JP2972848B2 - Tool life automatic detection method and device by detecting wear amount of cutting tool - Google Patents

Tool life automatic detection method and device by detecting wear amount of cutting tool

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Publication number
JP2972848B2
JP2972848B2 JP7212514A JP21251495A JP2972848B2 JP 2972848 B2 JP2972848 B2 JP 2972848B2 JP 7212514 A JP7212514 A JP 7212514A JP 21251495 A JP21251495 A JP 21251495A JP 2972848 B2 JP2972848 B2 JP 2972848B2
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
tool
cutting tool
wear
life
thin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP7212514A
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Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPH0938846A (en
Inventor
超 男 徐
辺 忠 彦 渡
山 守 人 秋
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
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Agency of Industrial Science and Technology
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  • Machine Tool Sensing Apparatuses (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

【0001】[0001]

【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、切削工具の摩耗の幅お
よび深さの検知ならびにそれによる工具寿命の無人自動
検知に関するものである。利用できる主な切削工具は、
高速度鋼工具、超硬工具、セラミック工具と幅が広い。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the detection of the width and depth of wear of a cutting tool and to the automatic unmanned detection of tool life. The main cutting tools available are
Wide range of high speed steel tools, carbide tools, ceramic tools.

【0002】[0002]

【従来の技術】従来では切削工具の寿命は工具の摩耗が
一定の判定基準値に達した時をもって工具寿命としてい
る。一般的に、高速度鋼工具、超硬工具、セラミック工
具といった切削工具は逃げ面摩耗均一なときに、平均摩
耗幅は0.3 mm、不均一な摩耗の時、最大摩耗幅は0.6 mm
に達したときに工具寿命と決めている。
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, the life of a cutting tool is defined as the tool life when the wear of the tool reaches a certain reference value. Generally, cutting tools such as high-speed steel tools, carbide tools, and ceramic tools have an average wear width of 0.3 mm when the flank wear is uniform, and a maximum wear width of 0.6 mm when the wear is uneven.
When the tool life is reached, the tool life is determined.

【0003】一方、現場では、通常いちいち工具の摩耗
量を測定して工具交換することがほとんど行われておら
ず、作業効率のために、一般には、切削した製品の個
数、切削時間、あるいは製品の精度が検査規格に不合格
になる以前のある時点を持って工具交換時期あるいは工
具寿命とするのが普通である。
[0003] On the other hand, in the field, tool change is usually rarely performed by measuring the amount of wear of a tool, and the number of cut products, the cutting time, or the number of cut products is generally reduced for work efficiency. It is usual that the tool change time or tool life is taken at a certain point before the precision of the tool fails the inspection standard.

【0004】[0004]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】上記の工具寿命の原因
は工具摩耗であり、もし無人に工具摩耗の計測あるいは
寿命の判定ができれば、工業上利益が大きいと考えられ
る。本発明はこのような現状を踏まえ、切削工具に薄膜
の計測回路を付加することによって全自動的に工具寿命
を判定でき、しかも工具の材質が変わっても対応できる
計測方法を提供することを目的とする。
The tool life described above is caused by tool wear. If the tool wear can be measured or the life can be judged unattended, it is considered that the industrial profit is great. The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and aims to provide a measuring method that can automatically determine a tool life by adding a thin film measuring circuit to a cutting tool and can cope with a change in tool material. And

【0005】[0005]

