JP3351865B2 - Fuel electrode for solid oxide fuel cell and self-standing membrane flat solid electrolyte fuel cell using this fuel electrode - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a solid oxide fuel cell.
Anode and self-standing membrane plate type solid electrolysis using this anode
The present invention relates to a quality fuel cell .

[Prior art]

[0002] As a fuel cell, a phosphoric acid type, a molten carbonate type, a solid electrolyte type and the like are well known depending on the type of electrolyte. Among them, solid oxide fuel cells ( hereinafter
Below, it is called " SOFC ". ) Uses a solid material having ionic conductivity instead of a liquid material such as a phosphoric acid aqueous solution or a molten carbonate as an electrolyte.

[0003] S OF C of Soshiteko is phosphoric acid type, good power generation efficiency as compared with other fuel cells such as molten carbonate, can build an efficient power generation system capable of use for high exhaust heat temperature In recent years, it has attracted particular attention. The form of S OF C of Tokorodeko generally as a flat plate type shown in FIG. 6, not shown are largely classified into those of the cylindrical. Also, in the flat plate type shown in FIG. 6, the external manifold type shown in FIG. 7A and the internal manifold type shown in FIG. Can be

[0004] S OF shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 (a) (b)
Briefly describing the structure of C, a solid electrolyte plate 30 is sandwiched between a fuel electrode 10 in contact with a fuel gas and an oxygen electrode 20 in contact with air, and a separator 40a is provided outside the fuel electrode 10 and outside the oxygen electrode 20, respectively. A single cell having a structure provided with 40b is provided in a stacked manner over many layers.

[0007] The thus constituted S OF C your <br/> information, to the fuel electrode the fuel gas (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, etc.) are in contact, the oxygen electrode contact air containing oxygen I do. The oxygen ions generated by an oxygen electrode (O ^2-) moves through the solid electrolyte to reach the fuel electrode, the fuel electrode emits electrons react oxygen ions <br/> is a hydrogen (H ₂₎ . As a result, a potential difference is generated between the oxygen electrode where the number of electrons is insufficient and the fuel electrode where the number of electrons is excessive, and a flow of electricity is generated.

[0006] Oite the S OF C This is the electrical properties of the solid electrolyte material greatly influences the performance of the battery as well as the characteristics of the fuel electrode material is also an important factor. As the characteristics required for this fuel electrode material, it goes without saying that the electrical characteristics, particularly the electrical conductivity, are important, and furthermore, it does not hinder the contact between the fuel gas and the solid electrolyte and the discharge of the reaction product gas. And to increase the three-phase interface (where the three phases of the fuel gas, the solid electrolyte, and the electrode come into contact with each other), which are reaction points, and to be chemically resistant to the fuel gas atmosphere. Is required to be stable.

Conventionally, metallic nickel (Ni) has been frequently used in this fuel electrode material from the viewpoints of the electric conductivity and chemical stability. Then, in order to make the cermet porous, a cermet formed by sintering by compounding with ceramics is used. As ceramics, yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y ₂ O ₃ Stabilized ZrO ₂ , hereinafter referred to as “ YS
Z ". ) Is frequently used. That is, the fuel electrode which has been widely used is nickel-yttria stabilized zirconium.
A cermet (hereinafter referred to as "Ni-YSZ cermet"
) . This YSZ is zirconia (ZrO ₂ )
At high temperatures (around 1150 ° C.), a volume change occurs due to a change in the crystal structure from a monoclinic to a tetragonal, so that yttrium (Y) oxide is dissolved in a solid solution to prevent this volume change. Thus, the crystal structure is stabilized.

[0008]

THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved] However, Sami
A fuel electrode using YSZ as the ceramic component in the fuel cell has a low conductivity of the YSZ itself (0.05 to 0.5).
15S / about cm) for, S OF C using the anode
Oite had caused the problem, such as follows.

