JP3599337B2 - High compression auto-ignition engine and method for reducing carbonaceous deposits on its accessories - Google Patents

High compression auto-ignition engine and method for reducing carbonaceous deposits on its accessories Download PDF

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JP3599337B2
JP3599337B2 JP52063394A JP52063394A JP3599337B2 JP 3599337 B2 JP3599337 B2 JP 3599337B2 JP 52063394 A JP52063394 A JP 52063394A JP 52063394 A JP52063394 A JP 52063394A JP 3599337 B2 JP3599337 B2 JP 3599337B2
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engine
ferrocene
deposits
fuel
accessories
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JPH08508763A (en
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チュンケル・ヴァルター
ローマン・ガブリーレ
マルシェウスキィ・アルニム
ニールセン・ターゲ・イブ
リュッツェン・クリスチアン
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オクテル・ドイッチュラント・ゲゼルシヤフト・ミト・ベシユレンクテル・ハフツング
アクティーゼルスカブ・ダンプスキープスセルスカベット・スヴェントボルグ
ダンプスキープスセルスカベット・アフ1912・アクティーゼルスカブ
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B77/00Component parts, details or accessories, not otherwise provided for
    • F02B77/04Cleaning of, preventing corrosion or erosion in, or preventing unwanted deposits in, combustion engines
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/30Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
    • C10L1/301Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) derived from metals
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/30Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
    • C10L1/305Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond)
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/04Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Supercharger (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
  • Lubrication Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)

Description

【0001】
この発明は、高圧縮で自動点火性エンジンのための重質残留油からなる内燃機関用燃料油に対する添加物としてフェロセンおよび/またはフェロセン誘導体(以下単に「フェロセン」と称することもある)を使用することにより炭素質付着物を減少させる方法に関する。
【0002】
フェロセンおよびその誘導体は文献により周知である。フェロセンとその製造は最初Nature 168(1951),第1039頁に記載された。それ以来フェロセンとその誘導体およびそれらに対応する製造方法は多くの特許の対象になった。例えば、米国特許第2 650 756号明細書、米国特許第2 769 828号明細書、米国特許第2 834 796号明細書、米国特許第2 898 360号明細書、米国特許第3 035 968号明細書、米国特許第3 238 158号明細書および米国特許第3 437 634号明細書である。