【課題を解決するための手段】上記の目的を達成するた
めに、本発明は、切削工具において、切削をあずかる部
分(刃部)の逃げ面および/またはすくい面に、電気導
通性を有する材料からなる細い薄膜回路を設け、その薄
膜回路の電気導通性を計測することによって摩耗の幅や
深さを検知し、工具寿命を自動検知する方法およびその
装置を提供するものである。 さらに具体的に説明する
と、本発明の工具寿命自動検知装置は、切削工具の逃げ
面に、電気導通性を有する材料からなり、上記逃げ面の
摩耗幅の摩耗限界位置に沿って直線的に伸びる細い薄膜
回路を絶縁状態で設け、その薄膜回路を、電気抵抗の増
大により切削工具の寿命を自動的に検知する抵抗計に接
続することにより構成でき、工具寿命を自動検知するに
際しては、上記切削工具を用いて切削しながら、上記薄
膜回路の摩耗に伴う電気抵抗の増大を計測すればよい。
また、本発明の工具寿命自動検知装置は、切削工具のす
くい面に、電気導通性を有する材料からなり、上記すく
い面のクレーター摩耗深さの限界位置に沿って櫛型をな
す細い薄膜回路を電気絶縁性膜で被覆して設け、その薄
膜回路を、電気抵抗の増大により切削工具の寿命を自動
的に検知する抵抗計に接続することにより構成でき、工
具寿命を自動検知するに際しては、上記切削工具を用い
て切削しながら、上記電気絶縁性膜および薄膜回路の摩
耗に伴う電気抵抗の増大を計測すればよい。
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to achieve the above object, the present invention relates to a cutting tool, in which a flank and / or a rake face of a part (blade part) to be cut has an electric conduction.
A thin thin-film circuit made of a conductive material
By measuring the electrical conductivity of the membrane circuit,
Method of detecting depth and automatically detecting tool life and its method
An apparatus is provided. To be more specific
The tool life automatic detection device of the present invention
Surface is made of a material having electrical conductivity, and
A thin film that extends linearly along the wear limit of the wear width
The circuit is installed in an insulated state, and the thin-film circuit is used to increase the electrical resistance.
Connects to a resistance meter that automatically detects the life of the cutting tool.
To automatically detect tool life.
When cutting using the cutting tool,
What is necessary is just to measure the increase in electric resistance accompanying the abrasion of the membrane circuit.
Further, the automatic tool life detecting device of the present invention provides a cutting tool
The rake face is made of a material having electrical conductivity,
Along the limit of the crater wear depth
A thin thin-film circuit is provided by covering it with an electrically insulating film.
Automatic membrane tool life with increased electrical resistance
Can be configured by connecting to a resistance meter that
When automatically detecting the tool life, use the above cutting tool.
While cutting, the friction of the above-mentioned electrically insulating film and thin film circuit is reduced.
What is necessary is just to measure the increase in electric resistance due to wear.

【0006】薄膜回路は多層構造を持つのが好ましい。
すなわち、切削工具自身の電導性の影響を除去するため
に、まず、最深層は絶縁性膜にし、そして、中層は診断
機能として働く導電性膜を、さらに最上層はそれの保護
として絶縁性膜をコーディングする。
[0006] The thin film circuit preferably has a multilayer structure.
In other words, in order to remove the effect of the conductivity of the cutting tool itself, first, the innermost layer is made of an insulating film, the middle layer is made of a conductive film that functions as a diagnostic function, and the uppermost layer is an insulating film that protects it. Coding.

【0007】電導性薄膜回路を取り付ける位置として、
寿命の判定基準によるが、最大境界摩耗幅にすれば、一
本の回路で寿命の自己診断ができる。このような薄膜回
路を複数にすれば、複数の摩耗深さを計測することも可
能である。
[0007] As a position to attach the conductive thin film circuit,
According to the life criterion, if the maximum boundary wear width is set, self-diagnosis of the life can be performed with one circuit. If there are a plurality of such thin film circuits, it is also possible to measure a plurality of wear depths.

【0008】薄膜回路の中層素材としては、電気導通性
を示すものであれば、すべて用いることが可能である。
また、その上下の層の素材としては、電気絶縁性を示す
ものであれば、すべて用いることが可能である。
As the middle layer material of the thin film circuit, any material having electrical conductivity can be used.
As the material of the upper and lower layers, any material having electrical insulation can be used.

