JP3605548B2 - Processing method of umenin and edible umenin - Google Patents

Processing method of umenin and edible umenin Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3605548B2
JP3605548B2 JP2000195634A JP2000195634A JP3605548B2 JP 3605548 B2 JP3605548 B2 JP 3605548B2 JP 2000195634 A JP2000195634 A JP 2000195634A JP 2000195634 A JP2000195634 A JP 2000195634A JP 3605548 B2 JP3605548 B2 JP 3605548B2
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water
seed coat
umenin
ume
plum
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JP2002010759A (en
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道世 中内
重明 池本
妃早子 山西
嘉彦 尾崎
馨 山根
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Wakayama Prefecture
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Wakayama Prefecture
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、梅仁に含まれるシアン化合物を効率的に除去可能な梅仁の処理方法及びその方法によって得られる食用梅仁に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
梅の果実は、一般に果肉(梅肉)と呼ばれる中果皮の内方に、一般に種と呼ばれる核を有している。核は、内果皮が硬化したもので、やや扁平で両端が尖った楕円球状をなしている。
【0003】
梅の核を割ると、中から仁が出てくる。梅の仁(以下「梅仁」という)はアーモンドを丸くしたような形状をなし、茶色ないし薄茶色の、薄くて柔軟な種皮に包まれている。梅仁それ自体は、白色ないし黄白色である。
【0004】
なお、「仁」とは胚及び胚乳の総称であり、種皮に包まれた梅仁が本来の意味での「梅の種子」であるが、本明細書では前記のように一般に種と呼ばれる核との混同を避けるために、これを「種皮付き梅仁」と呼ぶことにする。
【0005】
ところで、梅仁は古くから「天神さま」等と呼ばれ、興味の持たれる食品素材であるが、従来、梅仁が食品として工業的に利用されることは稀であった。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
それは、梅仁にはシアン配糖体であるアミグダリンやシアン化水素といったシアン化合物が含まれているからである。
【0007】
より詳しく説明すると、梅仁に含まれる配糖体アミグダリン自体は無毒であるが、同じく梅仁に含まれる酵素エムルシンによって、ベンズアルデヒド,グルコース,及びシアン化水素に加水分解される。例えば、外的ショックを受けてキズが入った梅仁では、エムルシンによってアミグダリンが分解された結果、1000〜2000ppmという高濃度のシアン化水素を含有していることがある。また、アミグダリンは体内に摂取された場合、腸内細菌や胃酸によっても前記と同様に加水分解され、シアン化水素を発生させる。シアン化水素は、ごく微量の摂取であれば人体組織の新陳代謝を促進する等の薬効も期待されるが、周知のとおり猛毒であるので、梅仁を多量に食すると中毒を起こすおそれがある。
【0008】
したがって、食用とするためには、梅仁に含まれるアミグダリン及びシアン化水素(以下「シアン化合物」と総称する)を、人体に危険を及ぼさない程度にまで除去する必要があるが、従来は、梅仁から前記シアン化合物を効率的に除去する方法が知られていなかったため、梅仁の食品としての利用は難しかったのである。
【0009】
また、梅の核は、その内部の梅仁にシアン化合物が含まれるために焼却することができず、その処理方法も問題となっている。例えば、梅及び梅加工食品の代表的産地である和歌山県田辺市周辺では、年間700トン前後の梅核が産業廃棄物として埋め立て等に用いることで処理されており、特に昨今では、梅肉加工食品の生産量増加に伴い、梅肉を取ったあとに残る核の量も増加の一途を辿っていて、その処理に苦慮しているのが実情である。
【0010】
因みに、例えば、梅仁をすり潰して液状(ピューレ状)としたのち、これにアミグダリン分解酵素を加えて、アミグダリンを完全に分解させ、さらにこれを加熱して、揮発性のシアン化水素を蒸発させるというようなシアン除去方法は考えられる。本発明者らの実験でも、この方法で梅仁のシアン化合物を除去することができた。
【0011】
しかしながら、梅仁のアミグダリン含有量は多く、それを完全に分解させるために、前記方法では、高価なアミグダリン分解酵素を多量に使用しなければならず、処理コストがかかり過ぎて、採算性に問題があった。また、梅仁を液状としているため、その液状物からの水分の除去が困難で、処理効率が悪かった、さらに、梅仁が固形状の場合とは異なり、食品としての用途が限定されるという欠点もあった。さらにまた、処理過程で気化したシアン化水素が空気中に放出されると危険であるという問題もあった。
【0012】
本発明は以上のような問題点に鑑みてなされたものであって、梅仁に含まれるシアン化合物の除去を、梅仁を固形状に保ったままで効率良く行うことが可能な梅仁の処理方法、及び、食品として幅広い用途に使用可能な食用梅仁の提供を目的とするものである。
【0013】
【課題を解決するための手段】
前記目的を達成するため、本発明に係る梅仁の処理方法は、種皮付き梅仁から種皮を剥離する工程と、剥離された種皮と梅仁との混合物を適宜な塩分濃度の水溶液に浸し、この水溶液内の上方に浮いた梅仁を取り出す工程と、種皮が剥離された梅仁を水晒しする工程とを備えることを特徴としている。
【0014】
本発明で用いる梅仁は、梅の果実の核から取り出したものである。
なお、核と梅肉との分離を、梅果実がどのような状態のときに行うのかは、特に限定されない。すなわち、梅仁は、青梅(梅果実)の核から取り出したものであっても、梅干(梅果実)の核から取り出したものであっても構わない。こうした梅仁から種皮を剥離した後、梅仁を水に晒すと、梅仁と水とが直接的に接触するため、水溶性を有するシアン化水素及びアミグダリンが水に溶け出し、梅仁から除去される。
なお、梅仁を種皮付きのまま水に晒すと、種皮が梅仁と水との接触を妨げるために、シアン化合物(アミグダリン及びシアン化水素)の効率的な除去は行えない。また、種皮と梅仁とを分離することは困難であり、例えば手で選り分けたりすると多大な労力を要する。
【0015】
また、種皮の剥離を容易且つ効率的に行うためには、種皮付き梅仁から種皮を剥離する
工程の前に、種皮付き梅仁に吸水させる工程を備えることが望ましい。
【0016】
本発明に係る別の梅仁の処理方法は、種皮付き梅仁を適宜な大きさに破砕する工程と、破砕された種皮付き梅仁を水晒しする工程と、水晒しを行った後の吸水した種皮付き破砕梅仁から種皮を剥離する工程と、剥離された種皮と破砕梅仁との混合物を適宜な塩分濃度の水溶液に浸し、この水溶液内の上方に浮いた破砕梅仁を取り出す工程とを備えることを特徴としている。
【0017】
核から取り出した梅仁を種皮付きのまま、一粒の梅仁が複数個に分割されるように破砕すると、各破砕梅仁(梅仁の破砕片のこと:以下同意である)には種皮に覆われずに露出した破断面(分割面)が生じることになる。破砕梅仁を水に晒すと、前記破断面において梅仁組織と水とが直接的に接触し、アミグダリン及びシアン化水素は前記破断面から水に溶け出す。これにより、種皮剥離後の梅仁を水晒しした場合と同様に効率良くシアン化合物を除去することができる。また、剥離された種皮と破砕梅仁との混合物を適宜な塩分濃度の水溶液に浸し、この水溶液内の上方に浮いた破砕梅仁を取り出すことにより、種皮と破砕梅仁とを効率良く分離することができる。
【0018】
なお、以上の処理方法において、種皮を剥離した梅仁又は種皮付き破砕梅仁を水に晒す場合、その前に熱水に浸漬する等の手段により梅仁を加熱しておくと、シアン化合物の除去効率がより一層向上する。
【0019】
また、梅仁を水晒しする工程において、常温の水ではなく、温水又は熱水を用いて梅仁を晒すようにすると、シアン化合物の除去効率がより一層向上する。