First, in order to increase the conductivity of the whole fuel electrode, the ratio of YSZ must be reduced.
However, when the ratio of YSZ is lowered , there is a problem that the deterioration of the fuel electrode with time becomes remarkable in the use process of the SOFC.
Was . This is because the fuel electrode is 80 when using SOFC.
This is because, in a high temperature state of about 0 ° C. to 1000 ° C., if YSZ is small, fusion between Nis occurs. Also, N
by fusion of i, the pores of the fuel electrode is occluded to become the three-phase interface is less a reaction point with breathability of the fuel gas is deteriorated, problems such as power generation performance of the SOFC is reduced mower
Was .

On the other hand, when a higher proportion of YSZ, the polarization is increased when conducting current because the conductivity is lowered as a whole a fuel electrode by its low conductivity, SOF
C power generation performance of the there has been a problem that the low-down. Ni and Ni-YSZ cermet can be used as a fuel electrode on the above: YSZ ratio of 4: 6 of approximately limited to a very narrow range and power generation performance is not so high in the SOFC even within the composition range.

[0011] The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, it is an object of exploring the high ceramics conductivity as the material, <br/> physicians use this the Rukoto, polarization is small, conductivity and low aging resistance have high
To provide a solid electrolyte type fuel cell anode having both bets, excellent long-term stability with the self has a high power generation performance
An object of the present invention is to realize a solid electrolyte fuel cell of an erecting plate type .

[0012]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION To achieve the above object the present inventors, as a result of repeated experiments studied various material properties, conventional Y S Z by remote scandia-stabilized zirconia (Sc ₂ O ₃ Stabilized ZrO ₂ , hereafter “ S
cSZ ". ) It was found to be excellent as a ceramic material for definitive fuel electrode to the solid electrolyte type fuel cells. That is, the solid oxide fuel cell according to the present invention
The fuel electrode is 8 to 1 for metallic nickel and zirconia.
Scandia in which scandia is dissolved within the range of 5 mol%
Consisting of a stabilized zirconia nickel - scandia are formed Ri by-stabilized zirconia cermet door to such requirements the Rukoto
To the effect . Solid electrolyte fuel cell according to the present invention
According to the anode for the pond, the nickel-ska
Zirconia-based cermet (hereinafter “Ni-S
cSZ cermet ". Ceramic components in)
Is made of high conductivity ScSZ, and
Is 8 to 15 mol% based on zirconia
Is dissolved within the range of ScS in the cermet
Even if the Z ratio is increased, the conductivity of the entire fuel electrode is large.
The polarization is small over a wide composition range
A fuel electrode having high conductivity can be used.
Temperature (800 ° C., which is the operating temperature of the solid oxide fuel cell)
(About 1000 ° C)
Very little deterioration of the fuel electrode with time,
Excellent initial stability, high conductivity and low deterioration
It becomes possible to obtain the equipped fuel electrode.

In addition, the self-standing membrane flat plate type solid electrolysis according to the present invention is provided.
The solid fuel cell has a solid electrolyte plate formed in a flat shape,
A fuel electrode provided on one surface of the solid electrolyte plate and
Serial I from an oxygen electrode provided on the other surface of the solid body electrolyte plate
A fuel cell, wherein the fuel electrode comprises metal nickel,
Scandia in the range of 8 to 15 mol% with respect to luconia
Nickel consisting of solid solution Scandia stabilized zirconia
Shaped from Kel-Scandia stabilized zirconia cermet
It is the gist of what has been done. According to the present invention
According to the self-standing membrane flat solid electrolyte fuel cell, the fuel electrode
Is in the range of 8 to 15 mol% with respect to Ni and zirconia.
Ni-S consisting of ScSZ in which scandia is dissolved in
Since it is made of cSZ cermet,
The polarization of the body is small and the thickness of the solid electrolyte plate is intentionally reduced.
Independence that can exhibit excellent power generation performance for a long time without
Membrane plate type solid electrolyte fuel cell
You. Here, the fuel electrode, the solid body so the slurry coating method on one surface of the electrolyte plate (described in detail below) are those provided by such. At this time, as the solid electrolyte material of the solid electrolyte plate , yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) or scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScS
Z) is conceivable or may be other materials ,
Good matching of thermal expansion coefficient between fuel electrode and solid electrolyte plate
Heat distortion during repeated use
From the viewpoint of the possibility, Scandia stabilized zirconia (ScS
It is preferred to use Z) . In addition , other than the solid electrolyte plate
As a material of the oxygen electrode provided on the other surface , lanthanum strontium manganate (La (Sr) MnO ₃ ) is given as an example.

