JP3431427B2 - Extraction method of palladium - Google Patents
Extraction method of palladiumInfo
- Publication number
- JP3431427B2 JP3431427B2 JP29043496A JP29043496A JP3431427B2 JP 3431427 B2 JP3431427 B2 JP 3431427B2 JP 29043496 A JP29043496 A JP 29043496A JP 29043496 A JP29043496 A JP 29043496A JP 3431427 B2 JP3431427 B2 JP 3431427B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- palladium
- gold
- hydrochloric acid
- extraction
- iron
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Landscapes
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、貴金属の抽出方法
に関するものであり、より詳しく述べるならばパラジウ
ムの純度を著しく高める精製方法に関するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for extracting a noble metal, and more particularly to a purification method for significantly increasing the purity of palladium.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】特公平１−３０８９６号公報には、金と
白金族を有価物として含有する塩化物水溶液から、金、
白金、ルテニウム、オスミウム、パラジウム、イリジウ
ムを連続的かつ選択的に除去する方法が開示されてい
る。この方法による分離法を各金属について要約する
と、（ａ）ルテニウムとオスミウム：塩化物含有水溶液
を酸化処理して沈殿として除去する；（ｂ）金：（ａ）
の処理後ジブチルカルビトール（ＤＢＣ）を用い溶媒抽
出する；（ｃ）パラジウム：（ｂ）の処理後硫化ジアル
キル（ＤＨＳ−硫化ジーｎ−オクチル、硫化−ジーｎ−
ヘキシル、硫化メチル−ｎ−デシルなど）を用い溶媒抽
出するなどである。2. Description of the Prior Art Japanese Patent Publication No. 1-30896 discloses a gold chloride solution containing gold and a platinum group as a valuable resource.
A method for continuously and selectively removing platinum, ruthenium, osmium, palladium and iridium is disclosed. The separation method by this method is summarized for each metal. (A) Ruthenium and osmium: chloride-containing aqueous solution is oxidized and removed as a precipitate; (b) Gold: (a)
After treatment with dibutylcarbitol (DBC), (c) Palladium: after treatment with (b) dialkyl sulfide (DHS-di-n-octyl sulfide, sulfide-di-n-).
Solvent extraction using hexyl, methyl-n-decyl sulfide, etc.).
【０００３】金抽出（ｂ）の具体的条件は、３規定の塩
酸で酸度が調整された溶液を相率（水性：有機）２．
６：１（すなわち有機・水比率＝１／２．６）でジブチ
ルカビトール（ＤＢＣ）を用い溶媒抽出し、次に含有有
機相を１．９規定の塩酸でスクラビングすると言うもの
である。また金の品位は、純度で９９．９９％であり、
不純物は濃度が高い順にＴｅ，Ｐｔ，Ｐｄ，Ｓｂ，Ｓｎ
などであり、その他の不純物は０．０５ｇ／Ｌ未満（ス
クラビング液中濃度）である。Specific conditions for the gold extraction (b) are as follows: a solution whose acidity is adjusted with 3N hydrochloric acid has a phase ratio (aqueous: organic) of 2.
It is said that solvent extraction is carried out using dibutyl cavitol (DBC) at a ratio of 6: 1 (that is, organic / water ratio = 1 / 2.6), and then the contained organic phase is scrubbed with 1.9 N hydrochloric acid. Also, the quality of gold is 99.99% in terms of purity,
Impurities are Te, Pt, Pd, Sb, Sn in descending order of concentration.
And other impurities are less than 0.05 g / L (concentration in scrubbing liquid).