【0020】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施形態に係る梅仁の処理方法を説明する。先ず、本発明方法に用いる梅仁を得るため、梅の核を割って梅仁を取り出す。核を割る方法は任意であり、例えばアンズ用の核割り器(杏仁を取り出すためのもの)を利用して割ってもよく、また、多量に処理する場合には、適宜な間隙を介して平行に配した一対のローラを回転させながら、前記間隙に梅の核を通すことにより、核を割る方法も考えられる。
【0021】
こうして梅の核を割った後は、割れた核(梅の内果皮の部分:以下「殻」という)と梅仁とを分離する。
ここでの分離方法も任意であるが、例えば殻と梅仁(この時点では種皮に包まれている)との混合物を適宜な塩分濃度の水溶液に入れ、水溶液内の上方に浮いた梅仁のみを集めるようにすれば、効率的な分離が可能である。
なお、この際、水溶液の塩分濃度が高すぎると殻と梅仁とが両方とも浮き上がってしまい、反対に塩分濃度が低すぎると殻と梅仁とが両方とも沈んでしまうので、梅仁は浮き、殻は沈むように、塩分濃度を調整する。好ましい塩分濃度は核の状態によって異なるが、概ね20〜26重量%の範囲内である。
【0022】
[発明の実施の形態1]
さて、この実施の形態1では、前記のようにして殻と分離した種皮付き梅仁から種皮を剥離するのであるが、一般的に種皮は梅仁表面に密着していて、容易には剥離しない。特に、梅仁が梅干の核から取り出されたものである場合には、種皮及び梅仁が乾燥して、互いに強固に固着しているため、種皮の剥離はとりわけ困難である。
【0023】
そこで、必要に応じ、剥離工程の前に、種皮付き梅仁に吸水させる工程を実施する。すなわち、例えば、適宜な容器に水を入れ、その水に種皮付き梅仁を浸漬して吸水させる。
浸漬時間は特に限定されないが、例えば梅干から得た梅仁の場合は、24〜48時間程度浸漬すれば、種皮が軟らかくなるとともに種皮と梅仁との密着が緩み、種皮の剥離が極めて容易に行える状態となる。
また、この工程で梅仁に吸水させて梅仁の組織を軟化させておくことは、後の水晒し工程でのシアン化合物の除去効率向上にも寄与する。
【0024】
次いで、吸水した種皮付き梅仁から種皮を剥離する。ここで、剥離する方法は特に限定されないが、前記のとおり吸水によって極めて剥離容易な状態となっているので、種皮付き梅仁を適宜に押圧しながら、梅仁を相互に擦り合わせるか、あるいは若干の凹凸を有する固定面上で梅仁を転動させて、種皮と梅仁との間にずれ作用を生じさせることにより、種皮を梅仁から剥離させることができる。
【0025】
具体的には、例えば内面に凹凸を有する「すり鉢」等の容器に、予め吸水させた適量の種皮付き梅仁を入れ、この梅仁を手の平で押さえながら擦り混ぜるように動かすと、種皮は剥離する。また、例えば麻袋等の、内面が余り滑らかでない袋内に、予め吸水させた適量の種皮付き梅仁を入れて袋口を閉じ、この袋を手で揉み動かすようにしても、種皮は剥離する。もちろん、これら以外にも、例えばブラシで種皮付き梅仁の表面を擦る等の、種々の剥離方法を採用し得る。
【0026】
梅仁から種皮を剥離すると、剥離された種皮と梅仁とが混ざり合った状態となるため、次いで、この混合物から種皮を分離・除去する。梅仁を食品として利用する際、ほとんどの場合、種皮は邪魔になるからである。種皮の分離は、後述する水晒し工程の後でも構わないが、水に晒す際、剥離した種皮が梅仁に混入していると、その種皮が梅仁からのシアン化合物除去の妨げとなるおそれ等もあるため、通常は水晒し工程の前に種皮を分離することが望ましい。
【0027】
ここでの種皮と梅仁との分離は、適宜な塩分濃度の水溶液を容器に入れ、この水溶液に種皮と梅仁との混合物を投入し、水溶液の上方に浮いた梅仁のみを、例えば網で掬い取ることにより行う。もちろん、水溶液の塩分濃度が高すぎると種皮と梅仁とが両方とも浮き上がってしまい、反対に塩分濃度が低すぎると種皮と梅仁とが両方とも沈んでしまう。したがって、本発明にいう適宜な塩分濃度とは、互いの比重差により、梅仁は浮き種皮は沈むような塩分濃度という意味である。なお、この工程で用いる水溶液の塩分濃度は、種皮及び梅仁の状態によって異なるが、概ね8〜15重量%の範囲内とするのが良く、より好ましくは10〜13重量%の塩分濃度とする。また、水溶液としては食塩水に限られず、例えば梅干の製造過程で生じる梅酢を適宜に塩分調整して使用することも考えられる。
【0028】
次いで、以上のように種皮が分離・除去された梅仁を加熱する。加熱工程は、本発明方法において必須要件ではないが、加熱することによって、梅仁に含まれるアミグダリン分解酵素であるエムルシンを失活させることができるとともに、梅仁の組織を軟化させて、その後の水晒し工程において梅仁内のシアン化合物が梅仁外へ浸出しやすい状態とすることができる。なお、梅仁に対する加熱は、水晒し工程の前であれば、どの段階で行っても構わないが、種皮を除去した後に行うと最も効率が良いことは言うまでもない。
【0029】
加熱の方法は特に限定されず、例えば電子レンジによる高周波誘電加熱でも構わないし、高温の水蒸気で蒸すことにより加熱しても構わない。ただし、最も簡便で且つ好ましいのは、熱水に浸漬して煮沸することであり、例えば100℃の熱水中で約10分間煮沸すれば、梅仁の組織を充分に軟化させ、且つエムルシンを完全に失活させることができる。もっとも、この工程では、必ずしも100℃まで温度上昇させる必要はなく、例えば70〜80℃程度に温度保持された温水又は熱水に梅仁を適宜時間浸漬してもよい。因みに、エムルシンは約70℃程度まで加熱すると失活すると考えられる。
【0030】
そして、最後に梅仁を水晒しする工程を実施する。この水晒し工程は、適宜容量の容器に入れた水に梅仁を浸漬した状態で晒し、前記容器内の水を適宜時間ごとに新しい水に交換する方式(以下「バッチ式」という)で行っても、また、例えば網袋等の通水性を有する容器に梅仁を入れた状態で、この容器ごと流水で晒す方式(以下「流水式」という)で行っても構わない。
【0031】
ここで水晒しを行うことにより、前記のとおり水と梅仁とが直接的に(種皮を介さずに)接触するため、シアン化合物(アミグダリン及びシアン化水素)を梅仁内部から浸出させて、効率良く除去することができる。なお、水に晒す所要時間は、梅仁が元来含んでいたシアン化合物の量や、事前の吸水及び/又は加熱の有無等による梅仁の状態(例えば含水率や、組織の軟化され加減)等の条件によって異なり、また、バッチ式で処理する場合は水の交換頻度、流水式で処理する場合は水の流量によっても異なるが、概ね24〜72時間程度の水晒しで、梅仁のシアン化合物含有量(濃度)を1ppm以下に低下させることができて、梅仁を食品衛生上も安全な食用梅仁とすることができる。
【0032】
また、前記従来技術に記載した方法のように梅仁をすり潰す必要がなく、梅仁を固形状に保ったまま処理できるので、処理後の食用梅仁は、種々の食品に幅広く利用可能なものとなる。例えば、食用梅仁を炒って、アーモンドやココナッツ等の菓子様のものが製造できる。
もちろん、本発明の食用梅仁を微粉砕又は乳化して、豆腐などに混入し、杏仁豆腐様の食品をつくることも考えられる。
【0033】
なお、前記で梅仁から種皮を剥離した後、この梅仁を適宜な大きさ(例えば粒径2〜8mm程度)に破砕し、これを水に晒すようにすると、原形(丸のままの状態)で晒す場合に比べて、梅仁の表面積(すなわち梅仁と水との接触面積)が大きくなるので、シアン化合物の除去効率は、より一層向上する。
【0034】
また、前記の水晒し工程で、常温の水(例えば水道水)の代わりに、温水又は熱水を用いて晒すと、梅仁の組織の軟化が進みやすくなって、シアン化合物の除去効率が、より一層向上する。なお、シアン化水素の沸点は約26℃と低く、このことも、温水又は熱水に晒すと除去効率が向上する理由の一つであると考えられる。
【0035】
因みに、水に晒す前の段階で、エムルシンの作用によりアミグダリンが分解されて梅仁内に生じているベンズアルデヒドは、水に溶け難いので、水晒し工程において除去されにくい。しかし、ベンズアルデヒドは無毒であり、且つ、梅特有の芳香の元となっている物質であるので、強いて除去する必要はなく、むしろ、多少残存していたほうが好ましいと言える。
【0036】
また、水晒し工程で用いる「水」としては、水道水や地下水(井戸水)をそのまま用いるのが最も一般的であるが、それに限定されず、例えば食塩等の調味料や、着色料や、水酸化ナトリウム,炭酸ナトリウム等のアルカリ性化合物や、アルコールや、その他の物質の、水溶液を用いても構わない。
【0037】
[発明の実施の形態2]
この実施の形態2で原料として用いる梅仁も、前記実施の形態1で用いたものと同様に、適宜の方法で梅果実の核から取り出した後に殻と分離した、種皮付き梅仁である。
【0038】