【0003】
フェロセンが燃焼プロセスを望ましくすることも特許刊行物により周知である。ドイツ特許第34 18 648号明細書は、他の多くの化合物の外に、燃料油の燃焼を最適にするため、つまり、バーナーへの燃料油の供給を容易にし、燃料油の完全燃焼を望ましくするため、一つの可能な添加物としてフェロセン(ジクロペンタジニエル鉄)を挙げている。
【0004】
米国特許第4 389 220号明細書には、ディーゼルエンジンをコンディショニングする方法が開示されている。この目的のため、デーゼル燃料に20〜30ppmのフェロセンを添加する。これにより、燃焼室中の炭素含有付着物が除去され、新たな付着物の形成も阻止される。同時に、この処置により運行距離当たりの燃料消費が5%程減少することが見出されている。ここで、デーゼル燃料とはASTMにより「第2燃料油」として知られている燃料である。この種の燃料は鉱物油の精製プロセスの中間留分であり、ガソリンスタンドで「ディーゼル」という名称で入手できるものをいう。これは、通常の道路上の乗物、例えば乗用車、バス、トラックの4サイクルディーゼルエンジンを駆動する燃料に用いられる。これはドイツ工業規格DIN 51601に相当し、その品質の点でEL燃料油に類似している。従って、これらは軽質乃至中質の燃料油である。
【0005】
これに対して例えば船舶あるいは発電設備で使用されるような低回転数の大型エンジンでは、重質の燃料油が使用される。しかしこの際には下流側に接続される関連付属ユニットが炭素を含む付着物により悪影響を受けるという問題がある。この種のユニットとしては、エンジンの排気ガスで作動される特にターボー過給機や熱交換器が含まれる。しかし、当然ながら弁、ピストンリングへの付着物や燃焼室内への付着物の形成も望ましくない。何故なら、これ等の付着物はエンジンの出力を低下させたり当該部品の磨耗を大きくしたりするからである。
【0006】
この発明の目的は、上記付着物の形成を最小にするかその除去を容易にすることにある。上記の目的は、本発明により、高圧縮で自動点火性のエンジンのための重質内燃機関用燃料油、特に密度が0.9〜1.01kg/dm3である重質燃料油に対する添加物としてフェロセンおよび/またはフェロセン誘導体を他の添加物質と配合することなしに使用することにより解決される。
【0007】
上記重質燃料油でこの種の大型エンジンを駆動する時にこそ、意外にもフェロセンの添加は特別に効果的であることがわかった。これは、とりわけ比較的大型のエンジン、つまり全出力が40〜100,000kW,好ましくは15,000〜50,000kW,特に30,000kW以上であるようなエンジンの場合に当てはまる。
通常は燃料が重質になればなる程、それだけ上記の付着物が増加し、それに伴う問題が大きくなる。このような燃料ではフェロセンの添加が意外にも特別に有効であることが分かった。これは、フェロセンが軽い燃料油の燃焼を改善する場合には非常に有効であることは従来から認められていたが、重質の燃料油の場合にはその有効性はより少ないものと信じられてきたので、予期できないことであった。
【0008】
特に、船舶燃料油、「バンカーC」等級、船舶ディーゼル燃料あるいは蒸留した船舶ディーゼル燃料油と通常称される種類の燃料に対してこの発明に従う使用法は特に有利である。燃料品質の名称から容易にわかるように、これ等は主に船舶エンジンを駆動するために使用される。
【0009】
問題となる重質の燃料油は、例えば原油の常圧蒸留、減圧蒸留あるいは接触分解からの残留油(residues)であってもよい。これらの燃料油の密度は特に0.9〜1.01kg/dm3の範囲内にある。この燃料油はISO 82 17に基づいてより細かく分類できる。そこでは、これ等の燃料は二つのクラス、つまり所謂蒸留した船舶燃料(Marine Disitillate Fuels)と所謂重質残留油燃料(Heavy Residual Fuels)に区別されている。前者はDMタイプと称され、後者はRMタイプと称されている。以下にこれらのタイプをそれらの密度、粘度、硫黄含有量および残留炭素のような重要な特性と共に例示的に説明する。
【0010】
【表1】

Figure 0003599337
DMとRMの全てのタイプは本発明の範囲内での燃料油として使用できる。遠洋航海に向いている大型船の多くの船舶エンジンは2サイクルエンジンであり、この発明は特にこのエンジンに適している。毎分900〜50rpm,好ましくは200〜50rpmの回転数、特に100rpm以下の最大回転の遅いエンジンの場合、特に有効である。もっとも、4サイクルエンジンの場合やもっと早い回転のエンジンでもこの発明による添加物により良好な結果が得られる。
【0011】
本発明による良好な結果は1〜100ppmのフェロセンのみの添加で得られる。1ppm以下の添加では、この効果は添加されていない燃料に比べて著しい改善が得られるほど顕著ではない。100ppm以上の添加量では、それ以上更に添加してもさほどの影響を及ぼさない限界に達する。通常5〜50ppmの範囲が望ましい。最適な範囲は10〜30ppmの間にある。この添加は、例えば添加物が燃料の一部の中に溶けて、この溶液を例えば配量ポンプを通して燃料の本供給流に再循環して行われる。
