JP3472889B2 - Plastic card manufacturing method - Google Patents

Plastic card manufacturing method

Info

Publication number
JP3472889B2
JP3472889B2 JP21704894A JP21704894A JP3472889B2 JP 3472889 B2 JP3472889 B2 JP 3472889B2 JP 21704894 A JP21704894 A JP 21704894A JP 21704894 A JP21704894 A JP 21704894A JP 3472889 B2 JP3472889 B2 JP 3472889B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
oversheet
plastic card
card
manufacturing
sheet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP21704894A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPH0880697A (en
Inventor
敏久 稲部
昭博 高橋
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tokin Corp
Original Assignee
NEC Tokin Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by NEC Tokin Corp filed Critical NEC Tokin Corp
Priority to JP21704894A priority Critical patent/JP3472889B2/en
Publication of JPH0880697A publication Critical patent/JPH0880697A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP3472889B2 publication Critical patent/JP3472889B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Description

【発明の詳細な説明】Detailed Description of the Invention

【0001】[0001]

【産業上の利用分野】本発明は,銀行用キャッシュカー
ド,各種クレジットカード,各種機器の制御用カード,
医療用カード,身分証明用カード,テレホンカード,プ
リペイドカード,ポイントカード等に使用されるプラス
チックカードの製造方法に関する。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a bank cash card, various credit cards, various equipment control cards,
Medical cards, identification cards, telephone cards, about the prepaid card, production how of plastic cards that are used for point cards and the like.

【0002】[0002]

【従来の技術】現在,プラスチックカードは,クレジッ
トカードに代表される信用取引(ショッピング,キャッ
シング)分野における身分証明用カード(IDカード)
及び磁気定期券に代表される交通・通信・娯楽分野にお
ける前払い式の磁気カード等が世界中に普及している。
このIDカードとしては,カード表面に,磁気ストライ
プが貼りつけられた,磁気ストライプカードが広く用い
られている。この磁気ストライプカードは,通常,硬質
塩化ビニル(PVC)の積層体から形成されている。即
ち,この磁気ストライプカードは,オーバーシートと呼
ばれる厚さ約0.1mmの透明PVCシートと,予め表
面に磁性層を形成した磁気ストライプ付きオーバーシー
トと,片面あるいは両面に印刷を施したセンターコアと
呼ばれる厚さ約0.5mmの白色PVCシートを鏡面金
属板で挟持し,加熱圧着,積層する事によって得られて
いる。
2. Description of the Related Art Currently, plastic cards are identification cards (ID cards) for credit transactions (shopping, cashing) represented by credit cards.
In addition, prepaid magnetic cards in the fields of transportation, communication and entertainment represented by magnetic commuter passes have become popular all over the world.
As this ID card, a magnetic stripe card in which a magnetic stripe is attached to the surface of the card is widely used. This magnetic stripe card is usually formed from a laminated body of hard vinyl chloride (PVC). That is, this magnetic stripe card includes a transparent PVC sheet called an oversheet having a thickness of about 0.1 mm, an oversheet with a magnetic stripe on which a magnetic layer is previously formed, and a center core having one or both sides printed. It is obtained by sandwiching a so-called white PVC sheet having a thickness of about 0.5 mm between mirror-finished metal plates, followed by thermocompression bonding and lamination.

【0003】一方,磁気カードは,通常,厚さ100〜
250μm程度のポリエチレンテレフタレート(PE
T)等のプラスチックフィルム基体上に磁性塗料を直接
塗布する事によって得られている。
On the other hand, a magnetic card usually has a thickness of 100 to
About 250 μm polyethylene terephthalate (PE
It is obtained by directly applying a magnetic paint onto a plastic film substrate such as T).