ただし、前記実施の形態1では、先ず種皮付き梅仁から種皮を除去したのに対し、この実施の形態2では種皮を除去せず、種皮付きのまま梅仁を適宜な大きさに破砕する。ここで、梅仁をどの程度の大きさに破砕するかは任意であるが、細かく破砕するほど後述する水晒し工程でのシアン化合物の除去効率が向上する反面、梅仁の食品としての用途は狭くなる。また、あまり細かく破砕すると、その後の工程で、梅仁の破砕片(破砕梅仁)から種皮を除去するのが困難となる。したがって、一粒の梅仁が3〜4個の破砕梅仁に分割される程度に破砕するのが最も好ましい。(その場合、各破砕梅仁の粒径は概ね4〜8mm程度となる。)破砕する手段は任意であり、例えば一般的な食品用の破砕機を使用できる。
【0039】
次いで、以上のようにして得られた「種皮付き破砕梅仁」を加熱するとともに水に晒す。この加熱工程及び水晒し工程については、前記実施の形態1とほぼ同様に行って良い。 ただし、前記実施形態では、種皮の剥離を容易にするために梅仁に吸水させたので、加熱及び/又は水晒しする時点では梅仁の含水率がある程度高くなっていたのに対し、この実施形態では、特に梅干から得た梅仁を破砕した場合、破砕後の種皮付き破砕梅仁も含水率のかなり低い、乾燥したものである。したがって、そうした乾燥状態(梅仁の組織が硬く締まっている状態)のまま種皮付き破砕梅仁を加熱したり水晒ししたりしても、直ちに効率良くエムルシンを失活させたりシアン化合物を除去したりすることはできない。
【0040】
そのため、この実施形態での加熱工程及び/又は水晒し工程は、実質的には、その初期段階が種皮付き破砕梅仁に吸水させる工程を兼ねることになる。
すなわち、例えば乾燥した種皮付き破砕梅仁を水晒ししてゆくと、水晒しの開始当初は破砕梅仁に吸水させる作用が主となり、梅仁内のシアン化合物はさほど浸出して行かないが、そのまま水晒しを続行して破砕梅仁の組織が軟化してゆくにつれ、シアン化合物の浸出・除去の効率も次第に向上してくるのである。
【0041】
最も効率良く処理するためには、乾燥した種皮付き破砕梅仁を熱水に浸漬するとともに、そのまま煮沸を適宜時間(例えば10分程度)続行して、破砕梅仁の吸水による組織軟化と加熱によるエムルシンの失活とを同時に行わせた後、その破砕梅仁を、前記したバッチ式又は流水式のいずれかで水晒しする処理方法が望ましい。
【0042】
いずれにしても、こうした水晒しを行うことにより、前記のとおり種皮付きの各破砕梅仁は、種皮に覆われていない破断面において直接的に水と接触する。したがって、梅仁内のシアン化合物は主として前記破断面から水に浸出し、効率良く除去される。
【0043】
そして、シアン化合物を除去した後は、種皮付き破砕梅仁から種皮を剥離・除去する。ここでの剥離方法は任意であるが、水晒し工程における吸水で種皮が軟らかくなり、且つ種皮と梅仁との固着が緩んでいるので、前記実施の形態1と同様、例えば破砕梅仁を押圧しながら、破砕梅仁を相互に、又は別の物と擦り合わせるというような方法で、容易に剥離できる。
また、剥離された種皮と破砕梅仁との混合物から種皮を分離することも、前記実施の形態1と同様、適宜な塩分濃度の水溶液に混合物を浸漬し、水溶液内の上方に浮いた破砕梅仁のみを取り出す方法により、容易且つ効率的に行うことができる。
【0044】
この実施の形態2の処理方法では、先ず種皮付き梅仁を破砕するので、前記実施の形態1のように梅仁の原形(丸のままの状態)を保った食用梅仁を得ることはできないが、前記従来技術に記載した方法のように梅仁をピューレ状にすり潰す必要はなく、少なくとも固形状(粒状)の食用梅仁を得ることができる。したがって、得られた食用梅仁は、例えば菓子やケーキのトッピング等、種々の用途に利用可能である。
【0045】
また、前記実施の形態1,実施の形態2とも、従来技術に記載した方法のように高価なアミグダリン分解酵素を用いる必要がなく、低コストで処理可能であるという効果を有している。したがって、本発明方法によれば、従来産業廃棄物として梅核ごと廃棄処理されていた梅仁を食品化することが容易にできて、資源の有効利用が図れるとともに、梅仁を取り出した後の核(殻)は焼却等によって容易に処理できるため、梅加工業者が梅肉を取ったあとに残る核の処理コストの低減も図れるという、種々の利点が得られる。
【0046】
【実施例】
以下、本発明者らが行った種々の実験の工程及びデータの一部を紹介して、発明の理解に供する。なお、以下の記載が本発明の技術的範囲を限定するものでないことは言うまでもない。
【0047】
[実施例1]
実施例1では、主としてバッチ式及び流水式での、水晒し時間の経過に伴うシアン化合物の除去状況を調べた。
【0048】
先ず準備段階として、梅干から梅肉を取ったあとに残った核を割って、種皮付き梅仁を取り出した。そして、図1のように、適宜な容器1に塩分濃度23重量%に調製した食塩水2を入れ、これに前記で割った核の殻3と、種皮付き梅仁4との混合物5を投入した。すると、図のように殻3は沈み、種皮付き梅仁4は浮いたので、この浮いた種皮付き梅仁4を掬い取った。
【0049】
次いで、図2に示すように容器6に水(常温の水道水)7を入れ、これに前記種皮付き梅仁4を投入して、この状態で24時間静置し、種皮付き梅仁4に吸水させた。
その後、容器6から取り出して水切りした種皮付き梅仁4を、図3のように、すり鉢8に入れ、その上から手9により種皮付き梅仁4を押圧しながら擦り動かして、種皮付き梅仁4から種皮を剥離させた。これにより、剥離された種皮12と種皮剥離済みの梅仁13との混合物14が得られた。
【0050】
さらに、図4に示すように、適宜な容器10に塩分濃度11.5重量%に調製した食塩水11を入れ、前記工程で得た種皮12と梅仁13との混合物14を投入した。すると、図のように種皮12は沈み、梅仁13は浮いたので、この浮いた梅仁13を掬い取った。
【0051】
次いで、前記梅仁13を熱水に入れて10分間約100℃に保持(煮沸)した後、熱水から取り出し、その梅仁を以下に記載する各方法(実施例1−1,実施例1−2,及び実施例1−3に示す)で水晒しして、時間経過に伴うシアン化合物含有量の変化を調べた(表1参照)。なお、参考のため、前記で核を割って取り出した時点の梅仁、前記で種皮と分離した時点の梅仁(すなわち、図4で食塩水11から掬い取った直後の梅仁13)、及び前記で10分間煮沸して熱水から取り出した時点の梅仁についても、それぞれシアン化合物含有量を測定し、その結果を表1に示した。
【0052】
〈実施例1−1〉
容器に水(常温の水道水)を6リットル入れ、その水に前記10分間煮沸した梅仁1kgを浸漬して、水晒しを行った。水は表1に示した時間経過時(水晒し開始から8時間後,15時間後,24時間後,30時間後,及び96時間後)ごとに、それぞれ新しい水と交換する(すなわち、前記「バッチ式」で水晒しする)とともに、前記水の交換時点ごとに試料(梅仁)を採取し、各試料のシアン化合物含有量を測定した。
【0053】
〈実施例1−2〉
前記10分間煮沸した梅仁1kgを網袋に入れ、この網袋ごと、流量300ml/分の流水(常温の水道水)に晒すことにより、梅仁の水晒しを行った(すなわち、前記「流水式」で水晒しを行った)。そして、前記実施例1−1で試料を採取したのと同じ各時点で、それぞれ網袋から試料(梅仁)を採取し、各試料のシアン化合物含有量を測定した。
【0054】
〈実施例1−3〉
前記10分間煮沸した梅仁1kgを平均3mm角程度の粒径に破砕し、この破砕した梅仁1kgを網袋に入れ、この網袋ごと、流量300ml/分の流水(常温の水道水)に晒すことにより、梅仁の水晒しを行った(すなわち、前記「流水式」で水晒しを行った)。そして、前記実施例1−1で試料を採取したのと同じ各時点で、それぞれ網袋から試料(破砕梅仁)を採取し、各試料のシアン化合物含有量を測定した。
【0055】
なお、シアン化合物含有量の測定試験は、衛生試験法・注解(日本薬学会編,1990年)の天然有害物質試験法(シアン化合物の酵素微量拡散法)に準じて行った。
すなわち、試料10gに4倍量の0.01N水酸化ナトリウム溶液を加えて18000rpmで5分間ホモジナイズし試料溶液とする。次に、予め、コンウェイ拡散器(標準型,柴田科学器工業(株)製)のすり合わせ部分に真空グリースを塗っておき、外室に0.5N水酸化ナトリウム溶液5mlを正確に入れる。次に、内室に上記試料溶液0.5ml、0.1%酵素液(β−グルコシダーゼ,アーモンド由来,5.3ユニット/mg)0.5ml、及び0.5Nクエン酸緩衝液(pH5.2)2.5mlを加えて直ちに蓋をし、金具で止める。これを50℃のふらん器中で90分間インキュベーションを行ったのち、室温で3時間放置する。その後、外室の溶液を3ml分取し、2N酢酸溶液0.8mlを加えてpHを5〜6にする。続いて、リン酸塩緩衝液(pH6.8)1ml及び0.2%クロラミンT溶液を加え、直ちに密栓し静かに混和したのち、25℃で50分間放置する。次に、ピリジン・ピラゾロン溶液(0.1%1−フェニル−3−メチル−5−ピラゾロン溶液:0.1%ビス−(1−フェニル−3−メチル−5−ピラゾロン)ピリジン溶液=5:1)1mlを加えてよく混和したのち、25℃で50分間放置する。ここに得た呈色液について、波長620nmの吸光度を測定する。別にシアン標準溶液として0.017%アミグダリン溶液を用い同様に操作して検量線を作成し、これにより試料溶液中のシアン濃度を算出した。さらに希釈倍数を乗じて試料中のシアン化合物濃度(含有量)とした。(なお、以下の各実施例でも同様の方法で測定した。)