【0012】
フェロセンの代わりに、フェロセン誘導体を少なくともその一部に使用できる。フェロセン誘導体としては、フェロセン本体から出発して、一つまたは二つのシクロペンタジエニル環に他の置換基があるような化合物である。例としてエチルフェロセン、ブチルフェロセン、アセチルフェロセンおよび2,2−ビス−エチルフェロセニルプロパンがある。これらフェロセンまたはフェロセン誘導体は、フェロセンに対する溶剤などの他の添加物質と配合することなしに十室燃料油中に添加される。
【0013】
この発明によれば、使用される重質の燃料のみならず潤滑油に由来する付着物も効果的に低減される。
【0014】
付着物により、ターボ過給機や熱交換機器のようなエンジンの下流側に接続する付属ユニットや弁、ピストンリングのようなエンジン部品の性能も著しい影響を受ける。したがって付着物を除去するためしばしば大きな労力や経費をかける必要がある。例えば遠洋航海用の大型船では、エンジンに後続するターボ過給機を洗浄するため、通常細かく砕かれたナッツの殻や穀物粒を排気ガスの流れの中に吹き込む。この所謂"soft−blasting"(穏やかな吹き込み)と呼ばれる方法により羽根車や前置されているノズルリングへの付着物の大部分は除去される。この処置は、エンジンを最大出力にして、通常毎日行われ、必要であれば一日に二回も行われる。しかし、この種の浄化は大抵十分ではないので、1ヵ月に一度、あるいは必要であれば、往々水による洗浄が更に行われる。この洗浄はエンジンの出力を低減して行われるので、船にとって何時間もの時間の損失となる。この洗浄ではノズルにより水をノズルリングと羽根車の前で排気ガスの流れの中に導入する。この水洗浄は、特にその際の熱ショックによりターボ過給機や他の機器に大きな負担を与えることを意味する。それ故、水洗浄を最小に制限することが研究されている。このような洗浄に必要な通常の時間は通常約2〜3時間である。その場合、洗浄の目安は洗浄過程の後に排出される水の清澄さである。通常、洗浄水は1〜2時間で著しく汚れてくる。この発明の方法でフェロセンを添加した燃料油を使用することにより、上記の"soft−blasting"や水洗浄操作も一般的には不要となる。これは、その機能に制限を与えることなく、当該付属機能ユニットを保護し、時間と労力を節約できることを意味する。
【0015】
付着物によってターボ過給機の機能が損なわれると一連の多くの問題が生じる。ターボ過給機および最終的には機械全体の効率が低減するので、燃料消費が大きくなる。付着物により回転数が低下し、極端な場合、ターボ過給機の一つまたはそれ以上の羽根車が停止するまでになる。多重ターボ過給機を備えた機械では、複数のシリンダから排気ガスを集める一つの共通の排気ガス受器から羽根車が排気ガスの供給を受ける。付着物により生じる流れ抵抗の相違により、排気ガスの分配が不均一になると、回転数(速度の)低下、回転数の変動あるいは連結されているターボ過給機の間の回転数に顕著な差が生じて遂には停止する。付着物に起因する上記の種々の問題は材料の疲労を早め、極端な場合、材料に割れを与える。付着が特に強い場合、このようなことは多重ターボ過給機を備えていない小型機械でも生じる。回転数の不規則、つまり一様でない回転は非常に大きな振動を与え、これ等の振動が短時間の間に軸受および他の機械部品の材料破損を起こす。
【0016】
羽根車への不均一な付着物は回転数を低下させたり、多重ターボ過給機の場合、回転数に相違を必ずしも与えはしないが、不均一な回転によって望ましくない振動を与え、これ等の振動が磨耗速度を高める原因ともなる。
【0017】
下流側に接続される熱交換器の中でもこの発明の方法に従うフェロセンの添加なしでは熱交換器の表面上に付着物が形成し、これ等の付着物はその厚さに応じて熱交換器の効果を阻害することが確認されている。主に煤を含むこれ等の付着物も時々水洗浄により、場合によっては、洗浄、添加物、例えばCuCl2溶液を用いて除去する必要がある。この発明に従ってフェロセンを添加した燃料油を使用することにより付着物の形成が著しく低下する。従来の技術とは異って、非常に長時間の運転の後で水洗浄が(例えば乾ドック中で)必要になった時でも、この発明に従えば、意外にもフェロセンが添加された燃料の使用によって運転後の付着物が非常に簡単に除去できることが確認された。これらは恐らく付着物の組成が変化したためであろう。これ等の付着物は本願発明方法に従ってフェロセンが添加された燃料油を使用しない運転とは異なり、灰分の量が多く、発熱量が低く、炭素含有量が少ないことが確認された。これ等の付着物は油性成分もしくは油に似た成分をより少なく含んでいるので疎水性が少ないと推定される。
【0018】
熱交換器またはボイラーのそのような水洗浄は、規定された保守作業や検査作業のため船が乾ドックに係留中、通常遅くとも2年毎に行われる。しかし、二つの乾ドック間での係留の間には付加的な洗浄が通常5〜6回必要である。しかしこの発明を使用する場合は、この付加的洗浄を省くことができる。以下本発明を例示のための図面で説明する。