【0004】[0004]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】上記プラスチックカー
ドの残額表示機能としては,一般には,カード基体に穿
孔を施す方法が普及している。実際,磁気カードの場
合,カード基体厚が薄いため簡単に穿孔を施す事が可能
であり,広く実用化されている。
As a balance display function of the above-mentioned plastic card, a method of punching a card base is generally popular. In fact, in the case of a magnetic card, since the card base is thin, it is possible to easily perforate it, and it is widely used in practice.

【0005】しかしながら,磁気ストライプカードの場
合,カード基体厚が磁気カードに比し3倍以上の約0.
76mmであるため,磁気カード用の穿孔機器を使用し
て穿孔を施す事は困難であった。
However, in the case of a magnetic stripe card, the card substrate thickness is about 0.3 times or more that of a magnetic card.
Since it is 76 mm, it is difficult to punch using a punching device for magnetic cards.

【0006】また,磁気ストライプカード専用の穿孔機
器を作製したとしても,機器自体が非常に高価で大掛か
りなものになるため現在まで実用化されていなかった。
即ち,磁気ストライプカードは,視覚的あるいは触覚的
に使用状況をカード単体で表示する事ができないため,
使用済みカードを未使用と偽って譲渡あるいは売買する
等の不正行為を防止できない可能性があった。そのた
め,磁気ストライプカードは,カード単体での残額表示
機能が要求される前払い式カード分野では,実用化され
ていないのが実情であった。
Even if a punching device dedicated to a magnetic stripe card is manufactured, it has not been put into practical use until now because the device itself becomes very expensive and large-scale.
In other words, the magnetic stripe card cannot display the usage status visually or tactilely by itself,
There was a possibility that it would not be possible to prevent fraudulent acts such as the transfer or sale of a used card by masquerading as unused. For this reason, magnetic stripe cards have not been put to practical use in the field of prepaid cards in which the balance display function of the card alone is required.

【0007】そこで、本発明の技術的課題は,カードの
使用状況を視覚的及び触覚的に確認するための機能を具
備したプラスチックカードの製造方法を提供することに
ある。
[0007] Therefore, the technical problem of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing how the plastic card provided with the function to check the usage of the card in visual and tactile.

【0008】[0008]

【課題を解決するための手段】本発明によれば,表面に
所望の絵柄を印刷した白色熱可塑性プラスチックからな
るコアシート上に透明の熱可塑性プラスチックからなる
第1のオーバーシートに対向するシート面の四辺を接着
剤を介して接着した後,前記コアシートの非接着面に前
記第1のオーバーシートと同様の第2のオーバーシート
を重ね合わせ,前記第1のオーバーシートには,表面に
凹部あるいは貫通孔を具備した第1の鏡面金属板が,前
記第2のオーバーシートには第2の鏡面金属板が夫々接
触するように挟み込んで,加熱圧着して,プラスチック
カードの前記第1のオーバーシート側の一面の任意の場
所に流体を内部に封じた凸部を形成することを特徴とす
るプラスチックカードの製造方法が得られる。
According to the present invention, a sheet surface facing a first oversheet made of a transparent thermoplastic on a core sheet made of a white thermoplastic having a desired pattern printed on the surface thereof. After adhering four sides of the core sheet with an adhesive, a second oversheet similar to the first oversheet is superposed on the non-adhesive surface of the core sheet, and the first oversheet has a recessed portion on the surface. Alternatively, the first mirror-finished metal plate having the through holes is sandwiched so that the second mirror-finished metal plate comes into contact with the second over-sheet, and is heated and pressure-bonded to the first over-cover of the plastic card. A method for manufacturing a plastic card is obtained, which comprises forming a convex portion in which a fluid is sealed at an arbitrary place on one surface of a sheet.

【0009】ここで,本発明のプラスチックカードの製
造方法において,前記白色の熱可塑性プラスチック及び
前記透明の熱可塑性プラスチックの内の少なくとも一方
は,硬質塩化ビニルを用いることが好ましく,また,前
記流体は空気であることが好ましい。また,本発明のプ
ラスチックカードの製造方法において,前記第2のオー
バーシート表面に熱転写により磁気ストライプが形成さ
れていることが好ましい。
In the method for producing a plastic card of the present invention, it is preferable that at least one of the white thermoplastic resin and the transparent thermoplastic resin is made of hard vinyl chloride, and the fluid is It is preferably air. In the plastic card manufacturing method of the present invention, it is preferable that a magnetic stripe is formed on the surface of the second oversheet by thermal transfer.