【０００４】パラジウム抽出（ｂ）の具体的工程は、金
抽出ラフィネートを塩酸で希釈し、酸性度６規定の溶液
を得る；その後硫化ジオクチルを用いて抽出を行う；相
率（水性：有機）１：１で３度スクラビングを行う；ア
ンモニア水を用いて逆抽出する；ＨＣｌ添加により酸性
化してパラジウムを沈殿させ、強熱することにより品位
が９９．９９％のパラジウムを得ると言うものである。In the concrete step of palladium extraction (b), the gold-extracted raffinate is diluted with hydrochloric acid to obtain a solution having an acidity of 6N; extraction is then carried out with dioctyl sulfide; phase ratio (aqueous: organic) 1 Scrubbing 3 times with 1: 1; back-extracting with ammonia water; acidifying by adding HCl to precipitate palladium, and igniting to obtain palladium with a quality of 99.99%.
【０００５】[0005]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】前掲公報の処理工程に
おいてルテニウム除去前液中には鉄が０．５ｇ／Ｌ含有
されており、その後の処理におけるこれら不純物の除去
程度をみると、パラジウム抽出工程においては次の濃度
（ｇ／Ｌ）になっている。
前掲公報の方法では、有機溶媒抽出以外に鉄除去処理は
行われていないが、最終製品であるパラジウム中の鉄濃
度は非常に低くなっている。In the treatment step of the above-mentioned publication, the pre-removal solution of ruthenium contains 0.5 g / L of iron, and the degree of removal of these impurities in the subsequent treatment is as follows. Shows the following concentration (g / L). In the method of the above-mentioned publication, iron removal treatment other than extraction with an organic solvent is not performed, but the iron concentration in the final product, palladium, is extremely low.
【０００６】このような背景の下で、本発明者らは貴金
属の抽出回収工程における鉄の挙動につき検討したとこ
ろ、意外にもパラジウムの逆抽出工程において鉄が沈殿
しており、爾後のパラジウム晶析工程に混入してパラジ
ウムの純度を下げ、さらに金抽出条件によってもパラジ
ウムの純度が低下することを見い出した。[0006] Against this background, the present inventors have investigated the behavior of iron in the extraction and recovery step of precious metals. Surprisingly, iron is precipitated in the palladium back-extraction step, and the palladium crystals after It was found that the purity of palladium is lowered by being mixed in the precipitation step, and that the purity of palladium is also lowered by the gold extraction conditions.
【０００７】[0007]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、金と白金族金
属の塩化物を含有し、かつ３価鉄を不純物として含有す
る水溶液から金をジブチルカルビトール(DBC)中へ抽出
し、金を選択除去した溶液を塩酸で希釈して酸性溶液を
得、この溶液中のパラジウムを硫化ジアルキル(DHS)中
に抽出し、塩酸を用いてスクラビングし、スクラビング
を行った硫化ジアルキル(DHS)からアンモニア水を用い
てパラジウムを逆抽出する段階を含むパラジウムの抽出
方法において、前記塩化物含有水溶液の塩酸濃度を４規
定以上に調整しかつ金抽出の後液[A]に対するジブチル
カルビトール(DBC)[O]の比率(O/A) が1/2以上の条件で
金の抽出を行うとともに、前記逆抽出後パラジウムを溶
解しかつ鉄の沈殿物が生成したアンモニウム水を濾過し
て鉄の沈殿物を除去する段階を有することを特徴とする
ものである。以下、本発明の特徴を詳しく説明する。The present invention contains gold and chlorides of platinum group metals and also contains trivalent iron as an impurity.
That an aqueous solution of gold extracted into dibutyl carbitol (DBC) from, to give an acidic solution of gold was selectively removed solution was diluted with hydrochloric acid, extracted with palladium in the solution in the dialkyl sulfide (DHS), hydrochloric acid scrubbing with, Oite dialkyl sulfide was scrubbing (DHS) in the extraction method of palladium comprising the step of back extraction of palladium with aqueous ammonia, before Symbol 4N or more of hydrochloric acid concentration of chloride-containing aqueous solution After extraction and gold extraction under the condition that the ratio (O / A) of dibutyl carbitol (DBC) [O] to the liquid [A] after gold extraction is 1/2 or more, the palladium after the back extraction is Characterized in that it comprises a step of filtering the ammonium water which has dissolved and formed an iron precipitate to remove the iron precipitate
It is a thing. Hereinafter, the features of the present invention will be described in detail.
