JP2957944B2 - Rice husk compost and its production method - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a compost using rice husk as a raw material and a method for producing the same.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, compost is made by mixing straw and the like in livestock manure, adjusting the water content, and fermenting using fermentation fungi that exist in nature, and depositing it for several months while turning it back several times. Was.

Further, rice husks generated in large quantities during rice cultivation have no effective use, and most of them have been incinerated or dumped. Weeds such as reeds and pampas grass, as well as miscellaneous materials such as bushes generated during undercutting, have been almost disposed of after being cut off.

[0004]

In the above-mentioned conventional compost, since animal manure contains abundant water and organic matter, a bad smell is generated during fermentation. On the other hand, disposal of rice husks and miscellaneous materials is costly, and there are also problems such as the risk of fire and the effect of smoke on the environment during incineration. Recently, awareness of effective use of resources has increased, and effective use of rice husks and miscellaneous materials has been required. One of the methods is to use rice husks and miscellaneous materials as the main raw material for compost. However, rice husks are hardly fermented because they are covered with hard-siliceous husks, and the method using fermentation fungi that exists in nature takes a long time until it becomes compost, which is inefficient and practically almost impossible to use.

[0005] The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems of the conventional technology, and has as its object to provide a rice husk compost using rice husks as a raw material and having a short development period, and a method for producing the same.

[0006]

[Means to solve the problem] Rice husks are crushed while being hydrolyzed, heated and swelled, and gram-negative bacteria (Flavobacterium) and lactic acid bacteria (Stremyces), which are high-temperature fermenting bacteria, or rice bran are added, and primary fermentation is performed. Let it. Then, acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter) and mold (Bacillu) that degrade amino acids and proteins
s), Gram-negative bacteria (Flavobacterium), actinomycetes that degrade cellulose and hemicellulose (Streptomyces therm)
ovulgaris), fungi (Mucor pusillus), fungi (Humico
la langunosa), a bacterial group solution of white rot fungus that decomposes lignin and keisan is mixed with the above rice hulls, and then secondary fermented to produce rice husk compost. In addition, the rice husk compost is added to a VA mycorrhizal fungus (Versicle Arbus
cule) and a culture solution of rhizobia (Bacteroit) are mixed and stirred.
Rice husk compost which is further dried and commercialized, and a method for producing the same.

The rice husk compost of the present invention can decompose amino acids, cellulose, lignin, etc. contained in rice hulls and the like by fermenting them with a decomposing bacterium that decomposes each component and fermenting the rice husks in a short time. . The effective fungi added after compost formation perform immobilization of a fertilizer component in soil and a buffering supply action when using rice husk compost.

[0008]

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows a method for producing rice husk compost of the present invention. First, rice husks are coarsely crushed while being heated, and soft swelled by heating, to which gram-negative bacteria (Flavobacterium) and lactic acid bacteria (Stremyces), which are high-temperature fermenting bacteria, are added and subjected to primary fermentation. In addition, miscellaneous materials such as weeds and bushes are temporarily fermented by adding Gram-negative bacteria (Flavobacterium) after cutting. This rice husk and miscellaneous materials, which have been temporarily fermented, are mixed and mixed with amino acids and protein-degrading bacteria such as acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter) and mold (Bacillu).
s), Gram-negative bacteria (Flavobacterium) and actinomycetes (Streptomyces t
hermovulgaris), fungi (Mucor pusillus), fungi (Hu
micola langunosa) and white rot fungus, which is a lignin-caisan decomposing fungus. After that, in the stacking chamber, the turning operation was performed once or twice, and the stacking and secondary fermentation were performed for several months.
Create rice husk compost. It is an effective fungus for this rice husk compost
VA mycorrhizal fungi (Versicle Arbuscule) and rhizobia (Hakteroito)
The mixture is stirred and dried at a low temperature to remove water appropriately and packed in a bag to produce a rice husk compost product.