[0014]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described below in detail with reference to embodiments. First, a manufacturing process of a solid electrolyte plate to be used for a self-supporting flat plate type solid electrolyte fuel cell ( hereinafter, referred to as a “self-supporting flat plate type SOFC ” ) and a Ni—ScSZ-based cermet according to the present invention formed on one surface thereof The formation process of the fuel electrode will be described in order based on the manufacturing process diagram shown in FIG. In this embodiment, it is decided to use the S cS Z as a solid electrolyte material <br/> charge of the solid electrolyte plate.

According to the process diagram of FIG. 1, first, powder particles of zirconia (ZrO ₂ ) as a main material of a solid electrolyte plate and powder particles of scandia (Sc ₂ O ₃ ) as a stabilizing material are appropriately mixed. Mix in the mixing ratio. The average particle size of this mixed powder is about 3 μm. In addition, when a liquid phase production process such as a sol-gel method or a coprecipitation method is applied as a method for adjusting the mixed powder of zirconia and scandia, a uniform mixed powder with few impurities can be obtained. Zirconia and scan
Mixing ratio of the Zia, it is preferable scandia is 8 mol% of 15 mol% with respect to zirconia.

Next, this mixed powder is put in a plate thickness of 100 to 300.
It is formed into a μm plate (approximately 20 cm square plate). In this embodiment, the forming means is a hydrostatic press (CIP).
And press-molding with a pressing force of 1 t / cm ² . Instead of the CIP, a thin plate may be manufactured by a doctor blade method or a calender roll method generally used conventionally. Then, after a while, this formed plate is put into 1500
Baking at a temperature of １1700 ° C. This scandium A
The solid electrolyte plate made of ScSZ in which is dissolved in zirconia A (hereinafter referred to as "ScSZ solid electrolyte plate".) Is obtained.

[0017] Then, a Ni-ScSZ cermet fuel electrode according to the present invention on one side of the S cS Z solid body electrolyte plate of this. In forming the fuel electrode, powder particles of metallic nickel (Ni), which is the main material, zirconia (ZrO)
₂ ) Powder particles of scandia (Sc ₂ O ₃ ), which is a material for stabilizing zirconia, and powder particles of zirconia are mixed at an appropriate mixing ratio. This compounding ratio is generally about 40 wt% of Ni, but various conditions (Ni: S
cSZ ratio and ZrO ₂ : Sc ₂ O ₃ ratio) are selected. The average particle size of this mixed powder is about 3 μm.
This was muddy by the so-called slurry coating method was applied in this ScS Z solid body one surface of about 50μm thickness of the electrolyte plate and calcined at a temperature of thereafter 1400 to 1500 ° C.. This makes it possible to thin-film Ni-ScSZ cermet fuel electrode is formed on one surface of ScS Z solid body electrolyte plate.

Further, on the rear surface of ScS Z solid body electrolyte plate,
For example, lanthanum strontium manganate (La (S
r) Coating the MnO ₃ ) material with a thickness of about 50 μm. By firing the temperature of about 1150 ° C., on the opposite side of the ScS Z solid body electrolyte plate, like so that the thin-film oxygen electrode is formed. The mixing ratio of the material of the oxygen electrode is lanthanum manganate 95 to 8
Strontium manganate 5-15% for 5 mol%
It is appropriate to use about mol%. Thus Ni-ScSZ cermet fuel electrode according to the present invention is formed on one surface of ScS Z solid body electrolyte plate, it is possible to obtain a self-supporting film plate type S OF C cell Le comprising oxygen electrode is formed on the opposite surface .

Next, the self-supported membrane flat panel thus manufactured is manufactured.
These will be described since conducted various experiments for the plate-type S OF C cell. First, FIG.
A comparison was made between the power generation characteristics of a -ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode and a conventional Ni-YSZ-based cermet fuel electrode as a self-standing membrane flat type SOFC cell , and the results are shown and described.

