisole, β-1,3- Glucans and the like are known, and these have been reported to be effective for controlling infectious diseases in marine animals.
However, invertebrates such as crustaceans have no antibody-mediated immune function, and there has been no effective prevention method using vaccines. In recent years, it has been confirmed that the pathogenic inactivated vaccine against the bacterial disease of prawn vibrio disease has been prevented by the oral method, injection method and immersion method, but has not yet been put into practical use.
Moreover, as a control method for infectious diseases other than vaccines, for example, as a feed to which natural products having antibacterial properties are added, as a natural antibacterial active substance against pathogenic bacteria of infectious diseases in aquatic animals in 1992 Patent Application Publication No. 75745 A technique for blending and using plant essential oil and its components in feed for cultured fish is disclosed. In addition, as a preventive / therapeutic agent for bacterial diseases, 1992 Patent Application Publication No. 103537 discloses a technique related to a preventive and therapeutic agent for cultured fish infections using green tea extract. Publication No. 360839 discloses a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for cultured fish infections using eucalyptus extract and its components against bacterial diseases of cultured fish. The above is an example of a method for preventing and treating cultured fish infections, particularly bacterial infections, using antibacterial natural products, but has the disadvantage of low practical effects. In 1993 Patent Application Publication No. 308908, a treatment method for infectious diseases of fish crustaceans characterized by containing a tea component in the feed of cultured fish crustaceans is disclosed. Is thin.
On the other hand, for viral infections, no effective drug has been developed yet, and there is no effective control measure.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Under such circumstances, development of an effective and highly safe and practical infection control method that replaces antibiotics or vaccines against crustacean infections is strongly desired.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have conducted various studies as a method for controlling crustacean infections, and as a result, the tea extract that we drink daily is being used against crustacean pathogens. It has been found that it has strong antibacterial activity and antiviral activity, and that saponin has the effect of enhancing the phagocytic ability of phagocytic cells such as macrophages and granulocytes among the cellular immune functions of crustaceans. Furthermore, a crustacean feed containing both tea and saponin ingredients was prepared and tested for its inhibitory effect on oral crustacean infections. The inhibitory effect was found. That is, the present invention relates to a crustacean infection control composition comprising a tea component and a saponin that suppresses the growth of a pathogen of a crustacean infection and has a reduction or elimination effect of the infectivity of the pathogen. .
[0007]
The tea component of the present invention is a non-fermented tea such as green tea, a semi-fermented tea such as oolong tea, or a whole fermented tea such as black tea, or a part thereof, such as xylem, root, stem, leaf, fruit, etc. Or as a dried product, or a partially fermented product and a complete fermented product, or a mixture thereof, including organic solvents such as water (including hot water), ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, chloroform, petroleum ether, etc. , Or a mixture of water and these organic solvents, etc., but there is no problem even if the extract is further purified to increase its purity. For example, green tea, oolong tea, black tea or The extract of those mixtures is mention | raise | lifted. Preferably, Sanphenon (manufactured by Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., registered trademark), which is a product obtained by purifying a hot water extract of green tea, can be mentioned. These tea components can be produced by passing a tea extract with water and / or organic solvent through an ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight cut off of 6,000 to 100,000, and obtaining a purified powder by concentration and drying. , Detailed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 6499.
[0008]
The saponin of the present invention is a purified saponin obtained by purifying a refined saponin product contained in plants of Kiraya, soybean, beet, yucca or a crude extract of a plant containing saponin or a crude extract. These saponins can be extracted and purified by pulverizing each plant and using water, preferably hot water, ethanol or an organic solvent, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent. Extraction conditions are not particularly limited, but it is desirable to perform the extraction at room temperature or at 40 to 60 ° C. When used by adding to the feed for crustacean aquaculture, supply of a large amount of saponin is required, and examples of saponins suitable for this include Kiraya saponin, soybean saponin, beet saponin, and yucca saponin. Of these, Kirayasaponin obtained from Kiraya skin extract is preferred.