【0010】[0010]

【作用】本発明においては,プラスチックカードの表面
あるいは裏面に設けた空気を内部に封じた凸部の有無を
検知する事によって未使用・使用済みに対応させる事が
できる。更に,この凸部を複数設ける事によって残額に
対応させる事も可能である。即ち,例えば,カードリー
ダライタ等の内部に設けたプランジャー(ピストン)機
構により該凸部を押し潰す事によって未使用・使用済み
に対応させる事ができる。また,凸部の有無は,触感で
判別可能なので,対盲人機能としても有効である。
In the present invention, it is possible to deal with the unused or used condition by detecting the presence or absence of the convex portion, which is provided on the front surface or the rear surface of the plastic card and has the air sealed inside. Furthermore, it is possible to deal with the balance by providing a plurality of these convex portions. That is, for example, a plunger (piston) mechanism provided inside a card reader / writer or the like can squeeze the convex portion to deal with the unused / used state. In addition, since the presence or absence of the convex portion can be discriminated by the tactile sensation, it is effective as a function for the blind.

【0011】本発明において,空気が内部に封じられた
凸部が形成される理由は定かではないが,本発明者らは
次のように考えている。即ち,オーバーシートとコアシ
ートの対向する面の四辺を接着剤を介して接着する事に
よって,該オーバーシートとコアシート間に適度な流
体,例えば,空気が封じ込められ,この空気が加熱圧着
時(ラミネート時)に,鏡面金属板の表面に設けられた
凹部あるいは貫通孔部に対向するこのオーバーシートと
コアシート間に集中するために凸部が形成される。
In the present invention, the reason why the convex portion in which air is sealed is formed is not clear, but the present inventors consider as follows. That is, by adhering the four sides of the opposing surfaces of the oversheet and the core sheet with an adhesive, an appropriate fluid, such as air, is enclosed between the oversheet and the core sheet, and the air is heated and pressed ( During laminating), a convex portion is formed so as to concentrate between the over sheet and the core sheet facing the concave portion or the through hole provided on the surface of the mirror-finished metal plate.

【0012】[0012]

【実施例】以下,本発明の実施例について図面を参照し
て説明する。
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

【0013】(実施例1) 図1は本発明の実施例1におけるPVCコアシートとP
VCオーバーシートの接着構造を示す斜視図,図2は図
1の接着構造の断面図である。また、図3は本発明の実
施例1におけるPVCコアシートとPVCオーバーシー
トの接着構造を示す断面図である。図4は本発明の実施
例1におけるプラスチックカード積層体の断面図であ
る。図5は本発明の実施例1におけるプラスチックカー
ドの斜視図である。
Example 1 FIG. 1 shows a PVC core sheet and P in Example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the adhesive structure of the VC oversheet, and FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the adhesive structure of FIG. In addition, FIG. 3 shows an example of the present invention.
PVC core sheet and PVC outer sheet in Example 1
It is sectional drawing which shows the adhesive structure of G. FIG. 4 is an implementation of the present invention.
It is sectional drawing of the plastic card laminated body in Example 1.
It FIG. 5 is a plastic car according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG.

【0014】図1及び図2に示すように,所望の絵柄あ
るいは文字を印刷済みで,厚さが0.56mmの白色P
VCから成るコアシート1の四辺に沿って接着剤2を塗
布した後,厚さが0.1mmの透明PVCから成る第1
のオーバーシート3をこのコアシート1の表に重ね合わ
せ接着した。
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a white pattern P having a desired pattern or characters printed thereon and a thickness of 0.56 mm is formed.
After applying the adhesive 2 along the four sides of the core sheet 1 made of VC, the first made of transparent PVC with a thickness of 0.1 mm.
The oversheet 3 of No. 1 was superposed on the surface of the core sheet 1 and adhered.