[0009] Here, the properties and effects of the VA mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia, which are effective bacteria, will be described. First, VA mycorrhizal fungi are a class of lower molds called algal fungi. Although it cannot coexist with the roots of aquatic plants, it coexists with almost all terrestrial wild herbaceous plants and trees except for plants of the family Brassicaceae, Brassicaceae and Cyperaceae. Hyphae that germinated from spores in the soil
Unlike ectomycorrhizal fungi, without wrapping thorns on the root surface,
It enters the root and invades the cell skin of the root skin. One end of the hypha pushes the cell wall of the root skin cell inward, and elongates a dendritic state in which the tip of the mycelium branches like a tree branch. The dendritic mycelium is not an endomycorrhizal fungus because it is outside the dented cell wall. The other end of the hypha swells in the intercellular space,
It forms a cystic (vesicular) body.

[0010] A large number of mycelia grow from the root surface to 7-8 cm in the soil.
The total length of mycelium per cm of root is 1 m.
A large number of mycelia cross the phosphate-deficient zone formed around the root and collect available phosphate at low concentrations far away from the root. Phosphoric acid carried in the mycelium is passed to plants as dendrites, and the plants receive organic substances such as sugars. The organic matter that has settled in the mycelium becomes fat grains, but when the nutrients in the mycelium are sufficiently accumulated, a sac is formed and fat is stored therein.

[0011] VA mycorrhizal fungi can coexist in most agricultural crops. Particularly in soils with low available phosphate levels, crop growth can differ by more than twice, with or without coexisting VA mycorrhizal fungi.

[0012] For use in tree nurseries, VA mycorrhizal fungi are inoculated into soil that has been disinfected for disease prevention, thereby reducing fertilizer costs. According to artificial inoculation, phosphorus fertilizer can be reduced by 70%. Further, root elongation is promoted by VA mycorrhizal fungi, so that the efficiency of fertilizer absorption by the root itself is improved, and nitrogen and potassium fertilizer can be reduced by 30%.

[0013] Inoculation of VA mycorrhizal fungi suppresses soil diseases. In the case of ectomycorrhizal fungi, the fungi wrap around the roots of the roots, providing a physical barrier to the invasion of pathogens,
There are also clear examples of successful suppression, such as the accumulation of large amounts of microorganisms including antibacterials around mycorrhiza. Next, the rhizobia will be described. Rhizobium is a bacterium that coexists with the roots of legumes and fixes airborne nitrogen gas to ammonia nitrogen.
This effect can be achieved by living alone without roots and living in harmony with the roots, provided that there is an organic substance serving as a feed. Nitrogen is fixed when it is symbiotic with the roots, and is not fixed when living alone.

When rhizobia attach to hair roots of legumes,
The roots become curved, and fungi can enter from the surface of the thinned roots. In response to the invasion of bacteria, a thin tube made of cellulose called infectious thread is made on the hair root. As the bacteria grow, they pass through them and invade skin cells. The invaded skin cells immediately begin to divide and swell, forming a nodular nodule of several mm to as large as 10 mm. The rhizobia in the nodules, unlike normal ones, do not have a hard outer cell wall and no longer have the ability to proliferate. The tube is connected between the nodule and the central column.
Using sugar, which is a photosynthetic product sent from the central pillar, as an energy source, rhizobial bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia ions, convert it to glutamic acid, and send it back to the central pillar. In this way, rhizobia receive sugar from the plant, and the plant receives a nitrogen compound, and a symbiotic relationship is established in which both are obtained.

A large amount of oxygen is required for fixation of nitrogen gas by rhizobia. This is evident from the fact that the roots of plants with rhizobia absorb a large amount of oxygen, but excluding the root nodules, the amount of oxygen absorbed is small. In the early stage of conversion from paddy fields, drainage is poor and groundwater level is high, and water suppresses air permeability. In such soils, nodulation and crop yields are limited due to aeration limitations. When digging the roots of legume crops, it can be seen that the roots with nodules are surprisingly only in shallow parts and not in deep parts where oxygen supply is limited.