[0009]
Quillaja bark extract is an extract obtained from the bark of the evergreen tree of the Rosaceae family called the soap tree (scientific name: Quillaja Saponaria Mol.) Distributed in the Chile, Bolivia, and Peru regions of South America. Quillaja skin extract contains quillaja saponin (a triterpene-based glycoside having quinaya acid as an aglycon). Quillaja saponin has an excellent surface active action, and using this action, the quilaya skin extract is currently applied to food as a natural foaming agent and emulsifier.
[0010]
Quillaja saponin is known to have an effect of enhancing its antibody production ability by oral administration to mammals. As its mechanism of action, it promotes absorption of antigenic proteins from the intestinal tract, and B cells involved in antibody production. And T cells have been reported to activate. However, it is not known that oral administration of Quillaja saponin or Quillaja skin extract enhances the cellular immune function of fish and crustaceans, particularly the phagocytic cell migration ability and phagocytic ability.
[0011]
The blending amount of the tea component and the saponin in the crustacean infection control feed composition of the present invention can be appropriately selected according to the purpose of use. Usually, the blending amount of tea component 0.05 to 5% and saponin 0.005 to 1% is selected with respect to the feed. As a blending method, for example, when a blender is used, the tea component and saponin are mixed and homogenized.
[0012]
The crustaceans in the present invention are those of the Kuruma shrimp (Penaeus Japanicus), bovine shrimp (Penaeus monodon), Banana shrimp (Penaeus moruiensis), and the like. It is a crustacean.
[0013]
The crustacean infection in the present invention refers to an infection caused by a bacterial pathogen of a filamentous fungus classified as Vibrio belonging to the genus Vibrio or a genus Leucosurix, and an infection caused by a viral pathogen of baculovirus or rhabdovirus.
[0014]
The crustacean infection control feed composition of the present invention may have any shape such as powder, granule, pellet, etc., but in the case of oral administration to shrimps, it is in the form of a pellet. It is most desirable to mold it. In addition, for the purpose of oral administration to shrimp larvae, it is desirable to process it into a fine powder by using a spray dryer or a fluidized granulator.
[0015]
In the present invention, a tea ingredient and saponin may be blended with a known feed ingredient of shrimp as a basic feed composition. For adult shrimp, a pellet form (1 to 2.5 mm × 5 to 15 mm) is used. For shrimp, it is desirable to process the feed into fine powder (particle size 50-200 μm).
In addition, feeding attractants / facilitators commonly used in fish feed (inosinic acid, amino acid, peptide, betaine, proline, alanine, methionine, arginine, nucleotide, glycine, aspartic acid, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine, serine , leucine, histidine, inosine, valine, threonine, glutamic acid, etc.) or vitamins (vitamin C, E, B 1, A , D, B 2, B 6, B 12, K , etc.), minerals (Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, Cl, Mn,
Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, etc.), antioxidants (tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ethoxyquin, BHA, BHT, etc.) and the like can be appropriately blended.
[0016]
The feed composition of the present invention is used for the purpose of suppressing shrimp infection. In the case of extracts from green tea hot water and solvent extraction, etc., the dosage is 0.01 to 1% solution for the medicinal bath method, and 1 mg to 10 g / tail / day for the feed addition method. Saponin is desirably added in an amount of 0.0001 to 0.001% with respect to the feed. For feed, at a concentration of 0.005% or less of tea extract and 0.0001% or less of saponin, antibacterial activity enhancement effect by combined use with saponin is not expected. In addition, if the concentration of tea extract exceeds 50%, it may affect the food intake of shrimps.
[0017]
The component composition of the extract obtained from the hot water and organic solvent of green tea used in the present invention is (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, (−)-gallocatechin gallate, (−)-epicatechin, It is preferable to contain one or more tannins selected from (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, particularly preferably (-)-epi. It is desirable to contain a high concentration of gallocatechin gallate.