【0019】
第1図の説明
第1図はここで示された程度の大きさの船舶エンジンの排気ガス路を図面で示す。全部で10個のシリンダ(2)を備えたエンジンブロック(1)がある。それぞれ3個または4個のシリンダからの排気ガスを所謂排気ガス受器(3,4,5)に集め、ターボ過給機(6,7,8)に導入する。ターボ過給機から出た排気ガスの流れは排気ガス導管(9)の中に集められ、所謂排気ガス「ボイラー」(10)を通過する。このボイラーの中に熱交換器(11,12,13)が設けてあり、これ等の熱交換器により高圧、中圧および低圧の蒸気が発生する。排気ガスは煙道(14)を通りこの系から出る。
【0020】
この発明はコンテナ船に関して以下に報告する結果をもって成功裡に試験された。
【0021】
船の技術データ
登録総トン数 60,000
エンジンの技術データ
出力 33,000kW
シリンダの立方容積 1.6m3のシリンダ10個
回転数 最大90rpm
ターボ過給機の回転数 約10,000rpm
燃料消費 全出力で約6t/h
申し分のない初動期間後にこの船の機械のターボ過給機を基本的にソフトブラストと水洗浄で洗浄した。中間洗浄を行うことなく、約3ヵ月後に一回水洗浄を行った。この水洗浄はターボ過給機は満足に動作するので技術的には必ずしも必要ではなかったが、汚染度(付着物)に関する解明を行うために実行した。従来に技術では、毎日一回のソフトブラストと、毎月ほぼ一回の水洗浄を行う必要があり、この場合に使用した洗浄水は1〜2時間の間で非常に汚れたが、本発明によるこの試験では殆ど3ヵ月(85日)にわたって洗浄処置が省け、それにもかかわらず洗浄水は最初から清澄であった。これは、前記期間内で実際上付着物が形成されなかったとの結論を導くことができる。通常の洗浄方法で届かない場所でも汚れた付着物は生成しなかったか、あるいは著るしく低減していた。
【0022】
熱交換器では著しく少ない付着物しか形成されていないことが目視で確認できた。形成された付着物は水洗浄により従来より著しく簡単にしかも早く除去できた。
【0023】
ピストンリングや弁の部分でも付着物は目視で確認できなかった。[0001]
The present invention uses ferrocene and / or a ferrocene derivative (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as "ferrocene") as an additive to a fuel oil for an internal combustion engine consisting of a heavy residual oil for a high compression, auto-igniting engine. Thereby reducing carbonaceous deposits.
[0002]
Ferrocene and its derivatives are well known in the literature. Ferrocene and its preparation were first described in Nature 168 (1951), p. 1039. Since then, ferrocene and its derivatives and their corresponding preparation methods have been the subject of many patents. For example, U.S. Pat.No. 2,650,756, U.S. Pat.No. 2,769,828, U.S. Pat.No. 2,834,796, U.S. Pat.No. 2,898,360, U.S. Pat.No. 3,035,968 And U.S. Pat. No. 3,238,158 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,437,634.
[0003]
It is also well known from patent publications that ferrocene makes the combustion process desirable. German Patent No. 34 18 648, besides many other compounds, aims to optimize the combustion of fuel oil, i.e. to facilitate the supply of fuel oil to the burner, and to desirably complete combustion of the fuel oil. To this end, ferrocene (dichloropentadiniel iron) is mentioned as one possible additive.