The free-standing membrane flat-plate SOFC cell tested was 1
20% of the composition of 1 mol% Sc ₂ O ₃ -89 mol% ZrO ₂
On a ScSZ solid electrolyte plate having a thickness of 0 μm,
Thick Ni-ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode or Ni-Y
An SZ-based cermet fuel electrode is formed. Ni-
The composition of the ScSZ cermet fuel electrode is 40 wt% Ni-6.
0 wt% ScSZ, and the composition of ScSZ is 11
And the _molar% Sc ₂ O 3 -89 mol% ZrO _2. on the other hand,
The composition of the Ni-YSZ cermet fuel electrode is 40 wt% Ni
And -60wt% YSZ, even the composition of YSZ was 8 _mol% Y ₂ O 3 -92 mol% ZrO _2. In both cases, a 50 μm-thick La (Sr) MnO ₃ oxygen electrode is formed on the back surface.

In FIG. 2, the horizontal axis represents the current [mA].
The vertical axis represents the voltage [mV] and the power density [W / cm ² ], and the voltage characteristics and the power characteristics were compared. As a result, when looking at the voltage characteristics, the voltage value gradually decreases as the current value increases, indicating that the Ni-ScSZ
The same applies to the case of using a Ni-YSZ-based cermet fuel electrode when a Ni-ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode is used.
The cermet fuel electrode has a smaller voltage drop rate than the Ni-YSZ cermet fuel electrode, and shows a high voltage [mV] with respect to an equivalent current [mA] in a range where the current value is larger than about 700 mA. You can see that there is. It can also be seen that the greater the current, the greater the voltage difference.

On the other hand, when the power characteristics are examined, Ni-ScS
600-800 m using Z-type cermet fuel electrode
A at a peak value of the power density, while gradually the power density decreases at higher currents, Ni-YSZ-based service
Those using the MET fuel electrode show a peak value of the power density at 300 to 500 mA. The power density at the peak is about 1.2 W / cm ² in the case of the Ni—ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode, while the Ni—YSZ-based cermet fuel electrode
In the case of the cermet fuel electrode, it is as low as about 1.1 W / cm ^2, and the one using the Ni-ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode exhibits a higher power density peak value than the one using the Ni-YSZ-based cermet fuel electrode. I understand. Also,
The rate of decrease in power density after exceeding the peak value of power density is also higher for Ni-ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrodes than for Ni-Y.
Ni-ScSZ, smaller than SZ cermet fuel electrode
Ni-YSZ type using cermet fuel electrode
Current equivalent to that using cermet anode [m
A], the power density [W / cm ² ] is always high. Moreover, it can be seen that the higher the current value, the greater the difference in power density.

Then, from the experimental results shown in FIG.
Resistivity than when the person who was using the ScSZ was using the Y SZ
Is low, the conductivity of the fuel electrode as a whole increases, and especially when the current value is high, the polarization is small,
It is considered that high power generation performance was obtained.
3, changing the mixing ratio of scandium authors Ni-ScSZ cermet fuel electrode ceramics component der Ru in S cS Z, i.e. by varying the amount of solid solution scandia conductivity properties of this ScS Z and its The result of having investigated the temperature dependence is shown.

The horizontal axis represents the temperature variable 1000 / T [1 / K].
(K: absolute temperature), and the vertical axis indicates a conductivity variable log σ [S
/ Cm]. Although the mixing ratio of scandium A in ScSZ tried changing different to 8-15 mol%, it can be seen that ScSZ resulting 8 mol% scandia solid solution amount is most excellent in electric conductivity characteristics. Therefore, the electric conductivity of the whole Ni-ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode is also most excellent when using 8 mol% of scandia as a solid solution amount of ScSZ.

Then, the temperature variable 1000 / T [1 / K]
At a temperature of about 1.1 or less (about 650K or less), there is no significant difference in the conductivity characteristics due to the difference in the scandia blending ratio (the amount of scandia solid solution), but the temperature variable is 1.1 or more (about 650K or more). At the temperature of ()), as the blending ratio of scandia increases, that is, as the amount of solid solution of scandia increases, the decrease in conductivity characteristics tends to be conspicuous. This by using the temperature environment of the S OF C of Yoriko it can be seen that it is necessary to consider the mixing ratio of scandia.