【0015】次に,図3に示すように,予め熱転写によ
り磁気ストライプ4を設けた厚さ0.1mmの透明PV
Cから成る第2のオーバーシート5をこのコアシート1
の裏に当てがい,表面に切削加工により,径φ5mm,
深さ1.0mmの凹部を設けた第1の鏡面金属板6及び
表面に凹部を設けない第2の鏡面金属板7で両面から挟
持して,圧力25kg/cm,温度は加圧開始時から
毎分2℃の温度勾配にて,温度150℃まで加熱加圧
し,150℃のまま20分間保持し,冷却する事によっ
て,図4に示すような,厚さ0.76mmのプラスチッ
クカード積層体11を得た。
Next, as shown in FIG. 3, a transparent PV having a thickness of 0.1 mm and having a magnetic stripe 4 previously formed by thermal transfer.
The second oversheet 5 made of C is used as the core sheet 1
It is applied to the back of the
It is sandwiched from both sides by a first mirror-finished metal plate 6 having a recess of 1.0 mm and a second mirror-finished metal plate 7 having no recess on the surface, and the pressure is 25 kg / cm 2 , and the temperature is at the start of pressurization. To a temperature of 150 ° C with a temperature gradient of 2 ° C / min, the temperature is maintained at 150 ° C for 20 minutes, and then cooled to obtain a plastic card laminate with a thickness of 0.76 mm as shown in Fig. 4. I got 11.

【0016】次いで,このようにして得られたプラスチ
ックカード積層体11を,長さ85.6mm×幅54m
mの大きさに打ち抜いて,図5に示すような,径φ5m
m,高さ1mmで空気を内部に封じた半球状の凸部8を
具備するプラスチックカード12の試料(カード裏面の
磁気ストライプは図示せず)を得た。
Next, the plastic card laminated body 11 thus obtained is prepared to have a length of 85.6 mm and a width of 54 m.
punched out to a size of m, and a diameter of 5 m as shown in Fig. 5.
A sample of a plastic card 12 having a hemispherical projection 8 having a height of 1 mm and a height of 1 mm and air enclosed therein (a magnetic stripe on the back surface of the card is not shown) was obtained.

【0017】(実施例2)図6は本発明の実施例2におけるPVCシートの積層構
造を示す断面図である。図7は本発明の実施例2におけ
るプラスチックカードの斜視図である。また、図8は、
本発明の実施例2における押し潰された半球状の凸部を
示す概略図である。
(Embodiment 2) FIG. 6 shows a laminated structure of PVC sheets according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
It is sectional drawing which shows structure. FIG. 7 shows the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a plastic card according to the present invention. In addition, FIG.
The crushed hemispherical convex portion according to the second embodiment of the present invention
It is a schematic diagram showing.

【0018】前述した実施例1において,図6に示すよ
うに,第1の鏡面金属板6の代わりに,径φ5mmの貫
通孔を設けた第1の鏡面金属板9を用いた以外は実施例
1と同様にして,図7に示すような,径φ5mm,高さ
1.5mmで空気を内部に封じた半球状の凸部8を具備
するプラスチックカード13の試料を作成した。
In Example 1 described above , as shown in FIG. 6, in place of the first mirror-finished metal plate 6, a first mirror-finished metal plate 9 provided with a through hole having a diameter of 5 mm was used. In the same manner as in No. 1, a sample of a plastic card 13 having a diameter of 5 mm and a height of 1.5 mm and having a hemispherical convex portion 8 in which air was sealed was prepared as shown in FIG.