【0009】本発明における薄膜回路の素材としては、
切削工具のコーディング層として利用しているセラミッ
クスや他分野の配線で使われているものを用いることが
好ましい。それらを利用することによって従来の技術を
すべて活用できる。その上、工具をコーディングするプ
ロセスの一環として取り込むことが可能である。絶縁層
としてはAl2O3、AlN等を用いることが有利である。導電
性膜としては、TiN、TiC、Ti(C,N)、Cu、Ni等を用いる
ことが有利である。
The material of the thin film circuit in the present invention includes:
It is preferable to use ceramics used as a coding layer of a cutting tool and those used in wiring in other fields. By utilizing them, all conventional technologies can be utilized. Moreover, it can be captured as part of the process of coding the tool. It is advantageous to use Al 2 O 3 , AlN, or the like as the insulating layer. It is advantageous to use TiN, TiC, Ti (C, N), Cu, Ni or the like as the conductive film.

【0010】本発明の薄膜回路を取り付ける技術として
は、切削工具の前逃げ面上へゾルゲル法、CVD法、PVD
法、およびめっき法などにより、多層薄膜を作製するこ
とができる。
The thin film circuit mounting technique of the present invention includes a sol-gel method, a CVD method, and a PVD method on a front flank of a cutting tool.
A multilayer thin film can be manufactured by a method, a plating method, or the like.

【0011】切削工具としては、切削に預かる切れ刃部
分が一つしかない切削工具(バイト)でもよいし、スロ
ーアウエイ方式のチップでもよい。なお、薄膜回路の電
極の一つとしては、電導性のあるバイトの柄部を利用で
きる。
The cutting tool may be a cutting tool (bite) having only one cutting edge portion for cutting, or may be a throw-away type tip. In addition, as one of the electrodes of the thin film circuit, a handle portion of a conductive bite can be used.

【0012】上記のように構成された切削工具が工作中
摩耗し、ついに導電性薄膜回路まで進むと、電気抵抗が
増大しはじめる。最大摩耗になると、回路は不通にな
る。このように摩耗の幅は電気抵抗の変化として検知で
きる。
When the cutting tool constructed as described above is worn during machining and finally reaches the conductive thin film circuit, the electric resistance starts to increase. At maximum wear, the circuit is interrupted. Thus, the width of wear can be detected as a change in electrical resistance.

【0013】また、上記のような電気抵抗の変化を発光
ダイオードを通して、光学信号に変換することができ
る。
Further, the change in electric resistance as described above can be converted into an optical signal through a light emitting diode.

【0014】切削工具からのこれらの信号をそれぞれの
受信器で検知し、工具寿命を接触式、または非接触式に
判定することができる。
These signals from the cutting tool are detected by respective receivers, and the tool life can be determined in a contact type or a non-contact type.

【0015】[0015]

【発明の効果】本発明の方法によれば、切削工具の摩耗
による寿命は、付加した薄膜回路の電導性を測定するこ
とにより簡単にかつ全自動的な診断ができる。また、発
光ダイオードを回路に取り入れることにより、非接触的
に寿命判定することが可能である。
According to the method of the present invention, the life due to the wear of the cutting tool can be simply and fully automatically diagnosed by measuring the conductivity of the added thin film circuit. In addition, by incorporating a light emitting diode into a circuit, it is possible to contactlessly determine the life.

【0016】[0016]