[0004]
U.S. Pat. No. 4,389,220 discloses a method for conditioning a diesel engine. For this purpose, 20-30 ppm of ferrocene is added to the diesel fuel. Thereby, the carbon-containing deposits in the combustion chamber are removed, and the formation of new deposits is also prevented. At the same time, it has been found that this measure reduces the fuel consumption per distance traveled by as much as 5%. Here, diesel fuel is a fuel known by ASTM as "second fuel oil". This type of fuel is the middle distillate of the mineral oil refining process and is available at gas stations under the name "diesel". It is used as fuel to drive four-cycle diesel engines for normal road vehicles, such as cars, buses and trucks. It corresponds to the German Industrial Standard DIN 51601 and is similar in quality to EL fuel oils. Therefore, they are light to medium fuel oils.
[0005]
On the other hand, heavy fuel oil is used in a large engine having a low rotation speed such as used in a ship or a power generation facility. In this case, however, there is a problem that the associated accessory unit connected downstream is adversely affected by the deposit containing carbon. Such units include, in particular, turbochargers and heat exchangers which are operated with the exhaust gas of the engine. However, of course, formation of deposits on the valve and piston ring and deposits in the combustion chamber is also undesirable. This is because these deposits reduce the output of the engine and increase the wear of the parts.
[0006]
It is an object of the present invention to minimize the formation of such deposits or to facilitate their removal. The above objects, the present invention, ferrocene and a heavy internal combustion engine fuel oil, additive particular density for heavy fuel oil which is 0.9~1.01kg / dm 3 for automatic ignition of the engine at a high compression The problem is solved by using the ferrocene derivative without blending it with other additives.
[0007]
Surprisingly, it has been found that the addition of ferrocene is particularly effective when driving such a large engine with the heavy fuel oil. This is especially the case for relatively large engines, i.e. engines whose total power is between 40 and 100,000 kW, preferably between 15,000 and 50,000 kW, in particular above 30,000 kW.
In general, the heavier the fuel, the greater the amount of the above-mentioned deposits, and the greater the accompanying problems. It has been found that the addition of ferrocene is surprisingly particularly effective in such fuels. This has traditionally been found to be very effective when ferrocene improves the combustion of light fuel oils, but is believed to be less effective with heavy fuel oils. It was unexpected.
[0008]
In particular, the use according to the invention is particularly advantageous for fuels of the type commonly referred to as marine fuel oil, "Bunker C" grade, marine diesel fuel or distilled marine diesel fuel oil. As is easily understood from the fuel quality designations, they are mainly used to drive marine engines.
[0009]
The heavy fuel oils in question may be, for example, residuals from atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation or catalytic cracking of crude oil. The density of these fuel oils, especially in the range of 0.9~1.01kg / dm 3. This fuel oil can be further classified according to ISO 8217. There, these fuels are divided into two classes: so-called Marine Disitillate Fuels and so-called Heavy Residual Fuels. The former is called a DM type, and the latter is called an RM type. In the following, these types are described by way of example, together with important properties such as their density, viscosity, sulfur content and residual carbon.
[0010]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003599337
All types of DM and RM can be used as fuel oil within the scope of the present invention. Many marine engines on large vessels destined for ocean voyage are two-stroke engines, and the present invention is particularly suitable for this engine. This is particularly effective for an engine having a maximum rotation speed of 900 to 50 rpm, preferably 200 to 50 rpm, particularly 100 rpm or less. However, good results can be obtained with the additive according to the invention in the case of a four-stroke engine or even faster-revving engines.
[0011]
Good results according to the invention are obtained with the addition of only 1 to 100 ppm of ferrocene. At additions of 1 ppm or less, this effect is not so pronounced that a significant improvement is obtained compared to the non-added fuel. At an addition amount of 100 ppm or more, the limit is reached where further addition does not have a significant effect. Usually, the range of 5 to 50 ppm is desirable. The optimal range is between 10 and 30 ppm. The addition is effected, for example, by dissolving the additive in a part of the fuel and recirculating this solution, for example through a metering pump, into the main feed stream of fuel.