[0018]
According to the present invention, if a tea ingredient and a saponin-containing feed, drug, etc. are administered to shrimps by the oral method or the dipping method, etc., the shrimp infection can be effectively suppressed as shown in the test examples. it can. There are many unclear points about the suppression mechanism, because the defense mechanism of invertebrates such as shrimps is significantly different from that of vertebrates, but the tea component and saponin administered in the body of shrimps are related to shrimp infections. By suppressing the growth of pathogens by attaching to the surface of the pathogen, eliminating its pathogenicity, adhesion infectivity, etc., and saponin engulfing and eradicating pathogens by activating crustacean phagocytic cells It is estimated that.
[0019]
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example and a test example demonstrate this invention further in detail, this invention is not limited at all by these Examples. The saponin used was Kiraya saponin, but similar results were obtained even when other saponins (soybean, beet, yucca) were used.
[0020]
【Example】
Example 1. Preparation of Shrimp Vibrio Disease Control Feed A tea component-containing shrimp vibrio disease control feed containing 0.1% of Sanphenon (manufactured by Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd.) as a tea component was prepared. That is, 100 g of shrimp basic feed powder was mixed with 100 g of sunphenone and 30 liters of water, and then molded into pellets having a diameter of 2 mm and a length of about 5 mm with a meat chopper. Steaming process treatment was performed, and it dried so that it might become 10% or less of moisture content with a 80 degreeC fluid dryer, and obtained 100 kg of shrimp vibrio disease suppression feed. The shrimp basic feed powder formulation is shown in Table 1.
[0021]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003623994
[0022]
Example 2
Shrimp with 20 ml of Kirayasaponin solution adsorbed on 20 g of starch degradation product, mixed with 960 g of beer-dried yeast and pulverized (premixed), and 1% of the premixed product blended by the pellet molding method of Example 1 100 kg of an infectious disease control feed was prepared.
[0023]
Example 3
Shrimp with 20 ml of soybean saponin solution adsorbed on 20 g of starch degradation product, mixed with 960 g of beer-dried yeast and pulverized (premixed), and 1% of the premixed product blended by the pellet molding method of Example 1 100 kg of an infectious disease control feed was prepared.
[0024]
Example 4
Shrimp in which 20 ml of beet saponin solution was adsorbed to 20 g of starch decomposition product, and then 960 g of beer-dried yeast was mixed and powdered (premix), and 1% of the above premix product was blended by the pellet molding method of Example 1. 100 kg of an infectious disease control feed was prepared.
[0025]
Example 5
After adsorbing 20 ml of Kirayasaponin solution to 20 g of starch degradation product, 100 g of sunphenone and 860 g of beer-dried yeast are mixed and powdered (premix), and 1% of the above premix is blended by the pellet molding method of Example 1. 100 kg of shrimp infection control feed was prepared.
[0026]
Example 6 Preparation of Shrimp Viral Infectious Disease Control Fine Particle Feed A shrimp infectious disease control fine particle feed was prepared by blending sunphenone as a tea ingredient and Kirayasaponin as a saponin in the formulation shown in Table 2. Dissolve 500 g of powder in 5 liters of water, dry it with a spray dryer (inlet temperature 150 ° C., outlet temperature 80 ° C.), and granulate the powder with a fluidized dry granulator to obtain 500 g of shrimp infection control particulate feed. It was.
Table 2 shows the formulation of the shrimp infection control particulate feed.
[0027]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003623994
[0028]
Test Example 1 The susceptibility of various vibrio disease fish-causing bacteria to green tea extract was investigated.
Ten times the amount of hot water was added to green tea and extracted with stirring for 30 minutes. Then, only the liquid layer was filtered and concentrated, and the freeze-dried product was used as a hot water extract of green tea.
A sample obtained by adding water to the above green tea hot water extract was used to determine the minimum growth inhibitory concentration (MIC, μg / ml) against various fish disease-causing bacteria using the agar plate dilution method.
Each bacterium was smeared with 1 platinum ear on a 1.5% NaCl-added brain heart infusion agar medium, and the test results after culturing at 25 ° C. for 24 hours are shown in Table 3.
[0029]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003623994
[0030]
Test Example 2 Effects of tea components and quillajasaponins on Vibrio disease in prawns (infection experiment)
Shrimp with an average weight of 11 g were divided into 4 groups of 16 fish each, and the test group contained tea components, quilla saponins, and tea components and quilla saponins formulated in Examples 1, 2, and 5, respectively. The feed was administered as a control group using a shrimp basic feed, and the amount was 1% per day for shrimp body weight for 21 days.