【０００８】まず、上記した白金析出の後液にはＤＢＣ
による金の溶媒抽出が施されるが、ＤＢＣによる金抽出
をした後液（Ａ）に対するジブチルカルビトール〔ＤＢ
Ｃ〕（Ｏ）の比率（Ｏ／Ａ）が１／２以上であるような
条件で、ＤＢＣの量を多くして溶媒抽出を行うと、ＤＢ
Ｃ中に移行する鉄の量が多くなり、その結果水相に移行
する不純物量が少なくなり、惹いてはパラジウム中の不
純物濃度が極めて低くなる。本発明においてはＤＢＣ抽
出は１回の操作で済ませることができる。First, DBC is used as a liquid after the above platinum deposition.
Solvent extraction of gold with DBC, but after gold extraction with DBC, dibutyl carbitol [DB]
C] (O) ratio (O / A) is 1/2 or more, solvent extraction with a large amount of DBC
The amount of iron transferred to C increases, and as a result, the amount of impurities transferred to the aqueous phase decreases, and thus the impurity concentration in palladium becomes extremely low. In the present invention, the DBC extraction can be completed by one operation.
【０００９】次に、ＤＢＣによる溶媒抽出工程における
塩酸濃度（Ｎ）とＤＢＣのＦｅ3+分配係数の関係を、本
発明者らが実験により求めた結果を図２のグラフに示す
が、塩酸濃度（Ｎ）と分配係数の対数の間には直線関係
が成立していることが分かった。この関係の下では、塩
酸濃度を高くすることによりＤＢＣ中のＦｅ3+の分配係
数が高くなるので、パラジウム中の鉄濃度を低くするた
めには、塩酸濃度を４規定以上とすることが必要であ
る。具体的には原料からは３規定程度の塩酸水溶液でル
テニウムが予め除去されているので、濃塩酸を添加して
酸度を４規定以上にする処理を行う。Next, the relationship between the hydrochloric acid concentration (N) in the solvent extraction step with DBC and the Fe 3+ partition coefficient of DBC was experimentally determined by the present inventors and the results are shown in the graph of FIG. It was found that a linear relationship holds between (N) and the logarithm of the distribution coefficient. Under this relationship, increasing the hydrochloric acid concentration increases the distribution coefficient of Fe 3+ in DBC, so in order to lower the iron concentration in palladium, it is necessary to set the hydrochloric acid concentration to 4 N or higher. Is. Specifically, since ruthenium has been previously removed from the raw material with an aqueous solution of about 3N hydrochloric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to the ruthenium so that the acidity is adjusted to 4N or more.
【００１０】また、硫化ジアルキル（ＤＨＳ）抽出、塩
酸スクラビング及びアンモニア水による逆抽出を順次行
うと、パラジウムはアンモニア水溶液中にアンミンパラ
ジウムクロライドとして溶解しているが、鉄などが微細
なアンモニウム塩として微量沈殿する。これを濾過する
と、高純度のパラジウムを得ることができる。以下本発
明を、図１に示す一連の貴金属回収フローチャートに沿
って詳しく説明する。Further, when dialkyl sulfide (DHS) extraction, scrubbing with hydrochloric acid and back extraction with aqueous ammonia were carried out in sequence, palladium was dissolved in the aqueous ammonia solution as ammine palladium chloride, but iron and the like were trace amounts as fine ammonium salts. Settle. By filtering this, highly pure palladium can be obtained. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to a series of precious metal recovery flowcharts shown in FIG.