[0012]
Instead of ferrocene, a ferrocene derivative can be used at least in part. Ferrocene derivatives are compounds in which one or two cyclopentadienyl rings have another substituent, starting from the ferrocene body. Examples are ethylferrocene, butylferrocene, acetylferrocene and 2,2-bis-ethylferrocenylpropane. These ferrocenes or ferrocene derivatives are added to the ten chamber fuel oil without blending with other additives such as a solvent for ferrocene.
[0013]
According to the present invention, not only heavy fuel used but also deposits derived from lubricating oil are effectively reduced.
[0014]
The fouling also significantly affects the performance of engine components such as turbochargers and heat exchangers that are attached downstream of the engine, valves and piston rings. Therefore, it is often necessary to spend a great deal of effort and money to remove the deposits. For example, in large vessels for ocean voyages, finely crushed nut shells and grain are usually blown into the exhaust gas stream to clean the turbocharger following the engine. This so-called "soft-blasting" (gently blowing) removes most of the deposits on the impeller and the front nozzle ring. This procedure is usually performed daily with the engine at maximum power and, if necessary, twice a day. However, this type of purification is usually not sufficient, so that once a month or, if necessary, often further washing with water is performed. This cleaning is done with reduced engine power, which can result in hours of lost time for the ship. In this cleaning, the nozzle introduces water into the exhaust gas stream in front of the nozzle ring and the impeller. This water washing means that the heat shock at that time imposes a heavy burden on the turbocharger and other equipment. Therefore, it has been studied to limit water washing to a minimum. The usual time required for such a wash is usually about 2-3 hours. The measure of the washing is then the clarity of the water discharged after the washing process. Usually, the washing water becomes extremely dirty in 1-2 hours. By using a fuel oil to which ferrocene is added in the method of the present invention, the above-mentioned "soft-blasting" and water washing operation are generally unnecessary. This means that the attached functional unit can be protected without limiting its function, saving time and effort.
[0015]
Impairment of the function of the turbocharger by fouling causes a number of problems. Fuel consumption is higher because the efficiency of the turbocharger and ultimately the overall machine is reduced. The fouling reduces the speed and, in extreme cases, until one or more impellers of the turbocharger stop. In machines with multiple turbochargers, the impeller receives supply of exhaust gas from one common exhaust gas receiver that collects exhaust gas from multiple cylinders. If the distribution of the exhaust gas becomes uneven due to the difference in flow resistance caused by the deposits, there is a noticeable difference in the rotational speed (speed), the fluctuation of the rotational speed or the rotational speed between the connected turbochargers. Stops and finally stops. The various problems described above due to deposits accelerate the fatigue of the material and, in extreme cases, crack the material. If the adhesion is particularly strong, this also occurs on small machines without multiple turbochargers. Irregular rotations, i.e. non-uniform rotations, give rise to very large vibrations, which in a short time cause material damage to bearings and other mechanical parts.
[0016]
Non-uniform deposits on the impeller reduce the rotational speed or, in the case of a multiple turbocharger, do not necessarily give a difference in the rotational speed, but give non-uniform rotation undesired vibrations, Vibration may also increase the wear rate.
[0017]
Even without the addition of ferrocene according to the method of the invention, deposits form on the surface of the heat exchanger among the heat exchangers connected downstream, and these deposits are deposited on the heat exchanger depending on their thickness. It has been confirmed to inhibit the effect. These deposits, mainly containing soot, also need to be removed from time to time with water washing, possibly with washing, additives, eg CuCl 2 solution. The use of ferrocene-added fuel oils according to the invention significantly reduces the formation of deposits. Contrary to the prior art, even when water cleaning is required after a very long operation (for example in a dry dock), according to the invention, the fuel with surprisingly added ferrocene is surprising. It was confirmed that deposits after operation can be removed very easily by using. These are probably due to a change in the composition of the deposit. These deposits were confirmed to have a large amount of ash, a low calorific value, and a low carbon content, unlike the operation without using fuel oil to which ferrocene was added according to the method of the present invention. These deposits are presumed to be less hydrophobic because they contain less oily or oil-like components.