From the 8th day after the start of administration, Vibrio sp. Sterile seawater suspension of 1.1 × 10 4 CFU / ml was inoculated into 0.16 ml of shrimp sixth abdominal node muscle.
For 14 days after infection, each group was observed for moribundity and Vibrio sp. Attempts were made to isolate bacteria.
[0031]
The survival rate was determined from the number of survivors on the 14th day after infection in each section, and is shown in FIG.
In the control group, all 16 animals died on the fifth day after infection (survival rate 0%). On the other hand, in the administration group of only the tea component and only the saponin, the death was 12 tail moribund (survival rate 25%) and 13 tail mortality (survival rate 18.8%). Clearly showed a synergistic effect (p <0.01) with 8 tail moribund (survival rate 50%).
The bacteria used for infection were isolated from the heart and lymphoid organs of moribund shrimps.
[0032]
Test Example 3 Effects of tea components and Kirayasaponin on baculoviral midgut necrosis of prawn larvae (infection experiment)
Shrimp zoea stage larvae were divided into 4 groups of 50 fish. In the test group, 7 mg of the fine particle feed containing the tea component and kirasaponin prepared in Example 6 was applied to the larvae from the zoea period to the post-rava period (PL10) (about 0.2 mg as a daily amount per one fish). Administered for 1 day. In the control group, the control particulate feed of Example 6 was similarly administered. The method of infection was to thaw shrimp moribund by baculovirus midgut necrosis (BMN) that had been stored at -80 ° C, homogenize 3 g of the shrimp in 30 ml of sterile seawater, and then use a 0.22 μm Millipore filter. Infection was attempted by putting 10 ml of the filtered filtrate into a water tank containing zoea stage larvae. The number of moribund tails in each section for 10 days after infection was examined to determine the survival rate.
[0033]
Changes in survival rate of prawn larvae in the test group and the control group are shown in FIG. The survival rate in the control group was 0%, whereas in the tea component administration group, it was 20%, in the Kirayasaponin administration group, 44% in the tea component and Kirayasaponin administration group. A significant difference (p <0.01) was observed in the survival rate of the ward.
[0034]
Examples of the present invention and the target product are as follows.
(1) A feed composition for suppressing crustacean infection, comprising a tea component and saponin.
(2) The crustacean infection control feed composition as described in (1) above, wherein the saponin is an extractive component of water and / or alcohol of Kiraya.
(3) The crustacean infection control feed composition as described in (1) above, wherein the saponin is an extract of soybean water and / or alcohol.
(4) The crustacean infection control feed composition according to (1) above, wherein the saponin is a beet water and / or alcohol extract component.
(5) The crustacean infection control feed composition as described in (1) above, wherein the saponin is a yucca water and / or alcohol extract component.
(6) The crustacean infection control feed composition according to the above (1), wherein the saponin is one or two water and / or alcohol extract components of kiraya, soybean, beet, yucca.
(7) The crustacean infection control feed composition according to the above (1), wherein the saponin is Kirayasaponin extracted and purified from Kiraya.
(8) The crustacean infection control feed composition as described in (1) above, wherein the saponin is soybean saponin extracted from soybean and purified.
(9) The crustacean infection control feed composition according to (1) above, wherein the saponin is beet saponin extracted from beet and purified.
(10) The crustacean infection control feed composition as described in (1) above, wherein the saponin is a yucca saponin extracted and purified from yucca.
(11) The crustacean infection control feed composition according to the above (1), wherein the saponin is one or more kinds of purified saponins extracted from Kiraya, soybean, beet, yucca.
(12) The crustacean infection control feed composition as described in (1) above, wherein the saponin is Kirayasaponin and the tea component is a green tea extract.
(13) The crustacean infection control feed composition according to the above (1), wherein the tea component is green tea.
(14) The crustacean infection control feed composition according to the above (1), wherein the tea component is oolong tea.