【００１１】貴金属を含有する銅の電解精製で発生する
陽極スライムを塩化処理後ＳＯ2 ガスによる還元処理で
得られる白金属を含む還元滓や、銀の電解精製で得られ
る白金属を含む陽極スライム等に塩化浸出を施し、貴金
属類を水溶液中に溶出させる。また、Ｏ／Ａ比が１／２
以上となる条件でＤＢＣによる金抽出を行う。この貴金
属類を溶出した後液に塩酸を添加して４規定以上の塩酸
濃度と調整するか、前以って反応後に塩酸濃度が４規定
以上になるように塩酸を添加しておく。Reduction sludge containing white metal obtained by chlorination of anode slime generated by electrolytic refining of copper containing noble metal and reduction treatment with SO 2 gas, and anode slime containing white metal obtained by electrolytic refining of silver Chlorine leaching is performed to elute precious metals into an aqueous solution. Also, the O / A ratio is 1/2
Gold extraction by DBC is performed under the above conditions. After eluting the noble metals, hydrochloric acid is added to the solution to adjust the concentration of hydrochloric acid to 4 N or more, or hydrochloric acid is added in advance so that the hydrochloric acid concentration becomes 4 N or more after the reaction.
【００１２】金抽出工程のラフィネートはＨ2 ＰｄＣｌ
4 を溶解し、塩酸、塩化アンモンなどを含有する水溶液
である。この水溶液にＤＨＳによる溶媒抽出を施すこと
によりＤＨＳ相にパラジウムを抽出し、ラフィネートに
残るＰｔは別途回収する。ＤＨＳ中に移行する鉄は上記
酸度調整とＯ／Ａ比の効果によりそれぞれ０．０１ｇ／
Ｌ未満に下げることができる。The raffinate used in the gold extraction process is H 2 PdCl.
It is an aqueous solution that dissolves 4 and contains hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride and the like. Palladium is extracted into the DHS phase by subjecting this aqueous solution to solvent extraction with DHS, and Pt remaining in the raffinate is separately collected. Iron transferred to DHS is 0.01 g / each due to the effect of the acidity adjustment and the O / A ratio.
It can be reduced to less than L.
【００１３】ＤＨＳ抽出後はまず塩酸水溶液によるスク
ラビングを１回以上行い、随伴する不純物を除去した
後、例えばＮＨ3 濃度が６〜１０重量％のアンモニア水
によりパラジウムを逆抽出すると、パラジウムはジクロ
ロアンミンパラジウム−〔Ｐｄ（ＮＨ3 ）2 ］Ｃｌ2 −
としてアンモニア水溶液中に溶解している。このときＤ
ＨＳ中に抽出された鉄は水酸物として沈殿するが、大部
分の鉄は前以ってＤＢＣにより除去されているため、Ｄ
ＨＳ相と水相の分離を妨害することがなくなる。しかし
ながら、この溶液中には鉄の微細沈殿物が生成している
ので、通常の濾過を実施した後に好ましくは０．２μｍ
以下のメンブランフィルターを使用して、濾別した後パ
ラジウムを公知の方法で晶析させる。以下実施例により
本発明をより詳しく説明する。After the DHS extraction, first, scrubbing with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution is performed once or more to remove accompanying impurities, and then palladium is back-extracted with aqueous ammonia having a NH 3 concentration of 6 to 10% by weight. palladium - [Pd (NH 3) 2] Cl 2 -
Dissolved in an aqueous ammonia solution. At this time D
Iron extracted in HS precipitates as hydroxide, but most of the iron has been removed by DBC beforehand, so D
It does not interfere with the separation of the HS and aqueous phases. However, since a fine precipitate of iron is formed in this solution, it is preferably 0.2 μm after performing ordinary filtration.
After filtration using the following membrane filter, palladium is crystallized by a known method. Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples.