[0018]
Such water washing of heat exchangers or boilers is usually performed at least every two years while the ship is moored in a dry dock for prescribed maintenance and inspection operations. However, between moorings between the two dry docks, additional washing is usually required 5-6 times. However, when using the present invention, this additional cleaning can be omitted. Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0019]
Description of FIG. 1 FIG. 1 shows, in a drawing, the exhaust gas path of a marine engine of the size indicated here. There is an engine block (1) with a total of ten cylinders (2). Exhaust gases from three or four cylinders respectively are collected in so-called exhaust gas receivers (3, 4, 5) and introduced into a turbocharger (6, 7, 8). The flow of exhaust gas leaving the turbocharger is collected in an exhaust gas conduit (9) and passes through a so-called exhaust gas "boiler" (10). Heat exchangers (11,12,13) are provided in the boiler, and these heat exchangers generate high, medium and low pressure steam. Exhaust gas exits the system through the flue (14).
[0020]
This invention has been successfully tested with the results reported below for container ships.
[0021]
Ship technical data registration Gross tonnage 60,000
Engine technical data output 33,000kW
One cylinder 10 of the cubic volume 1.6 m 3 of the cylinder rotation speed up to 90rpm
Rotation speed of turbocharger About 10,000rpm
Fuel consumption Approx. 6 t / h at full output
After an impeccable initial period, the ship's mechanical turbocharger was basically cleaned with soft blast and water washer. Water washing was performed once after about three months without performing intermediate washing. This water washing was not technically necessary because the turbocharger operated satisfactorily, but was carried out to clarify the degree of contamination (adhering matter). In the prior art, it is necessary to perform soft blast once a day and water washing almost once a month, and the washing water used in this case is very dirty between 1 and 2 hours. In this test, the washing procedure was omitted for almost three months (85 days), but the washing water was nevertheless clear from the beginning. This can lead to the conclusion that no deposits were practically formed within said period. Dirty deposits did not form or were significantly reduced in places not accessible by normal cleaning methods.
[0022]
It was visually confirmed that only a very small amount of deposits were formed in the heat exchanger. The formed deposits could be removed much more easily and quickly by washing with water.
[0023]
No deposits could be visually observed on the piston ring or valve.

Claims (4)

回転数が900〜50rpmの高圧縮自動点火性のエンジンを運転する際、フェロセンおよび/またはフェロセン誘導体を他の添加物質との配合なしに1〜100ppmの量で含み、かつその密度が0.9〜1.01kg/dm3である重質残留油を内燃機関の燃料として使用して上記エンジン及びその付属機器の炭素質付着物を減少させる方法。When operating a high-compression auto-ignition engine having a rotation speed of 900 to 50 rpm, ferrocene and / or a ferrocene derivative is contained in an amount of 1 to 100 ppm without blending with other additives, and has a density of 0.9 to 1.01. A method for reducing carbonaceous deposits on the engine and its accessories using heavy residual oil of kg / dm 3 as fuel for an internal combustion engine. エンジンの付属機器が、エンジンの下流側に接続され、かつエンジンの燃焼排気ガスが通過することによって作動する付属ユニットを含む請求項1に記載の方法。The method of claim 1, wherein the engine accessory includes an accessory unit connected downstream of the engine and operated by passage of engine combustion exhaust gases. エンジンの全出力が400〜100,000kWであることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の方法。3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total power of the engine is between 400 and 100,000 kW. フェロセンおよび/またはフェロセン誘導体を上記燃料油中に5〜50ppmの量で含むことを特徴とする請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載した方法。The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein ferrocene and / or a ferrocene derivative is contained in the fuel oil in an amount of 5 to 50 ppm.
JP52063394A 1993-03-20 1994-03-15 High compression auto-ignition engine and method for reducing carbonaceous deposits on its accessories Expired - Fee Related JP3599337B2 (en)

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DE4309066A DE4309066C2 (en) 1993-03-20 1993-03-20 Use of ferrocene
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