(15) The crustacean infection control feed composition according to the above (1), wherein the tea component is black tea.
(16) The crustacean infection control feed composition as described in (1) above, wherein the tea component is an extract of water and / or an organic solvent.
(17) The crustacean infection described in (1) above, which is obtained by passing a tea extract containing water and / or an organic solvent through an ultrafiltration membrane having a molecular weight cut-off of 6,000 to 100,000. Inhibitory feed composition.
(18) The tea component is (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, (−)-gallocatechin gallate, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epicatechin gallate, (−)-epigallocatechin and ( The crustacean infection control feed composition as described in (1) above, wherein the tannin selected from-)-epigallocatechin gallate is one or more.
(19) The crustacean infection control feed composition according to the above (1), wherein the infection is a bacterial infection.
(20) The feed composition for suppressing crustacean infection as described in (1) above, wherein the infection is a viral infection.
[0035]
【The invention's effect】
Conventionally, control of crustacean infections has been carried out by administration of drugs such as antibiotics and synthetic antibacterial agents. In recent years, due to problems such as drug residues in crustacean bodies due to large doses of drugs and the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Development of a crustacean infection control method that replaces drugs is desired. In addition, there are no effective drugs for crustacean viral infections, and there is a great deal of damage in crustacean aquaculture.
By including a tea component and saponin, the present invention can be expected to have effects such as a decrease in the appearance frequency of conventional drug-resistant bacteria and suppression of drug residues in the body.
Under such circumstances, for the first time according to the present invention, by using a crustacean infection control feed composition containing a highly safe natural product component, it is possible to effectively control crustacean infections and contribute greatly to the industry. It ’s big.
[Brief description of the drawings]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram of the effects of tea components and Quillaja saponins on the prawn vibrio disease.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the effects of tea components and quillajasaponins on baculoviral midgut necrosis of prawn larvae.
[Explanation of symbols]
Test Zone 1 Test Zone 2 with 0.1% added tea component Test Zone 2 with 0.02% Kirayasaponin Test Zone 3 with 0.1% tea component and 0.02% Kirayasaponin Test Zone 5 with 0.1% tea component Kirayasaponin 0.02% added control group No control group

Claims (3)

茶成分とキラヤ、大豆、ビート、ユッカのいずれか1種または2種の水及び/またはアルコール抽出成分であるサポニンを配合することを特徴とする甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。A feed composition for suppressing crustacean infection, comprising a tea component and one or two water and / or alcohol extract components of kiraya, soybean, beet, yucca. 茶成分とキラヤ、大豆、ビート、ユッカから抽出した1種以上の精製サポニンを配合することを特徴とする甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。A feed composition for suppressing crustacean infection, comprising a tea component and one or more kinds of purified saponins extracted from Kiraya, soybean, beet, yucca. キラヤサポニンと緑茶抽出物を配合することを特徴とする甲殻類感染症抑制飼料組成物。A feed composition for suppressing crustacean infections, characterized in that it contains Kirayasaponin and a green tea extract.
JP29585994A 1994-11-05 1994-11-05 Crustacean infection control feed composition Expired - Fee Related JP3623994B2 (en)

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CN1165628A (en) * 1996-02-14 1997-11-26 浙江农业大学 Triterpenoid saponin extracted from tea oil cake and application as additive
WO2015061755A1 (en) 2013-10-25 2015-04-30 Phibro Animal Health Corporation Combination and/or composition comprising bacillus, and yucca, quillaja or both and a method for making and using
JP2015142566A (en) * 2013-12-26 2015-08-06 国立大学法人 鹿児島大学 Feed for fish breeding
WO2015179840A1 (en) 2014-05-23 2015-11-26 Phibro Animal Health Corporation Combination, composition, and method of administering the combination or composition to animals
WO2017044832A1 (en) 2015-09-09 2017-03-16 Omnigen Research, Llc A composition and/or combination for aquaculture
KR102142887B1 (en) * 2018-09-11 2020-08-10 동의대학교 산학협력단 Feed additive composition for macrobrachium rosenbergii

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