【発明の実施の形態】BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 図面は本発明の実施の一例を説明The drawings illustrate an embodiment of the invention.
するためのもので、切削工具としては、例えば図1に示For example, as shown in FIG.
すようなバイトを用いることができる。この工具のすくSuch bytes can be used. This tool
い面および逃げ面の所定の位置には、TiN,TiC,TiN, TiC,
Ti(C,N),Cu,Ni等の電気導通性を有する材Electrically conductive material such as Ti (C, N), Cu, Ni
料からなる細い薄膜回路を設けるが、この薄膜回路としA thin thin-film circuit consisting of a material is provided.
ては、図2および図3に示すような構造のものが適して2 and 3 are suitable.
いる。I have. 図2に示す実施例では、切削工具のすくい面のクIn the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the rake face of the cutting tool is closed.
レーター摩耗深さを検出するため、そのすくい面に、上The rake face on the rake face to detect
記電気導通性を有する材料からなる細い薄膜回路を櫛型Comb type thin thin-film circuit made of electrically conductive material
にして配設している。この薄膜回路は、上記すくい面のIt is arranged. This thin film circuit
クレーター摩耗深さの限界位置に沿って、櫛型をなす細A comb-shaped thin line along the limit of the crater wear depth
い薄膜回路を電気絶縁性膜で被覆して設けたものであA thin film circuit covered with an electrically insulating film.
り、その上面には,TiC,TiN等の多層膜からなるAnd on its upper surface a multilayer film of TiC, TiN, etc.
コーディング被覆層を設けることもできる。この切削工A coding covering layer can also be provided. This cutter
具は、それを用いて切削しながら、薄膜回路に接続したThe tool was connected to the thin film circuit while cutting with it
抵抗計により、上記コーディング被覆層、電気絶縁性膜According to the resistance meter, the above-mentioned coating coating layer, electrical insulating film
および薄膜回路の摩耗に伴う電気抵抗の増大を計測するThe increase in electrical resistance due to wear of thin film circuits
ことによって、切削工具の寿命を自動的に検知するものThat automatically detects the life of the cutting tool
である。It is. また、図3に示す実施例では、切削工具の逃げAlso, in the embodiment shown in FIG.
面の摩耗幅を検出するため、その逃げ面における摩耗幅The wear width at the flank to detect the wear width of the surface
の摩耗限界位置に沿って、直線的に伸びる薄膜回路を絶A thin-film circuit that extends linearly along the wear limit
縁状態で設けている。この切削工具は、上記図2の場合It is provided in an edge state. This cutting tool is used in the case of FIG.
と同様に、それを用いて切削しながら、薄膜回路に接続As well as connecting to thin film circuits while cutting with it
した抵抗計により、薄膜回路の摩耗に伴う電気抵抗の増Increased resistance due to wear of the thin-film circuit.
大を計測することによって、切削工具の寿命を自動的にAutomatically extends cutting tool life by measuring large
検知するものである。It is to detect.

【0017】[0017]

【実施例】【Example】 次に、上述した工具寿命自動検知手段によるNext, the tool life automatic detection means described above
工具寿命検知の効果を確認するための実施例について説Example of confirming the effect of tool life detection
明する。I will tell. この寿命検知に用いる切削工具は、すくい面とThe cutting tool used for this life detection has a rake face
逃げ面にスパッタリング法によりAlAl on the flank by sputtering 2 O 3 /TiN// TiN /
AlAl 2 O 3 の多層膜を形成したものを使用した。具体的The multilayered film formed was used. concrete
には、逃げ面には、図3に示すように、直線的に導電性On the flank, as shown in Fig. 3,
膜(TiN)を形成し、その上下に絶縁性膜(AlA film (TiN) is formed, and an insulating film (Al 2 O
3 )をコーティングした。この逃げ面でのTiN膜は、) Was coated. The TiN film on this flank is
逃げ面摩耗寿命の最大幅となる0.6mmの位置にし、At the position of 0.6 mm, which is the maximum width of the flank wear life,
その幅を略1μmとした。そして、TiN膜の電気抵抗The width was approximately 1 μm. And the electrical resistance of the TiN film
を計測するために、それにアルミニウムリード線を接続Connect an aluminum lead to it to measure
した。did. 一方、すくい面には、図2に示すように、母材上On the other hand, on the rake face, as shown in FIG.
に形成した約0.3μmの絶縁性膜(AlAbout 0.3 μm insulating film (Al 2 O 3 )の上)upon
に、厚さが10μm程度の櫛形TiN導電性膜を設け、Is provided with a comb-shaped TiN conductive film having a thickness of about 10 μm,
それを約10μmの絶縁性膜(AlAn insulating film of about 10 μm (Al 2 O 3 )で被覆し、)
さらに、約30μmのTiC,TiNの多層膜からなるFurthermore, a multilayer film of about 30 μm of TiC and TiN is formed.
コーディング被覆層を設けた。これにより、導電性膜のA coating coating was provided. As a result, the conductive film
位置は、すくい面摩耗寿命の最大深さでなる0.05mPosition is 0.05m which is the maximum depth of rake wear life
mにあるようにした。m.