【0019】以上の各試料について,図8に示すよう
に,先端に針を具備したプランジャー機構を用いて,こ
の凸部8の押し潰しを行ない,超音波式変位センサ及び
赤外線変位センサにて,凸部8の高さ検出を行なったと
ころ,確かにこの凸部の有無を検出する事ができた。
For each of the above samples, as shown in FIG. 8, the protrusion 8 was crushed by using a plunger mechanism having a needle at the tip, and an ultrasonic displacement sensor and an infrared displacement sensor were used. When the height of the convex portion 8 was detected, the presence or absence of the convex portion could be surely detected.

【0020】なお,本発明の実施例1及び2において,
凸部8の形状は半球状としたが,本発明の目的を達する
形状であれば,他の形状でもよい事は勿論である。
In the first and second embodiments of the present invention,
The shape of the convex portion 8 is a hemispherical shape, but it goes without saying that another shape may be used as long as the object of the present invention is achieved.

【0021】[0021]

【発明の効果】以上述べたように,本発明によれば,従
来実用化されていなかった,カードの使用状況を視覚的
及び触覚的に確認するための機能を具備したプラスチッ
クカードの製造方法を提供することができる。
As described above, according to the present invention, a method of manufacturing a plastic card having a function for visually and tactually confirming the usage status of the card, which has not been put into practical use, is provided. Can be provided.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of drawings]

【図1】本発明の実施例1におけるPVCコアシートと
PVCオーバーシートの接着構造を示す斜視図である。
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an adhesive structure of a PVC core sheet and a PVC oversheet in Example 1 of the present invention.

【図2】本発明の実施例1におけるPVCコアシートと
PVCオーバーシートの接着構造を示す断面図である。
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an adhesive structure between a PVC core sheet and a PVC oversheet in Example 1 of the present invention.

【図3】本発明の実施例1におけるPVCシートの積層
構造を示す断面図である。
FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing a laminated structure of a PVC sheet in Example 1 of the present invention.

【図4】本発明の実施例1におけるプラスチックカード
積層体の断面図である。
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a plastic card laminate according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

【図5】本発明の実施例1におけるプラスチックカード
の斜視図である。
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a plastic card according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

【図6】本発明の実施例2におけるPVCシートの積層
構造を示す断面図である。
FIG. 6 is a sectional view showing a laminated structure of a PVC sheet in Example 2 of the present invention.

【図7】本発明の実施例2におけるプラスチックカード
の斜視図である。
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a plastic card according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

【図8】本発明の実施例2における押し潰された半球状
の凸部を示す概略図である。
FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing a crushed hemispherical convex portion according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

【符号の説明】[Explanation of symbols]

1 白色PVCコアシート 2 接着剤 3 透明PVCオーバーシート 4 磁気ストライプ 5 透明PVCオーバーシート 6,9 第1の鏡面金属板 7 第2の鏡面金属板 8 凸部 10 プランジャー機構 11 プラスチックカード積層体 12,13 プラスチックカード 1 White PVC core sheet 2 adhesive 3 Transparent PVC oversheet 4 magnetic stripe 5 Transparent PVC oversheet 6,9 1st mirror surface metal plate 7 Second mirror surface metal plate 8 convex 10 Plunger mechanism 11 Plastic card laminate 12,13 plastic cards

───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (56)参考文献 特開 平5−58087(JP,A) 特開 平5−278376(JP,A) 特開 昭63−64645(JP,A) 実開 平5−90528(JP,U) 実開 平2−94159(JP,U) 実開 昭63−149771(JP,U) (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.7,DB名) B42D 15/10 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (56) References JP-A-5-58087 (JP, A) JP-A-5-278376 (JP, A) JP-A-63-64645 (JP, A) Actual development 5- 90528 (JP, U) Actually open 2-94159 (JP, U) Actually open 63-149771 (JP, U) (58) Fields investigated (Int.Cl. 7 , DB name) B42D 15/10

Claims (4)