【００１４】[0014]
【実施例】図１のフローチャートにより下記条件で貴金
属を抽出した。原料は電解殿物を処理して得た還元セレ
ンを蒸留してセレンを除去して得た下記組成の蒸留残渣
（固形分９ｇ）である。
蒸留残渣組成：Ｐｄ含有量：３３％，Ｐｔ含有量：１
２．８％，Ａｕ含有量：５．３％，Ｆｅ含有量：０．１
２％
塩化浸出は前記蒸留残渣を２５５ｇ／Ｌの塩酸溶液にリ
パルプして過酸化水素を添加して行った。EXAMPLE A precious metal was extracted under the following conditions according to the flowchart of FIG. The raw material is a distillation residue (solid content: 9 g) of the following composition obtained by distilling reduced selenium obtained by treating an electrolytic substance to remove selenium. Distillation residue composition: Pd content: 33%, Pt content: 1
2.8%, Au content: 5.3%, Fe content: 0.1
The 2% chloride leaching was performed by repulping the distillation residue in a 255 g / L hydrochloric acid solution and adding hydrogen peroxide.
【００１５】酸濃度調整及び金抽出：塩化浸出後液の塩
酸濃度を５規定に調整する（実施例）か、あるいは３規
定に調整して（比較例）ＤＢＣによってＡｕを抽出し
た。その際相率（Ｏ／Ａ＝有機（油）相体積／無機塩化
物水溶液体積）を表１のように変えてＤＢＣによる抽出
を行った。抽出前液及び後液の分析値及び最終的Ｐｄ中
のＦｅ濃度を図３（表１）に示す。Acid concentration adjustment and gold extraction: The hydrochloric acid concentration of the solution after chloride leaching was adjusted to 5 N (example) or 3 N (comparative example) to extract Au by DBC. At that time, the phase ratio (O / A = volume of organic (oil) phase / volume of inorganic chloride aqueous solution) was changed as shown in Table 1 to perform extraction by DBC. The analytical values of the pre-extraction liquid and the post-extraction liquid and the final Fe concentration in Pd are shown in FIG. 3 (Table 1).
【００１６】表１の液分析値において、Ｆｅの濃度はｇ
／Ｌ，ＨＣｌの単位は規定であり、またＰｄ品位の単位
はｐｐｍである。In the liquid analysis values in Table 1, the concentration of Fe is g
The units of / L and HCl are stipulated, and the unit of Pd quality is ppm.
【００１８】表１より、添加塩酸の濃度を５規定としか
つＯ／Ａ比を１／２とすることにより最終的に抽出液中
のＦｅ品位が１０ｐｐｍ未満となることが分かる。It can be seen from Table 1 that the Fe quality in the extract finally becomes less than 10 ppm by setting the concentration of the added hydrochloric acid to 5 N and the O / A ratio to 1/2.
【００１９】爾後のＰｄ回収処理条件は以下のとおりで
ある。
逆抽出におけるＮＨ3 添加量：１／１Ｌ／Ｌ（油相）The conditions for the Pd recovery treatment after the following are as follows. Addition amount of NH 3 in back extraction: 1/1 L / L (oil phase)
【００２０】その後，０．２μｍのメンブランフィルタ
ー（ロキテクノ社製品）を用いて濾過を行いたところ最
終的に得られたパラジウム中の鉄品位は１０ｐｐｍ未満
となった。なお、濾紙による濾過ではＰｄ中の鉄濃度の
ばらつきが大きくなった。After that, filtration was carried out using a 0.2 μm membrane filter (manufactured by Roki Techno Co., Ltd.), and the iron quality in the finally obtained palladium was less than 10 ppm. It should be noted that the variation in the iron concentration in Pd was large in the filtration with the filter paper.
【００２１】濾過以降の処理は下記条件で行った。塩酸
濃度が１規定となるように塩酸を添加し、晶析を行い、
得られた晶析物を６００℃で加熱分解した。最終的に得
られたパラジウムの品位は９９．９５％であった。The treatment after filtration was carried out under the following conditions. Add hydrochloric acid so that the concentration of hydrochloric acid becomes 1 N, perform crystallization,
The obtained crystallization product was decomposed by heating at 600 ° C. The quality of the finally obtained palladium was 99.95%.