【0018】図2、3に示すように、すくい面と逃げ面
にはそれぞれ櫛型と直線型の導電性膜(TiN)を形成し、
その上下に絶縁性膜(Al2O3)をコーティングした。す
くい面でのTiN膜の位置はすくい面摩耗寿命の最大深さ
となる0.05mmにあり、厚さは0.01mm程度であった。一
方、逃げ面でのTiN膜は逃げ面摩耗寿命の最大幅となる
0.6mmの位置にした。なお、TiN膜の電気抵抗を計測する
ために、アルミニウムリード線を設けた。
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, comb-shaped and linear-shaped conductive films (TiN) are formed on the rake face and the flank, respectively.
An insulating film (Al 2 O 3 ) was coated on the upper and lower sides. The position of the TiN film on the rake face was at the maximum depth of the rake face wear life of 0.05 mm, and the thickness was about 0.01 mm. On the other hand, the TiN film on the flank has the maximum width of the flank wear life
0.6mm position. Note that an aluminum lead wire was provided to measure the electric resistance of the TiN film.

【0019】接触式計測として、上述の工具を図4に示
すようなシステムに組入れた。工具の摩耗は最大摩耗ま
で進行すると、薄膜回路(TiN)は絶縁状態になり、回
路の抵抗は10Ωから無限大に激変し、この方法で摩耗検
知できることがわかった。
As a contact type measurement, the above-mentioned tool was incorporated into a system as shown in FIG. When the tool wear progressed to the maximum wear, the thin film circuit (TiN) became insulated, and the resistance of the circuit drastically changed from 10Ω to infinity, and it was found that wear could be detected by this method.

【0020】また、非接触式計測として、図5に示すよ
うなシステムを組立て、上記の抵抗の急変化を発光ダイ
オードで光信号に変換した。工具の摩耗は最大摩耗まで
進むと、発光ダイオードが点灯し、それを受光ダイオー
ドによって検知し、計測器は工具と非接触の場合でも摩
耗検知できることがわかった。
As a non-contact type measurement, a system as shown in FIG. 5 was assembled, and the above-mentioned rapid change in resistance was converted into an optical signal by a light emitting diode. When the wear of the tool reached the maximum wear, the light emitting diode was turned on and detected by the light receiving diode, and it was found that the measuring instrument could detect the wear even when the tool was not in contact with the tool.

【0021】上述の検知信号を工具交換制御部にインプ
ットすれば、工具の自動交換が可能である(図4、図5
参照)。
If the above detection signal is input to the tool change control unit, the tool can be automatically changed (FIGS. 4 and 5).
reference).

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of the drawings]

【図1】 本発明に用いた切削工具(バイト)の外観図
である。
FIG. 1 is an external view of a cutting tool (bite) used in the present invention.

【図2】 切削工具のすくい面に取り付けた薄膜回路の
構造の説明図である。
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of a structure of a thin film circuit attached to a rake face of a cutting tool.

【図3】 切削工具の逃げ面に取り付けた薄膜回路の構
造の説明図である。
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of a structure of a thin film circuit attached to a flank of a cutting tool.

【図4】 切削工具寿命の自己診断の実施に使用するシ
ステム(接触式)の概略図である。
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a system (contact type) used for performing a self-diagnosis of a cutting tool life.

【図5】 切削工具寿命の自己診断の実施に使用するシ
ステム(非接触式)の概略図である。
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a system (non-contact type) used for performing a self-diagnosis of a cutting tool life.

───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (56)参考文献 特開 平2−250750(JP,A) 特開 昭49−34079(JP,A) 特開 平2−76605(JP,A) 特開 平8−141804(JP,A) (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.6,DB名) B23Q 17/09 B23Q 17/22 B23B 27/00 B23B 27/14 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuation of the front page (56) References JP-A-2-250750 (JP, A) JP-A-49-34079 (JP, A) JP-A-2-76605 (JP, A) JP-A 8- 141804 (JP, A) (58) Field surveyed (Int. Cl. 6 , DB name) B23Q 17/09 B23Q 17/22 B23B 27/00 B23B 27/14

Claims (5)