[0026] FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between scandium A Blend ratio of conductivity and in ScSZ at 1000 ° C. (1273K) (scandia solid solution amount). According to this, it can be seen that the conductivity is higher when the scandia solid solution amount is in the range of 8 to 15 mol%, and the conductivity decreases as the scandia solid solution amount increases. It can be said that the scandia solid solution amount is most preferably in the range of 8 to 11 mol%.

It is known that the thermal expansion coefficients of ScSZ and YSZ are slightly different. In this embodiment, a free-standing membrane is used.
Since you are using ScSZ solid <br/> electrolyte plate as the solid electrolyte plate of the planar SOFC cell, ScS Z having the same thermal expansion coefficient and also as the ceramic component of the fuel electrode
As a result, the heat distortion is small.

Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described. This embodiment, as the solid electrolyte plate of the self-supporting membrane plate type S OF C cell Le, YS instead of ScSZ solid electrolyte plate
Z solid electrolyte plate (hereinafter “YSZ solid electrolyte plate”)
That. ) . Otherwise, the configuration and manufacturing method are the same as those of the first embodiment. The composition of the YSZ solid electrolyte plate is 8 mol% Y ₂ O
_{It was} 3-92 mol% ZrO ₂ .

Also in this second embodiment, Ni-Sc
The power generation characteristics of the SZ-based cermet fuel electrode and that of the conventional Ni-YSZ-based cermet fuel electrode were compared as self-standing membrane flat type SOFC cells , and the results are described with reference to FIG. FIG. 5 shows the current [mA] on the horizontal axis similarly to FIG.
The voltage [mV] and the power density [W / cm ² ] are shown on the vertical axis, and the voltage characteristics and the power characteristics are compared.

[0030] As a result, the voltage value gradually decreases as is increased the current value when viewed voltage characteristics, also Ni-YSZ cermet anode case of using the Ni-ScSZ cermet fuel electrode The same is true in the case of using a Ni—ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode, but the rate of voltage drop is smaller than that using a Ni—YSZ-based cermet fuel electrode, and the current value is smaller than around 700 mA. In a large range, a high voltage [mV] is shown for an equivalent current [mA]. Also, the larger the current, the larger the voltage difference. That is, the voltage characteristics have the same tendency as that of the first embodiment.

On the other hand, when the power characteristics are examined, Ni-ScS
600-800 m using Z-type cermet fuel electrode
A at a peak value of the power density, while gradually the power density decreases at higher currents, Ni-YSZ-based service
Those using the MET fuel electrode show a peak value of the power density at 300 to 500 mA. The power density at the peak is about 1.1 W / cm ² in the case of the Ni—ScSZ cermet fuel electrode, while the Ni—YSZ
In the case of the cermet fuel electrode, it is as low as about 0.8 W / cm ^2, and the Ni—ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode is Ni—Y.
The peak value of the power density is higher than that of the SZ cermet fuel electrode. The ratio of decrease in the power density from past the peak value of the power density less than that of Ni-YSZ cermet anode towards the Ni-ScSZ cermet <br/> fuel electrode, Ni-ScSZ cermet fuel The electrode using the electrode is always higher in power density [W] for the same current [mA] than the one using the Ni-YSZ cermet fuel electrode.
/ Cm ² ]. Moreover, the higher the current value, the greater the difference in power density. That is, the power characteristics also show the same tendency as in the first embodiment.

Then, based on the experimental results shown in FIG.
Resistivity than when the person who was using the ScSZ was using the Y SZ
Is low, the conductivity of the fuel electrode as a whole increases, and especially when the current value is high, the polarization is small,
It is considered that high power generation performance was obtained.
When the experimental result of FIG. 5 is compared with the experimental result of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 2, both the voltage characteristics and the power characteristics are slightly lower than those of the self-standing film flat type SOFC cell of the first embodiment. , which is solid minute using a high YSZ solid electrolyte resistivity than ScSZ solid electrolyte as the electrolyte plate, it is believed to correspond to the low generation power density. Also, Ni-S
S is a ceramic component of the cSZ cermet fuel electrode
The characteristics of cS Z itself, it goes without saying the first equivalent to those described in the Examples.