The rhizobial activity of rhizobia decreases when the concentration of inorganic nitrogen is high. When a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied to a mixed grassland of grasses and legumes, growth of grasses is promoted, light is not given to short legumes, and nodule activity of legumes is suppressed by nitrogen. Increasingly Gramineae take precedence. In converted fields, the decomposition of soil organic matter stored during the paddy field is promoted, and inorganic nitrogen is supplied from the soil. In this case, since the inorganic nitrogen is released little by little, the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the soil does not increase to suppress the nodule activity. Therefore, the amount of nitrogen fixed by soybean nodules is almost twice that of ordinary fields in a converted field with good drainage and ventilation. Phosphoric acid is indispensable for nitrogen fixation of nodules, and it is necessary to apply phosphoric acid sufficiently. Utilizing VA mycorrhizal fungi in soils with low phosphate levels to increase phosphate supply will also increase nitrogen fixation in proportion to the increase in phosphate absorption. Even in mixed grasslands of grasses and legumes, legumes disappear when phosphoric acid is not sufficiently applied, due to a decrease in nodule activity due to lack of phosphoric acid.

It is necessary for the rhizobia grown by artificial culture to overcome competition with the indigenous rhizobia during artificial inoculation. There are indigenous rhizobia in the cultivated land of legumes. this is,
Although the amount of nitrogen fixation is low, it is a rhizobia adapted to indigenous life. To overcome this, a large amount of good strains are mixed (inoculated)
I do.

Next, a method of using the rice husk compost will be described.
When rice husk compost is used in paddy fields, it increases the buffering capacity and water retention capacity of the soil and protects the rice against sudden changes. Nitrogen generated from rice husk compost is slow-acting and is ideally supplied gradually from the panicle formation stage to the heading stage. Further, the fertilizer component is fixed by the effective bacterium contained in the rice husk compost, which is also gradually released and effectively acts on the growth of rice. This will help reduce damage during cold and drought.

On the other hand, when this rice husk compost is used in a field,
Rice husk compost has a large volume of voids, so it contains a lot of air in the soil and is good for growing roots of crops. In particular, although the soil has been set up in the converted paddy field, if the rice husk compost is introduced and allowed to winter, the soil becomes as soft as the field. In particular, the thicker the soil, the easier it is to cultivate. Since rice husk compost is a rapidly formed compost that is formed in a short period of time, immature compost components further decompose organic matter in the soil to form nutrients when they are introduced into the soil. This suppresses harmful soil bacteria and helps in weed control. Since the soil in the cultivation facility has little runoff of nutrients, the crop often contains more nitrogen than necessary. In such places, excess nutrients are adsorbed and fixed by the effective bacterium of rice husk compost, so that they are in a state suitable for growing crops. In particular, it is effective for fruits and vegetables that it is better not to give nitrogen until fruiting.

According to the method for producing rice husk compost of this embodiment, rice husks and miscellaneous materials can be converted into high-quality compost in a short period of time, and there is little effect on the environment and effective use of resources.
In addition, it does not generate odor like compost of livestock manure. The rice husk compost improves soil by the action of fungi and has an effect of increasing fertilization. Then, the fixed soil is formed into an aggregate structure by the action of the effective bacteria.

The comparison between the effectiveness of the rice husk compost of this embodiment and the general compost made from livestock manure is shown in Tables 1 and 2 below.
It was shown to.

[0022]

[Table 1]

[0023]

[Table 2]

The method for producing rice husk compost of the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and the type of bacteria and treatment equipment can be appropriately changed according to the climate and the like. It is not necessary to use all of the above fungi, and any one of a plurality of bacterial species that decompose each component may be selected and used.
The miscellaneous material may be a material other than that of the above-described embodiment, and only the chaff may be used as a raw material for compost without using it at all. The effective microbial cells are effective not only in rice husk compost but also in livestock manure compost.

[0025]

Next, a first embodiment of the present invention will be described below. First, a method for pretreating rice husk, which is a main raw material of rice husk compost, will be described. The rice husk pretreatment method is performed in three steps: hydro-type crushing, heat swelling and softening, and primary fermentation.

In the water crushing step, the rice hulls are crushed with a commercially available crushing screw type crushing apparatus equipped with a water hydrating device, while being moved by a moving device while being hydrated, by a combination operating screw rotating body. At this stage, destruction of the coarse Keisan takes place.