【0056】
【表1】

Figure 0003605548
【0057】
この実施例の結果を示した表1から明らかなように、食塩水に浸漬して種皮と分離した梅仁は、核から取り出した直後の梅仁に比べて、シアン化合物の量が約1/10に減少していた。
そして、水晒しの開始後、梅仁を破砕して流水式で水晒しした実施例1−3では15時間で、種皮を除去した梅仁を原形のまま流水式で水晒しした実施例1−2では24時間で、種皮を除去した梅仁を原形のままバッチ式で水晒しした実施例1−1でも30時間で、それぞれシアン化合物含有量(濃度)が1ppm以下となり、食品衛生上も安全な食用梅仁となることがわかった。
【0058】
[実施例2]
実施例2では、種皮の有無及び加熱工程の有無がシアン化合物の除去効率に及ぼす影響を調べた。
なお、この実施例2では、前記実施例1で用いたものよりもシアン化合物を多量に含んでいる、比較的新しい梅干から得た梅仁を用いた。また、梅仁の核からの取り出し及び殻との分離は、前記実施例1と同様の方法で行った。この種皮付き梅仁を用いて、以下の各条件(実施例2−1,実施例2−2,及び比較例1)におけるシアン化合物含有量(濃度)の変化を調べた(表2参照)。
【0059】
〈実施例2−1〉
種皮付き梅仁を24時間水に浸漬して吸水させた後、前記実施例1と同様の方法で種皮の剥離及び分離を行った。そして、この種皮除去済みの梅仁を網袋に入れて、流量300ml/分の流水(常温の水道水)による水晒しを行い、所定時間ごとに試料(梅仁)を取り出して、そのシアン化合物含有量を測定した。
【0060】
〈実施例2−2〉
種皮付き梅仁を24時間水に浸漬して吸水させた後、前記実施例1と同様の方法で種皮の剥離及び分離を行った。そして、この種皮除去済みの梅仁を100℃の熱水中で10分間煮沸した後、網袋に入れて流量300ml/分の流水(常温の水道水)による水晒しを行い、所定時間ごとに試料(梅仁)を取り出して、そのシアン化合物含有量を測定した。
【0061】
〈比較例1〉
種皮付き梅仁を24時間水に浸漬して吸水させた後、種皮付きのままで網袋に入れて、流量300ml/分の流水(常温の水道水)による水晒しを行い、所定時間ごとに試料(梅仁)を取り出して、そのシアン化合物含有量を測定した。
【0062】
以上の実施例2−1,実施例2−2,及び比較例1における、それぞれの測定結果を表2に示す。
【0063】
【表2】
Figure 0003605548
【0064】
この表から、種皮付きの梅仁を水晒しした比較例1ではシアン化合物の除去効率が低く、72時間水晒しした後でも相当量のシアン化合物が残留しているのに対し、種皮を除去した場合(実施例2−1及び実施例2−2)ではシアン化合物の除去効率が格段に向上していることがわかる。また、水晒しの前に梅仁を加熱(煮沸)した場合(実施例2−2)は、加熱しなかった場合(実施例2−1)に比べて、特に水晒し工程の中盤から終期にかけてのシアン化合物除去効率が良好となることがわかる。
【0065】
[実施例3]
実施例3では、主として水晒し工程で使用する水の温度がシアン化合物の除去効率に及ぼす影響を調べた。なお、この実施例3では、前記実施例2で用いたものと同じ、シアン化合物を多量に含んだ梅仁を用いた。また、梅仁の核からの取り出し及び殻との分離も実施例2と同様の方法で行った。この種皮付き梅仁を用いて、以下の各条件(実施例3−1,実施例3−2,及び比較例2)におけるシアン化合物含有量(濃度)の変化を調べた(表3参照)。
【0066】
〈実施例3−1〉
種皮付き梅仁を24時間水に浸漬して吸水させた後、前記実施例1と同様の方法で種皮の剥離及び分離を行った。そして、この種皮除去済みの梅仁を100℃の熱水中で10分間煮沸した後、水晒し用の容器内で50℃に保持された温水に浸漬するとともに、容器内の温水を30分ごとに新しい温水(50℃)と交換するバッチ式により、梅仁の水晒しを行った。そして、水晒しの開始から1時間後と2時間後とにそれぞれ試料(梅仁)を取り出して、そのシアン化合物含有量を測定した。
【0067】
〈実施例3−2〉
種皮付き梅仁を24時間水に浸漬して吸水させた後、前記実施例1と同様の方法で種皮の剥離及び分離を行った。そして、この種皮除去済みの梅仁を100℃の熱水中で10分間煮沸した後、水晒し用の容器内で約100℃に保持された熱水に浸漬して煮沸を続行するとともに、容器内の熱水を30分ごとに新しい熱水(約100℃)と交換するバッチ式により、梅仁の水晒しを行った。そして、水晒しの開始から1時間後と2時間後とにそれぞれ試料(梅仁)を取り出して、そのシアン化合物含有量を測定した。
【0068】
〈比較例2〉
種皮付き梅仁を24時間水に浸漬して吸水させた後、この梅仁を種皮付きのままで100℃の熱水中で10分間煮沸した。そして、この煮沸済みの種皮付き梅仁を、水晒し用の容器内で約100℃に保持された熱水に浸漬して煮沸を続行するとともに、容器内の熱水を30分ごとに新しい熱水(約100℃)と交換するバッチ式により、梅仁の水晒しを行った。そして、水晒しの開始から1時間後と2時間後とにそれぞれ試料(梅仁)を取り出して、そのシアン化合物含有量を測定した。
【0069】
以上の実施例3−1,実施例3−2,及び比較例2における、それぞれの測定結果を表3に示す。
【0070】
【表3】
Figure 0003605548
【0071】
この表3と、常温の水で晒した前記実施例1及び2での測定結果とを比較すると、水晒し工程で温水又は熱水を使用した場合にはシアン化合物の除去効率がより一層向上することがわかる。また、熱水を使用した場合でも、梅仁の種皮が除去されていなければ、シアン化合物の除去効率は低くなることがわかる。
【0072】
なお、参考のために、市販されている梅加工品のうち、梅干3点,梅エキス3点,梅酒2点,及び梅ドリンク1点について、前記と同様の方法で測定した。その結果を表4に示す。
【0073】
【表4】
Figure 0003605548
【0074】
この表から明らかなように、今般調査した市販の梅加工品には、梅ドリンクを除き、数ppm〜数10ppmのシアン化合物が含まれている。これらと比較して、本発明方法では、ほとんどシアン化合物が含まれていない、食品衛生上も安全な食用梅仁が得られると言える。
【0075】
【発明の効果】
以上に説明したように、本発明に係る梅仁の処理方法によれば、梅仁に含まれるシアン化合物を除去する処理が、梅仁を固形状に保ったまま、低コストで且つ効率的に行える。そして、これにより、原形もしくは適宜な大きさに破砕された粒状をなし、且つ、シアン化合物が食用しても危険のない、例えば1ppm以下というような濃度にまで除去されている、極めて幅広い用途に使用可能な食用梅仁を得ることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】殻と梅仁との分離工程を説明する説明図である。
【図2】種皮付き梅仁に吸水させる工程を説明する説明図である。
【図3】種皮付き梅仁からの種皮の剥離工程を説明する説明図である。
【図4】種皮と梅仁との分離工程を説明する説明図である。
【符号の説明】
2 食塩水
4 種皮付き梅仁
11 食塩水
12 梅仁
13 種皮
14 種皮と梅仁との混合物[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method for treating ume jin that can efficiently remove cyanide contained in ume jin and edible ume jin obtained by the method.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Plum fruits have a nucleus, commonly called a seed, inside the mesocarp, which is commonly called pulp (plum meat). The nucleus is formed by hardening of the endocarp, and is in the shape of a slightly flattened elliptical sphere with sharp ends.