[0033] As described above in detail, the Ni-ScSZ cermet fuel electrode of each Example, as the ceramic component of the cermet, high ScS Z of YS Z O Rishirubeden rate which has been conventionally used Since it is used, there is little polarization especially when the current value is large, and the self-standing film flat SOF having excellent voltage characteristics and power characteristics.
C can be obtained. Further, since the conductivity of the ScS Z is high, is obtained fuel electrode of the good characteristics Ni: range of ScSZ ratio is wide. For this reason, since a fuel electrode having a high ScSZ ratio can be used, fusion of Ni due to high temperature does not easily occur, and the fuel electrode is also excellent in long-term stability. And
In particular, when a ScSZ solid electrolyte plate is used as the solid electrolyte plate, the coefficient of thermal expansion is so close that there is little thermal distortion even at high temperatures, and the matching between the solid electrolyte plate and the fuel electrode is good. The embodiments do not limit the present invention in any way, and various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0034]

The fuel for a solid oxide fuel cell according to the present invention
Electrode and self-standing membrane flat type solid electrolyte type using this fuel electrode
According to the fuel cell, this power generation power density is significantly improved
FIG from can be made compact power generation system, and since the battery resistance is small, excellent response characteristics and power generation efficiency, further, since it can be operated with ease generating power, the life of the battery and Manifestation that
The effect is remarkable, and the industrial benefit is extremely high.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a manufacturing process diagram of a Ni—ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode according to the present invention and a solid electrolyte plate formed on one surface thereof.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a comparison of power generation characteristic data in a self-standing membrane flat-plate SOFC cell between a Ni-ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode according to the present invention and a conventionally known Ni-YSZ-based cermet fuel electrode.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing data on the temperature dependence of the conductivity characteristics of ScSZ .

FIG. 4 shows a temperature of 1000 ° C. (1 ° C.) of ScSZ which is a component of the Ni—ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode according to the present invention shown in FIG.
273K) is a diagram showing conductivity as data relating to the amount of solid solution in scandia.

FIG. 5 shows a Ni-ScSZ-based cermet fuel electrode according to a second embodiment of the present invention and a conventionally known Ni-YSZ.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a comparison of power generation characteristic data in a self-standing membrane flat-plate SOFC cell with a system cermet fuel electrode.

6 is a diagram showing an example of a single cell structure of a conventional general plate type known in the S OF C.

7A is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of an external manifold type in the flat-plate type SOFC shown in FIG. 6, and FIG. 7B is a diagram schematically showing the internal manifold type of the SOFC .

[Explanation of symbols]

 Reference Signs 10 Fuel electrode 20 Oxygen electrode 30 Solid electrolyte plate

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuation of the front page (56) References JP-A-5-89882 (JP, A) JP-A-4-215259 (JP, A) JP-A-5-33179 (JP, A) C. Nguyen, T .; A. Lin, and D.M. M. Mason, "Electrocatalytic Reactivity of Hydrocarbons on a Zirconia Electrolyte Sur face", J. Biol. Electrochem. Soc. , Vol. 133, no. 9 (1986), p. 1807-1815 (58) Field surveyed (Int.Cl. ⁷ , DB name) H01M 4/86 H01M 8/12

Claims (2)

(57) [Claims] (1) a metal nickel and zirconia,
Scandia in which scandia is dissolved within the range of 15 mol%
A consisting of stabilized zirconia nickel - scandia-stabilized zirconia cermet are bets by Ri formed, characterized by comprising a solid oxide fuel cell anode. (2) A solid electrolyte plate formed in a plate shape;
A fuel electrode provided on one surface of the solid electrolyte plate of
Consisting of an oxygen electrode provided on the other surface of the solid electrolyte plate
A fuel cell, wherein the fuel electrode comprises metallic nickel,
Scandia is solidified in the range of 8 to 15 mol% with respect to konia.
Nicke consisting of melted scandia stabilized zirconia
Formed from Ru-Scandia stabilized zirconia cermet
Free-standing membrane flat-type solid electrolyte type
Fuel cell.