【００２２】[0022]
【発明の効果】以上説明したように本発明によると、鉄
濃度がｐｐｍオーダーのパラジウムを抽出することがで
きるために、品位の高いパラジウムを得ることができ
る。As described above, according to the present invention, since palladium having an iron concentration of ppm order can be extracted, high quality palladium can be obtained.
【図１】本発明法のフローチャートの主要部を示す図で
ある。FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a main part of a flowchart of a method of the present invention.
【図２】ＤＢＣのＦｅ3+抽出分配係数を示すグラフであ
る。FIG. 2 is a graph showing the Fe 3+ extraction partition coefficient of DBC.
【図３】金抽出段階における酸濃度、Ｏ／Ａ比を変えて
行った実施例及び比較例を示す図表（表１）である。FIG. 3 is a table (Table 1) showing Examples and Comparative Examples performed by changing the acid concentration and the O / A ratio in the gold extraction stage.
Claims (2)
３価鉄を不純物として含有する水溶液から金をジブチル
カルビトール(DBC)中へ抽出し、金を選択除去した溶液
を塩酸で希釈して酸性溶液を得、この溶液中のパラジウ
ムを硫化ジアルキル(DHS)中に抽出し、塩酸を用いてス
クラビングし、スクラビングを行った硫化ジアルキル(D
HS)からアンモニア水を用いてパラジウムを逆抽出する
段階を含むパラジウムの抽出方法において、 前記塩化物含有水溶液の塩酸濃度を４規定以上に調整
し、かつ金抽出の後液[A]に対するジブチルカルビトー
ル(DBC)[O]の比率(O/A) が1/2以上の条件で金の抽出を
行うとともに、前記逆抽出後パラジウムを溶解しかつ鉄
の沈殿物が生成したアンモニウム水を濾過して鉄の沈殿
物を除去する段階を有することを特徴とするパラジウム
の抽出方法。1. Containing gold and a chloride of a platinum group metal , and
Gold was extracted into dibutyl carbitol (DBC) from an aqueous solution containing trivalent iron as an impurity, and the solution from which gold was selectively removed was diluted with hydrochloric acid to obtain an acidic solution. Palladium in this solution was converted to dialkyl sulfide (DHS). ), Scrubbed with hydrochloric acid, and the scrubbed dialkyl sulfide (D
HS) in which palladium is back-extracted with ammonia water, the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the chloride-containing aqueous solution is adjusted to 4 N or more, and dibutyl carbyl is added to the liquid [A] after the gold extraction. tall (DBC) with [O] ratio of (O / a) is to extract the gold 1/2 or more conditions, dissolve the back extraction after palladium and iron
Precipitation of iron by filtration of ammonium water
A method for extracting palladium, comprising the step of removing a substance .
フィルターで行う請求項１記載のパラジウムの抽出方
法。2. The method for extracting palladium according to claim 1, wherein the filtration is performed with a membrane filter having a size of 0.2 μm or less.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP29043496A JP3431427B2 (en) | 1996-10-31 | 1996-10-31 | Extraction method of palladium |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP29043496A JP3431427B2 (en) | 1996-10-31 | 1996-10-31 | Extraction method of palladium |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH10130744A JPH10130744A (en) | 1998-05-19 |
| JP3431427B2 true JP3431427B2 (en) | 2003-07-28 |
Family
ID=17755989
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP29043496A Expired - Lifetime JP3431427B2 (en) | 1996-10-31 | 1996-10-31 | Extraction method of palladium |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3431427B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100322761B1 (en) * | 1999-11-26 | 2002-02-07 | 곽영훈 | Method for recovering platinum and palladium from spent catalysts by sulfation reaction |
-
1996
- 1996-10-31 JP JP29043496A patent/JP3431427B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH10130744A (en) | 1998-05-19 |
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