[0003]
When the core of the plum is broken, jin comes out from inside. Ume-no-Jin (hereinafter, "Ume-jin") is shaped like a round almond and is wrapped in a brown or light brown, thin and flexible seed coat. Umenin itself is white to yellowish-white.
[0004]
Note that “jin” is a general term for embryos and endosperm, and umenin wrapped in a seed coat is “plum seed” in its original meaning, but in this specification, as described above, a nucleus generally called a seed In order to avoid confusion with this, we will call this "semen with seed coat".
[0005]
By the way, umenin has long been called "Tenjin-sama" and is an interesting food material, but conventionally, umenin has rarely been used industrially as food.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
This is because Umenin contains cyanide such as amygdalin and hydrogen cyanide which are cyan glycosides.
[0007]
More specifically, the glycoside amygdalin itself contained in umenin is nontoxic, but is hydrolyzed to benzaldehyde, glucose, and hydrogen cyanide by the enzyme emulsin also contained in umenin. For example, umenin which has been scratched by an external shock may contain a high concentration of hydrogen cyanide of 1000 to 2000 ppm as a result of degradation of amygdalin by emulsin. When amygdalin is taken into the body, it is also hydrolyzed by intestinal bacteria and stomach acid in the same manner as described above to generate hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is expected to have a medicinal effect such as promoting metabolism of human body tissues when taken in a very small amount. However, as is well known, since it is very toxic, eating a large amount of umenin may cause poisoning.
[0008]
Therefore, in order to make it edible, it is necessary to remove amygdalin and hydrogen cyanide (hereinafter collectively referred to as “cyan compound”) contained in umenin to such an extent that they do not pose a danger to the human body. Thus, it was difficult to use umenin as a food because no method for efficiently removing the cyanide was known.
[0009]
In addition, ume nuclei cannot be incinerated due to the inclusion of cyanide in the ume jin inside thereof, and there is a problem with the treatment method. For example, around Tanabe City, Wakayama Prefecture, a typical production area of plums and processed ume foods, about 700 tons of ume nuclei are treated annually as landfills and used as industrial waste. With the increase in food production, the amount of nuclei remaining after removing plum meat is steadily increasing, and the fact is that it is difficult to process them.
[0010]
By the way, for example, after plum seed is ground into a liquid (pure), amygdalin-degrading enzyme is added to this to completely decompose amygdalin, and then it is heated to evaporate volatile hydrogen cyanide. Various cyan removal methods are conceivable. In the experiments of the present inventors, the cyanide of umenin could be removed by this method.
[0011]
However, the amygdalin content of umenin is large, and in order to completely decompose it, the above method requires the use of a large amount of expensive amygdalin-degrading enzyme, resulting in too much processing cost and a problem in profitability. was there. In addition, because umenin is in liquid form, it is difficult to remove water from the liquid matter, and the treatment efficiency is poor.Furthermore, unlike umenin in solid form, its use as food is limited. There were also disadvantages. Furthermore, there is a problem that it is dangerous if hydrogen cyanide vaporized in the process is released into the air.
[0012]
The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and is a treatment of plum seed that can efficiently remove a cyanide compound contained in plum seed while keeping plum seed in a solid state. It is an object of the present invention to provide edible umenin which can be used for a wide range of uses as a method and food.
[0013]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, the method of treating plum seeds according to the present invention comprises the steps of peeling the seed coat from the seed coat with plum seed, and immersing the mixture of the peeled seed coat and plum seed in an aqueous solution having an appropriate salt concentration, The method is characterized by comprising a step of removing the ume seeds floating above the aqueous solution and a step of exposing the ume seeds from which the seed coat has been peeled off to water.
[0014]
Umenin used in the present invention is obtained from the core of plum fruit.
It should be noted that the state of the plum fruit in which the core and the plum meat are separated is not particularly limited. That is, umenin may be extracted from the core of Ome (ume fruit) or from the core of dried plum (ume fruit). After peeling the seed coat from such umenin, if umenin is exposed to water, umenin and water come into direct contact, so that water-soluble hydrogen cyanide and amygdalin dissolve into the water and are removed from umenin. .
In addition, if umenin is exposed to water with a seed coat attached thereto, the cyanide (amygdalin and hydrogen cyanide) cannot be efficiently removed because the seed coat hinders contact between umenin and water. Also, it is difficult to separate the seed coat from umenin, and for example, if it is selected by hand, a great deal of labor is required.
[0015]
In addition, in order to easily and efficiently peel the seed coat, the seed coat is peeled from the umenin with seed coat.
Before the step, it is desirable to provide a step of absorbing water with the seed coat with umenin.
[0016]
Another method of treating plum seeds according to the present invention is a step of crushing the seed coat with ume seeds to an appropriate size, a step of exposing the crushed seed coat with ume seeds to water, and a step of water absorption after performing water exposure. Peeling the seed coat from the crushed plum seeds with the seed coat, and immersing the mixture of the peeled seed coat and the crushed plum seeds in an aqueous solution having an appropriate salt concentration, and taking out the crushed plum seeds floating above the aqueous solution; It is characterized by having.
[0017]
When the ume seeds removed from the nuclei are crushed so that one grain of ume seeds is divided into multiple pieces with the seed coat attached, each crushed ume seed (crushed pieces of ume seeds: hereafter agreed) is seed coat. A fractured surface (divided surface) that is exposed without being covered by the surface is generated. When the crushed umenin is exposed to water, umenin tissue and water come into direct contact at the fractured surface, and amygdalin and hydrogen cyanide dissolve into the water from the fractured surface. As a result, the cyanide can be removed efficiently as in the case where the plum seed after peeling the seed coat is exposed to water. In addition, the mixture of the peeled seed coat and the crushed ume seeds is immersed in an aqueous solution having an appropriate salt concentration, and the crushed ume seeds floating above the aqueous solution are taken out to efficiently separate the seed coat and the crushed ume seeds. be able to.
[0018]
In the above treatment method, when exposing the seed coat or crushed ume seed with seed coat to water, if the ume seed is heated by immersing it in hot water before that, the cyanide Removal efficiency is further improved.
[0019]
In addition, in the step of exposing umenin to water, if the umenin is exposed using hot water or hot water instead of normal-temperature water, the cyan compound removal efficiency is further improved.
[0020]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, a method of treating umenin according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described. First, in order to obtain ume jin used in the method of the present invention, the ume nucleus is broken to take out ume jin. The method of cracking the nucleus is arbitrary. For example, the nucleus may be cracked using an apricot nucleus splitter (for removing apricot kernel). It is also conceivable to break the nucleus by passing the ume nucleus through the gap while rotating a pair of rollers arranged in the above.
[0021]
After breaking the plum nucleus in this way, the split nucleus (the inner rind part of the plum: hereinafter referred to as "shell") is separated from the plum kernel.
The separation method here is also optional. For example, a mixture of husk and umenin (enclosed in a seed coat at this time) is placed in an aqueous solution having an appropriate salt concentration, and only umenin floating above the aqueous solution is used. If they are collected, efficient separation is possible.
At this time, if the salt concentration of the aqueous solution is too high, both the shell and the umenin will rise, and if the salt concentration is too low, both the shell and the umenin will sink, so the umenin will float. Adjust the salinity so that the shell sinks. The preferred salt concentration depends on the state of the core, but is generally in the range of 20 to 26% by weight.
[0022]
[First Embodiment of the Invention]
By the way, in the first embodiment, the seed coat is peeled from the seed coat with the seed coat separated from the shell as described above. However, the seed coat is generally in close contact with the surface of the seed coat and is not easily separated. . In particular, in the case where the plum is extracted from the core of plum, the seed coat and the plum are dried and firmly fixed to each other, and thus the peeling of the seed is particularly difficult.
[0023]
Therefore, if necessary, before the peeling step, a step of absorbing the seed coat with umenin is performed. That is, for example, water is placed in an appropriate container, and umenin with seed coat is immersed in the water to absorb water.
Although the immersion time is not particularly limited, for example, in the case of umenin obtained from plum dried, if immersed for about 24 to 48 hours, the seed coat is softened, the adhesion between the seed coat and the umenin is loosened, and peeling of the seed coat is extremely easy. It will be ready to do it.