(57)【特許請求の範囲】(57) [Claims] 【請求項1】 表面に所望の絵柄を印刷した白色熱可塑
性プラスチックからなるコアシート上に透明の熱可塑性
プラスチックからなる第1のオーバーシートに対向する
シート面の四辺を接着剤を介して接着した後,前記コア
シートの非接着面に前記第1のオーバーシートと同様の
第2のオーバーシートを重ね合わせ,前記第1のオーバ
ーシートには,表面に凹部あるいは貫通孔を具備した第
1の鏡面金属板が,前記第2のオーバーシートには第2
の鏡面金属板が夫々接触するように挟み込んで,加熱圧
着して,プラスチックカードの前記第1のオーバーシー
ト側の一面の任意の場所に流体を内部に封じた凸部を形
成することを特徴とするプラスチックカードの製造方
法。
1. A four-sided sheet surface facing a first oversheet made of a transparent thermoplastic resin is adhered to a core sheet made of a white thermoplastic resin having a desired pattern printed on the surface, via an adhesive. Then, a second oversheet similar to the first oversheet is superposed on the non-adhesive surface of the core sheet, and the first oversheet has a first mirror surface having a recess or a through hole on the surface. The metal plate has a second over sheet on the second over sheet.
The mirror-finished metal plates are sandwiched so that they are in contact with each other, and they are heated and pressure-bonded to form a convex portion in which a fluid is sealed at an arbitrary position on one surface of the plastic card on the first oversheet side. Method for manufacturing plastic card.
【請求項2】 請求項記載のプラスチックカードの製
造方法において,前記白色の熱可塑性プラスチック及び
前記透明の熱可塑性プラスチックの内の少なくとも一方
は,硬質塩化ビニルを用いることを特徴とするプラスチ
ックカードの製造方法。
2. The method for manufacturing a plastic card according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the white thermoplastic resin and the transparent thermoplastic resin is made of hard vinyl chloride. Production method.
【請求項3】 請求項1又は2記載のプラスチックカー
ドの製造方法において,前記流体は空気であることを特
徴とするプラスチックカードの製造方法。
3. The method of manufacturing a plastic card according to claim 1 , wherein the fluid is air.
【請求項4】 請求項1乃至3の内のいずれか一つに
載のプラスチックカードの製造方法において,前記第2
のオーバーシート表面に熱転写により磁気ストライプが
形成されていることを特徴とするプラスチックカードの
製造方法。
4. The method of manufacturing a plastic card to any one of claims 1 to 3 serial <br/> mounting, the second
A method of manufacturing a plastic card, wherein a magnetic stripe is formed on the surface of the oversheet by thermal transfer.
JP21704894A 1994-09-12 1994-09-12 Plastic card manufacturing method Expired - Lifetime JP3472889B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP21704894A JP3472889B2 (en) 1994-09-12 1994-09-12 Plastic card manufacturing method

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP21704894A JP3472889B2 (en) 1994-09-12 1994-09-12 Plastic card manufacturing method

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH0880697A JPH0880697A (en) 1996-03-26
JP3472889B2 true JP3472889B2 (en) 2003-12-02

Family

ID=16698021

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP21704894A Expired - Lifetime JP3472889B2 (en) 1994-09-12 1994-09-12 Plastic card manufacturing method

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JP3472889B2 (en)

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH07107753B2 (en) * 1986-09-05 1995-11-15 キヤノン株式会社 Card-shaped information recording medium
JPS63149771U (en) * 1987-03-24 1988-10-03
JPH0734703Y2 (en) * 1989-01-04 1995-08-09 凸版印刷株式会社 Interleaf paper
JPH0558087A (en) * 1991-09-04 1993-03-09 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd Card with magnetic stripe and manufacture thereof
JPH05278376A (en) * 1992-03-31 1993-10-26 Toppan Printing Co Ltd Card and embossed character forming method
JPH0590528U (en) * 1992-05-14 1993-12-10 日本電信電話株式会社 Prepaid cards and sheets for the visually impaired

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH0880697A (en) 1996-03-26

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