(57)【特許請求の範囲】(57) [Claims] 【請求項1】切削工具の逃げ面に、電気導通性を有する
材料からなり、上記逃げ面の摩耗幅の摩耗限界位置に沿
って直線的に伸びる細い薄膜回路を絶縁状態で設け、こ
の切削工具を用いて切削しながら、上記薄膜回路の摩耗
に伴う電気抵抗の増大を計測することによって、切削工
具の寿命を自動的に検知することを特徴とする切削工具
の摩耗量検出による工具寿命自動検知方法。
The flank of a cutting tool has electrical conductivity.
Of the flank wear width
A thin thin-film circuit that extends linearly is provided in an insulated state.
Wear of the above thin film circuit while cutting with a cutting tool
By measuring the increase in electrical resistance associated with
Cutting tool characterized by automatically detecting tool life
Tool life automatic detection method by detecting the wear amount of the tool.
【請求項2】切削工具の逃げ面に、電気導通性を有する
材料からなり、上記逃げ面の摩耗幅の摩耗限界位置に沿
って直線的に伸びる細い薄膜回路を絶縁状態で設け、そ
の薄膜回路を、電気抵抗の増大により切削工具の寿命を
自動的に検知する抵抗計に接続したことを特徴とする切
削工具の摩耗量検出による工具寿命自動検知装置。
2. The flank of a cutting tool has electrical conductivity.
Of the flank wear width
A thin thin-film circuit that extends linearly is provided in an insulated state.
The life of cutting tools by increasing electrical resistance
A disconnection characterized by being connected to an automatically detected ohmmeter
Tool life automatic detection device by detecting wear of cutting tool.
【請求項3】切削工具のすくい面に、電気導通性を有す
る材料からなり、上記すくい面のクレーター摩耗深さの
限界位置に沿って櫛型をなす細い薄膜回路を電気絶縁性
膜で被覆して設け、この切削工具を用いて切削しなが
ら、上記電気絶縁性膜および薄膜回路の摩耗に伴う電気
抵抗の増大を計測することによって、切削工具の寿命を
自動的に検知することを特徴とする切削工具の摩耗量検
出による工具寿命自動検知方法。
3. The cutting tool has electrical conductivity on the rake face.
Of the crater wear depth on the rake face
Electrical insulation of thin thin film circuit of comb shape along the limit position
While coating with a film, cut with this cutting tool
The electric power generated by the wear of the above-mentioned electrically insulating film and the thin film circuit
By measuring the increase in resistance, the life of the cutting tool can be extended.
Abrasion detection of cutting tools characterized by automatic detection
Automatic tool life detection method.
【請求項4】切削工具のすくい面に、電気導通性を有す
る材料からなり、上記すくい面のクレーター摩耗深さの
限界位置に沿って櫛型をなす細い薄膜回路を電気絶縁性
膜で被覆して設け、その薄膜回路を、電気抵抗の増大に
より切削工具の寿命を自動的に検知する抵抗計に接続し
たことを特徴とする切削工具の摩耗量検出による工具寿
命自動検知装置。
4. The cutting tool has electrical conductivity on the rake face.
Of the crater wear depth on the rake face
Electrical insulation of thin thin film circuit of comb shape along the limit position
Provided by coating with a film, the thin film circuit can be used to increase electrical resistance
More connected to a resistance meter that automatically detects the life of the cutting tool
Tool life by detecting the wear of the cutting tool
Automatic life detection device.
【請求項5】(5) 請求項2または4に記載の装置において、The device according to claim 2 or 4,
薄膜回路の電気抵抗の変化を検出する回路に、検出したThe circuit that detects the change in electrical resistance of the thin film circuit
電気抵抗の変化を光学信号に転換して視覚的に表示するConverting electrical resistance changes into optical signals for visual display
発光ダイオードを設けたことを特徴とする切削工具の摩Wear of a cutting tool characterized by providing a light emitting diode
耗量検出による工具寿命自動Automatic tool life by wear amount detection 検知装置。Detection device.
JP7212514A 1995-07-28 1995-07-28 Tool life automatic detection method and device by detecting wear amount of cutting tool Expired - Lifetime JP2972848B2 (en)

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JP2972848B2 true JP2972848B2 (en) 1999-11-08

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