Further, softening the tissue of umenin by absorbing umenin in this step also contributes to the improvement of the efficiency of removing cyanide in the subsequent water exposure step.
[0024]
Next, the seed coat is peeled from the plum seed with seed coat that has absorbed water. Here, the method of peeling is not particularly limited, but as described above, since it is in a state of extremely easy peeling by water absorption, while appropriately pressing the seed coat with ume seed, rub the ume seed with each other, or slightly. The seed coat can be peeled off from the ume seed by rolling the ume seed on the fixed surface having the unevenness to generate a shift action between the seed coat and the ume seed.
[0025]
Specifically, for example, in a container such as a `` mortar '' having irregularities on the inner surface, put a suitable amount of ume seeds with seed coat that has been previously absorbed, and move the ume seeds so that they are rubbed while holding them with the palm of the hand, the seed coat peels off. I do. Also, for example, in a bag whose inner surface is not very smooth, such as a hemp bag, an appropriate amount of seeded plum seed with pre-absorbed seed coat is closed, the bag mouth is closed, and the bag is rubbed and moved by hand. . Of course, other than these, various peeling methods such as rubbing the surface of the seeded plum seedling with a brush can be adopted.
[0026]
When the seed coat is peeled off from the plum seed, the peeled seed coat and the plum seed are in a mixed state. Then, the seed coat is separated and removed from the mixture. In most cases, the seed coat is a hindrance when using umenin as food. Separation of the seed coat may be performed after the water exposure step described below, but when exposed to water, if the peeled seed coat is mixed with plum seed, the seed coat may hinder the removal of cyanide from plum seed. Therefore, it is usually desirable to separate the seed coat before the water exposure step.
[0027]
Separation of the seed coat and umenin here is performed by putting an aqueous solution having an appropriate salt concentration into a container, adding a mixture of the seed coat and umenin to the aqueous solution, and removing only the umenin floating above the aqueous solution, for example, using a net. This is done by scooping. Of course, if the salt concentration of the aqueous solution is too high, both the seed coat and ume jin will rise, and if the salt concentration is too low, both the seed coat and ume jin will sink. Therefore, the term “appropriate salt concentration” as used in the present invention means a salt concentration at which umenin floats and the seed coat sinks due to a difference in specific gravity. The salt concentration of the aqueous solution used in this step varies depending on the state of the seed coat and umenin, but it is generally preferable to be in the range of 8 to 15% by weight, more preferably 10 to 13% by weight. . In addition, the aqueous solution is not limited to saline, and for example, it is conceivable to use ume vinegar produced in the process of producing umeboshi after appropriately adjusting the salt content.
[0028]
Next, the plum seed from which the seed coat has been separated and removed as described above is heated. The heating step is not an essential requirement in the method of the present invention, but by heating, it is possible to inactivate the emulsin, which is an amygdalin-degrading enzyme contained in umenin, and to soften the tissue of umenin, In the water exposing step, the cyan compound in umenin can be easily leached out of umenin. The heating of umenin may be performed at any stage as long as it is before the water exposure step, but it is needless to say that the best efficiency is obtained after removing the seed coat.
[0029]
The heating method is not particularly limited. For example, high frequency dielectric heating using a microwave oven or heating by steaming with high-temperature steam may be used. However, the simplest and preferred method is to immerse in hot water and boil it. For example, boiling in hot water of 100 ° C. for about 10 minutes sufficiently softens the umenin tissue and emulsin Can be completely deactivated. However, in this step, it is not always necessary to raise the temperature to 100 ° C., and umenin may be immersed in hot or hot water maintained at a temperature of, for example, about 70 to 80 ° C. for an appropriate time. Incidentally, it is considered that emulsin is deactivated when heated to about 70 ° C.
[0030]
Finally, a step of exposing the umenin to water is performed. This water-exposing step is performed by exposing umenin to water contained in a container of an appropriate capacity in a state of being immersed in the container, and replacing the water in the container with new water at appropriate time intervals (hereinafter referred to as “batch type”). Alternatively, the method may be carried out by exposing the ume nin to a water-permeable container such as a net bag and then exposing the container to running water (hereinafter referred to as a "flowing type").
[0031]
By performing the water exposure here, as described above, the water and the umenin come into direct contact (without passing through the seed coat), so that the cyanide (amygdalin and hydrogen cyanide) is leached from the inside of the umenin to efficiently Can be removed. The time required for exposure to water depends on the amount of cyanide originally contained in umenin and the state of umenin due to the presence or absence of prior water absorption and / or heating (eg, moisture content, softening and softening of tissue). In the case of batch treatment, it depends on the frequency of water exchange, and in the case of flowing water treatment, it also depends on the flow rate of water. Since the compound content (concentration) can be reduced to 1 ppm or less, umenin can be used as edible umenin which is safe in food hygiene.
[0032]
In addition, there is no need to grind plum seeds as in the method described in the prior art, and the plum seeds can be processed while being kept in a solid state, so that the edible plum after processing can be widely used in various foods. It will be. For example, edible umenin can be roasted to produce confectionery products such as almonds and coconut.
Of course, it is also conceivable that the edible umenin of the present invention is finely pulverized or emulsified and mixed with tofu or the like to produce an apricot tofu-like food.
[0033]
In addition, after peeling the seed coat from the plum seeds, the plum seeds are crushed to an appropriate size (for example, a particle size of about 2 to 8 mm) and exposed to water. ), The surface area of umenin (that is, the contact area between umenin and water) is larger than in the case of exposure in step (1), so that the cyan compound removal efficiency is further improved.
[0034]
In addition, in the above-mentioned water exposure step, if exposure is performed using hot water or hot water instead of normal-temperature water (for example, tap water), the softening of the umenin tissue is facilitated, and the cyanide removal efficiency is reduced. Even better. Note that the boiling point of hydrogen cyanide is as low as about 26 ° C., which is also considered to be one of the reasons that the removal efficiency is improved when exposed to warm water or hot water.
[0035]
By the way, at the stage before exposure to water, benzaldehyde generated in Umenin by amygdalin being decomposed by the action of emulsin is hardly soluble in water, and therefore is not easily removed in the water exposure step. However, since benzaldehyde is a non-toxic substance and is a substance that is a source of fragrance peculiar to plums, it is not necessary to remove it by force, but rather, it is preferable that some benzaldehyde remains.
[0036]
As the “water” used in the water exposure step, tap water or groundwater (well water) is most commonly used as it is, but is not limited thereto. For example, seasonings such as salt, coloring agents, and water An aqueous solution of an alkaline compound such as sodium oxide or sodium carbonate, alcohol, or another substance may be used.
[0037]
[Embodiment 2]
The plum seeds used as a raw material in the second embodiment are also seed plums with seed coats, which are separated from the shells after being removed from the core of the plum fruit by an appropriate method, similarly to those used in the first embodiment.
[0038]
However, in the first embodiment, first, the seed coat is removed from the seed coat with the seed coat. In the second embodiment, the seed coat is not removed, and the seed coat with the seed coat is crushed to an appropriate size. Here, the size of umenin is optional.However, the finer the crushing, the higher the efficiency of removing cyanide in the water exposure step described below. Narrows. Also, if the crushing is too fine, it will be difficult to remove the seed coat from the crushed pieces of umenin (crushed umenin) in the subsequent process. Therefore, it is most preferable to crush to the extent that one grain of plum is divided into 3 to 4 pieces of plum. (In this case, the particle size of each crushed plum tree is about 4 to 8 mm.) The means for crushing is arbitrary, and for example, a general crusher for food can be used.
[0039]
Next, the “crushed plum seed with seed coat” obtained as described above is heated and exposed to water. The heating step and the water exposure step may be performed in substantially the same manner as in the first embodiment. However, in the above-described embodiment, since the umenin was made to absorb water to facilitate the peeling of the seed coat, the moisture content of the umenin was increased to some extent at the time of heating and / or exposure to water. In the form, especially when umenin obtained from umeboshi is crushed, the crushed umenin with seed coat after crushing is also a dried product having a considerably low water content. Therefore, even if the crushed plum seed with seed coat is heated or exposed to water in such a dry state (the state of the plum tree is firmly tight), the emulsin is immediately and efficiently deactivated and the cyanide compound is removed. Can not be.
[0040]
Therefore, in the heating step and / or the water exposure step in this embodiment, the initial stage substantially also serves as a step of absorbing water by the crushed plum seedling with seed coat.
In other words, for example, when the dried seed coat with crushed plum seeds is exposed to water, the action of absorbing the crushed plum seeds mainly at the beginning of the water exposure is mainly performed, but the cyanide in the plum seeds does not leach much, As the tissue of crushed plum is softened by continuing water exposure as it is, the efficiency of leaching and removal of cyanide gradually increases.
[0041]
In order to perform the treatment most efficiently, the dried crushed plum seeds with seed coat are immersed in hot water, and the boiling is continued for an appropriate period of time (for example, about 10 minutes) to soften the crushed plum seeds by absorbing water and heating. After simultaneously inactivating and deactivating emulsin, it is desirable that the crushed umenin be exposed to water by either the batch method or the flowing water method.
[0042]
In any case, by performing such water exposure, as described above, each crushed plum seed with a seed coat comes into direct contact with water on a fractured surface that is not covered with the seed coat. Therefore, the cyanide in Umein is mainly leached out of the fractured surface into water and is efficiently removed.
[0043]
Then, after removing the cyanide, the seed coat is peeled and removed from the crushed plum seed with seed coat. The peeling method here is optional, but since the seed coat is softened by the water absorption in the water exposure step, and the adhesion between the seed coat and the ume seeds is loose, for example, as in the first embodiment, the crushed ume seeds are pressed. Meanwhile, the crushed plums can be easily peeled off by rubbing each other or another one.
Separation of the seed coat from the mixture of the peeled seed coat and the crushed plum seeds can also be carried out by immersing the mixture in an aqueous solution having an appropriate salt concentration and floating the crushed ume in the aqueous solution as in the first embodiment. The method of extracting only the jin can be easily and efficiently performed.
[0044]
In the treatment method of the second embodiment, first, umenin with seed coat is crushed, so that it is not possible to obtain edible umenin which retains the original form of the umenin (in the form of a circle) as in the first embodiment. However, unlike the method described in the above-mentioned prior art, it is not necessary to grind the plum seeds in a puree form, and at least solid (granular) edible plum seeds can be obtained. Therefore, the obtained edible umenin can be used for various uses such as confectionery and cake topping.
[0045]
In addition, both the first and second embodiments have the effect of eliminating the need for using an expensive amygdalin-decomposing enzyme as in the method described in the related art, and enabling processing at low cost. Therefore, according to the method of the present invention, it is possible to easily convert umenin, which has been conventionally discarded together with the umenuclear as industrial waste, into food, to effectively utilize resources, and to remove umenin after taking out umenin. Since the nucleus (shell) can be easily processed by incineration or the like, various advantages are obtained such that the processing cost of the nucleus remaining after the plum processor removes the ume meat can be reduced.
[0046]
【Example】
Hereinafter, some of the steps and data of various experiments performed by the present inventors will be introduced for understanding of the present invention. It goes without saying that the following description does not limit the technical scope of the present invention.
[0047]
[Example 1]
In Example 1, the removal status of cyanide with the passage of water exposure time was examined mainly in a batch system and a flowing water system.
[0048]
First of all, as a preparation stage, the core remaining after removing the plum meat from plum dried was split, and the plum seeds with seed coat were taken out. Then, as shown in FIG. 1, an appropriate container 1 is filled with a saline solution 2 adjusted to a salt concentration of 23% by weight, and a mixture 5 of the nucleus shell 3 divided by the above and a seed coat umenin 4 is added thereto. did. Then, as shown in the figure, the shell 3 sank and the seed coat 4 with the seed coat floated, and the floating seed coat 4 with the seed coat was scooped.
[0049]
Next, as shown in FIG. 2, water (normal temperature tap water) 7 is put into a container 6, the seeds with seed coat 4 are put into the container 6, and the container is allowed to stand for 24 hours in this state. Water was absorbed.
Then, as shown in FIG. 3, the seeded plum seeds 4 with the seed coat are taken out of the container 6 and put in a mortar 8 and rubbed with the hand 9 while pressing the seeded plum seeds 4 with the hand 9 to obtain the seeded plum seeds. 4 and the seed coat was peeled off. As a result, a mixture 14 of the peeled seed coat 12 and the peeled umenin 13 was obtained.
[0050]
Further, as shown in FIG. 4, a saline solution 11 adjusted to a salt concentration of 11.5% by weight was put in an appropriate container 10, and a mixture 14 of the seed coat 12 and the umenin 13 obtained in the above step was charged. Then, as shown in the figure, the seed coat 12 sank and the umenin 13 floated, and the floating umenin 13 was scooped.
[0051]
Next, the umenin 13 was placed in hot water, kept at about 100 ° C. for 10 minutes (boiled), taken out of the hot water, and the umenin was subjected to each of the methods described below (Example 1-1 and Example 1). -2 and Example 1-3), and the change in cyan compound content over time was examined (see Table 1). For reference, ume jin at the time when the nucleus was cracked and removed, ume jin at the time when it was separated from the seed coat (that is, ume jin 13 immediately after scooping from the saline solution 11 in FIG. 4), and The content of cyanide was also measured for umenin at the time of boiling out for 10 minutes and taking it out of hot water. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0052]
<Example 1-1>
6 liters of water (normal-temperature tap water) was put in a container, and 1 kg of umenin boiled in the water for 10 minutes was immersed in the water to perform water exposure. The water is replaced with fresh water every time shown in Table 1 (8 hours, 15 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, and 96 hours after the start of the water exposure) (that is, the aforementioned “water”). In addition to the “batch exposure”, samples (Umein) were collected at each time of the water exchange, and the cyan compound content of each sample was measured.
[0053]
<Example 1-2>
1 kg of boiled plum seeds was boiled for 10 minutes, placed in a net bag, and the net bag was exposed to running water (tap water at room temperature) at a flow rate of 300 ml / min. Water exposure was carried out by the formula). Then, at the same time points as when the samples were collected in Example 1-1, samples (umenin) were collected from the net bags, respectively, and the cyan compound content of each sample was measured.
[0054]
<Example 1-3>
1 kg of umenin boiled for 10 minutes is crushed to a particle size of about 3 mm square on average, and 1 kg of the crushed umenin is put in a net bag, and the net bag is put in flowing water (normal temperature tap water) at a flow rate of 300 ml / min. The umenin was exposed to water by the exposure (that is, the effluent was applied by the above-mentioned "flow-through type"). Then, at the same time points as when the samples were collected in Example 1-1, samples (crushed plum blossoms) were collected from the net bags, respectively, and the cyan compound content of each sample was measured.
[0055]
In addition, the measurement test of the cyanide content was carried out in accordance with the natural hazardous substance test method (enzyme microdiffusion method of cyanide) of the Sanitary Test Method and Commentary (edited by the Japan Pharmaceutical Association, 1990).
That is, a 4-fold amount of a 0.01 N sodium hydroxide solution is added to 10 g of a sample, and homogenized at 18,000 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain a sample solution. Next, vacuum grease is previously applied to a contact portion of a conway diffuser (standard type, manufactured by Shibata Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd.), and 5 ml of a 0.5N sodium hydroxide solution is accurately placed in the outer chamber. Next, 0.5 ml of the above sample solution, 0.5 ml of a 0.1% enzyme solution (β-glucosidase, derived from almond, 5.3 units / mg), and 2.5 ml of a 0.5N citrate buffer (pH 5.2) were added to the inner chamber, and immediately added. Cover and secure with metal fittings. This is incubated for 90 minutes in a shaker at 50 ° C., and then left at room temperature for 3 hours. Thereafter, 3 ml of the solution in the outer chamber was taken and the pH was adjusted to 5 to 6 by adding 0.8 ml of a 2N acetic acid solution. Subsequently, 1 ml of a phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and 0.2% chloramine T solution are added, and the mixture is immediately sealed, mixed gently, and left at 25 ° C. for 50 minutes. Next, 1 ml of a pyridine / pyrazolone solution (0.1% 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone solution: 0.1% bis- (1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone) pyridine solution = 5: 1) was added. After mixing well, leave at 25 ° C. for 50 minutes. The color liquid obtained here is measured for absorbance at a wavelength of 620 nm. Separately, a calibration curve was prepared using a 0.017% amygdalin solution as a cyan standard solution, and a cyan curve in the sample solution was calculated. Furthermore, the concentration was multiplied by the dilution factor to obtain the cyan compound concentration (content) in the sample. (In each of the following examples, measurement was performed in the same manner.)
[0056]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003605548
[0057]
As is clear from Table 1 showing the results of this example, the ume ren immersed in the saline solution and separated from the seed coat has an amount of the cyanide compound which is about 1/1 as compared to the ume jin immediately after removal from the nucleus. It was reduced to 10.
Then, after the start of water exposure, in Example 1-3 in which umenin was crushed and exposed in a running water method, the umenin in which the seed coat was removed was exposed in the running water method in 15 hours in Example 1-3. In Example 2, the umenin from which the seed coat was removed was exposed to water in a batch manner in its original form in Example 1-1. In 30 hours, the content (concentration) of the cyanide compound was 1 ppm or less, respectively, and the food safety was safe. It turned out to be edible umenin.
[0058]
[Example 2]
In Example 2, the effect of the presence or absence of a seed coat and the presence or absence of a heating step on the cyan compound removal efficiency was examined.
In this Example 2, umenin obtained from relatively fresh umeboshi, which contained a larger amount of a cyanide compound than that used in Example 1, was used. The removal of umenin from the nucleus and separation from the shell were performed in the same manner as in Example 1. Using this seed coat with umenin, a change in the cyan compound content (concentration) under the following conditions (Examples 2-1 and 2-2 and Comparative Example 1) was examined (see Table 2).
[0059]
<Example 2-1>
After seedling-coated umenin was immersed in water for 24 hours to absorb water, the seed coat was peeled and separated in the same manner as in Example 1. Then, the plum seeds from which the seed coat has been removed are put in a net bag, exposed to water at a flow rate of 300 ml / min (tap water at normal temperature), and a sample (plum plum) is taken out at predetermined time intervals and the cyanide compound is removed. The content was measured.
[0060]
<Example 2-2>
After seedling-coated umenin was immersed in water for 24 hours to absorb water, the seed coat was peeled and separated in the same manner as in Example 1. Then, after removing the seed coat of the ume seeds in hot water at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes, the ume seeds are put into a net bag and exposed to water at a flow rate of 300 ml / min (tap water at normal temperature). A sample (Umein) was taken out and its cyan compound content was measured.
[0061]
<Comparative Example 1>
After immersing umenin with seed coat in water for 24 hours to absorb water, put it in a net bag with the seed coat attached, and perform water exposure with running water (normal temperature tap water) at a flow rate of 300 ml / min. A sample (Umein) was taken out and its cyan compound content was measured.
[0062]
Table 2 shows the measurement results of Examples 2-1 and 2-2 and Comparative Example 1 described above.
[0063]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003605548
[0064]
From this table, it can be seen that in Comparative Example 1 in which umenin with seed coat was exposed to water, the removal efficiency of the cyanide compound was low, and a considerable amount of the cyanide remained even after exposure to water for 72 hours, whereas the seed coat was removed. In the case (Example 2-1 and Example 2-2), it can be seen that the removal efficiency of the cyanide compound is remarkably improved. In addition, in the case of heating (boiling) umenin before water exposure (Example 2-2), especially in the middle stage to the end of the water exposure step, compared to the case without heating (Example 2-1). It can be seen that the cyan compound removal efficiency becomes better.
[0065]
[Example 3]
In Example 3, the effect of the temperature of the water used in the water exposure step on the removal efficiency of the cyanide was examined. In Example 3, the same umenin containing a large amount of a cyan compound as that used in Example 2 was used. Further, the removal of umenin from the nucleus and separation from the shell were performed in the same manner as in Example 2. Using the seed coat with umenin, a change in the cyan compound content (concentration) under the following conditions (Example 3-1, Example 3-2, and Comparative Example 2) was examined (see Table 3).
[0066]
<Example 3-1>
After seedling-coated umenin was immersed in water for 24 hours to absorb water, the seed coat was peeled and separated in the same manner as in Example 1. Then, after removing the seed coat of the plum seeds in hot water of 100 ° C. for 10 minutes, immersed in hot water maintained at 50 ° C. in a container for water exposure, and immersing the hot water in the container every 30 minutes The umenin was exposed to water by a batch method of exchanging with fresh warm water (50 ° C.). Then, one hour and two hours after the start of the water exposure, samples (Umejin) were taken out, and the cyan compound content was measured.
[0067]
<Example 3-2>
After seedling-coated umenin was immersed in water for 24 hours to absorb water, the seed coat was peeled and separated in the same manner as in Example 1. Then, after removing the seed coat of the plum seeds in hot water of 100 ° C. for 10 minutes, immersion in hot water maintained at about 100 ° C. in a container for water exposure and continuing boiling, Umenin was exposed to water by a batch method in which the hot water inside was replaced with fresh hot water (about 100 ° C.) every 30 minutes. Then, one hour and two hours after the start of the water exposure, samples (Umejin) were taken out, and the cyan compound content was measured.
[0068]
<Comparative Example 2>
The ume seeds with seed coat were immersed in water for 24 hours to absorb water, and the ume seeds were boiled in hot water at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes with the seed coat. Then, the boiled plum seeds with seed coat are immersed in hot water kept at about 100 ° C. in a water-soaking container to continue boiling, and the hot water in the container is renewed every 30 minutes. Umenin was exposed to water by a batch method of exchanging with water (about 100 ° C.). Then, one hour and two hours after the start of the water exposure, samples (Umejin) were taken out, and the cyan compound content was measured.
[0069]
Table 3 shows the measurement results of Examples 3-1 and 3-2 and Comparative Example 2 described above.
[0070]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003605548
[0071]
Comparing Table 3 with the measurement results in Examples 1 and 2 exposed to water at room temperature, the removal efficiency of cyanide is further improved when hot water or hot water is used in the water exposure step. You can see that. It can also be seen that even when hot water is used, the removal efficiency of the cyanide compound is low unless the seed coat of plum is removed.
[0072]
For reference, three processed plums, three plum extracts, two plum wines, and one plum drink were measured in the same manner as above among processed plum products on the market. Table 4 shows the results.
[0073]
[Table 4]
Figure 0003605548
[0074]
As is clear from this table, commercially available processed ume products, which have recently been investigated, contain a few ppm to several tens of ppm of a cyanide compound, excluding ume drinks. Compared with these, it can be said that the method of the present invention can provide edible ume jin which is almost free of cyanide and is safe in food hygiene.
[0075]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the method for treating umenin according to the present invention, the treatment for removing the cyanide compound contained in umenin is performed at low cost and efficiently while maintaining the umenin in a solid state. I can do it. And, by this, in the original form or in the form of granules crushed to an appropriate size, and in a very wide range of applications, the cyanide is removed to a concentration such as 1 ppm or less, which is not dangerous even when consumed. A usable edible plum can be obtained.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a step of separating shells and umenin.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram illustrating a process of absorbing water by a seed coat with umenin.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram illustrating a step of peeling a seed coat from a seed-coated plum tree.
FIG. 4 is an explanatory view illustrating a separation step of seed coat and umenin.
[Explanation of symbols]
2 saline
4 Umeji with seed coat
11 saline
12 Umeji
13 seed coat
14. Mixture of seed coat and umenin

Claims (6)

種皮付き梅仁から種皮を剥離する工程と、剥離された種皮と梅仁との混合物を適宜な塩分濃度の水溶液に浸し、この水溶液内の上方に浮いた梅仁を取り出す工程と、種皮が剥離された梅仁を水晒しする工程とを備えることを特徴とする梅仁の処理方法。A step of peeling the seed coat from the seed coat with ume seeds, a step of immersing the peeled seed coat and the mixture of ume seeds in an aqueous solution having an appropriate salt concentration, and a step of taking out the ume seeds floating above the aqueous solution and peeling the seed coat Exposing the selected umenin to water. 種皮付き梅仁から種皮を剥離する工程の前に、種皮付き梅仁に吸水させる工程を備える請求項1に記載の梅仁の処理方法。The method of treating plum seeds according to claim 1, further comprising a step of causing the plum seeds with seed coat to absorb water before the step of removing the seed coat from the plum seeds with seed coat. 種皮付き梅仁を適宜な大きさに破砕する工程と、破砕された種皮付き梅仁を水晒しする工程と、水晒しを行った後の吸水した種皮付き破砕梅仁から種皮を剥離する工程と、剥離された種皮と破砕梅仁との混合物を適宜な塩分濃度の水溶液に浸し、この水溶液内の上方に浮いた破砕梅仁を取り出す工程とを備えることを特徴とする梅仁の処理方法。A step of crushing the seed coat with umenin to an appropriate size, a step of exposing the crushed seed coat with umenin to water, and a step of peeling the seed coat from the crushed umenin with seed coat that has absorbed water after performing water exposure. Immersing a mixture of the peeled seed coat and crushed ume seeds in an aqueous solution having an appropriate salt concentration, and taking out the crushed ume seeds floating above the aqueous solution. 梅仁を水晒しする工程の前に、梅仁を加熱する工程を備える請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の梅仁の処理方法。The method for treating ume jin according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a step of heating ume jin before the step of exposing ume to water. 梅仁を水晒しする工程において、梅仁を温水又は熱水に晒すようにする請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の梅仁の処理方法。The method for treating ume jin according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein in the step of exposing ume jin to water, ume jin is exposed to warm water or hot water. 梅の果実の核から取り出した種皮付き梅仁を、請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の処理方法で処理してなる食用梅仁。An edible ume seed obtained by treating the ume seed with seed coat taken out from the core of the ume fruit by the treatment method according to any one of claims 1 to 5.
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