In the subsequent heating and softening step, a heating treatment is first performed by a screw conveyor type steam injection type conveying device. The steam injection type transfer device is a screw conveyor type, in which a cylindrical trough is provided on the outside, a shaft with a screw rotating flight is provided inside, and a steam pipe and a nozzle are provided inside the shaft. The steam is generated by a steam generating boiler. The steam is 100 ° C., the processing time, that is, the transport residence time is 60 minutes, and the steam amount is 3 m ³ / hr. The rice hulls heated with steam are soft-expanded by a multi-rotating immersion device. In this multi-rotating pickling apparatus, a group of crushing rollers is provided vertically in four stages, and the rotary drive is a continuously variable speed drive. Rice husks are introduced from above the rotating dip roller group, fall down while being rubbed by the dip roller groups, and soft expanded rice hull is discharged from below.

In the next primary fermentation step, the soft swelled rice hulls are mixed with an adjustable air supply device and an adjustable moisture supply device.
2 hours put in stock fermenter, Gram-negative bacteria (Flavob
and a lactic acid bacterium (Stremyces) is added, and fermentation is performed with stirring by a transfer-type stirring screw conveyor provided in the fermenter. Gram-negative bacteria and lactic acid bacteria are in-house cultures by the usual method. The rice husk pretreatment method has been described above.

A method for pretreating miscellaneous materials used as a part of the raw material for compost mixed with rice hulls will be described. The pretreatment method for miscellaneous materials is performed in two steps of shredding and primary fermentation. In the shredding step, a rotary edge type shredding device of 50 to 100 mm is used, and miscellaneous materials are shredded to about 3 to 5 mm. Then, it is sent by a transfer conveyor device and put in a stirring type stock bin device. This stirrer-type stock bin device has two stages, and the upper stage has a rotary stirring flight device of 1 m ³ . And the lower part with adjustable water supply system with adjustable air supply device in the fermentation preparation tank 6 m ^3.

In the next primary fermentation step, gram-negative bacteria are added to miscellaneous materials placed in a steam-agitated stock bottle device, stirred, and fermented at 45 to 85 ° C. for 24 to 30 hours.

The rice husks and miscellaneous materials which have been subjected to the primary fermentation as described above are mixed at a volume ratio of chaff: miscellaneous materials = 80: 20 to form a mixture of misty rice husks. The mixing is batch type, and an RM rotary mixing device is used. This device is a rotary casing, and a stirring mixing lifter is mounted inside. To the mixture, a three-decomposition-acting bacterial group solution containing fungi having three types of action is added to the rice husk mixture mixture, and the mixture is sufficiently stirred. The three-decomposition-acting bacteria group solution adds 3 to 5% of the total volume of the rice husk miscellaneous mixture. For each of the bacterial species, one that has been self-cultured on an agar medium or the like by an ordinary method on an agar medium or the like for each action is used. The following table shows the bacterial species contained in the three-type mixed-degrading bacteria group solution. Here, the white-rot fungi are collected from Pleurotus ostreatus, Enokitake mushroom, Tamagitake mushroom, Rhododendron mushroom, Shirotamogitake mushroom, Maitake mushroom, Nameko, and the like.

[0032]

[Table 3]

Next is the secondary fermentation ripening step. The rice husk miscellaneous material mixture that has completed the mixing process of the three kinds of decomposing bacteria group liquid is transferred by a movable screw conveyor,
Loaded in the deposition chamber. The sedimentation chamber is a light-weight building outside, and a movable stirring and switching device inside, a movable stirring flight device on rails, a sprinkler, an air supply device, a lime milk supply device, a heating facility (greenhouse structure), and a nutrient. Injection equipment (lime nitrogen, urea, etc.) is provided. Then, using these devices, additives such as milk of lime, nutrients, and fertilizers are added. Here, the contents and addition amounts of lime milk, nutrients, and fertilizers are shown in the following table.

[0034]

[Table 4]

Here, the lime milk is made from commercially available lime, and is stored in a waterproof and dehumidified quick lime storage tank. And it was made into a itch-like suspension. In addition, a method of preparing a squeezed solution of nutrient compost is to add 200 ml of water to 200 g of horse manure, boil, filter, and add 10 g of sodium benzoate to the supernatant. The fertilizers lime nitrogen and urea are commercial products.
Then, the turning operation is performed once or twice, and rice husk compost is created in 30 to 40 days.

The following is the step of adhering effective bacterial cells. Effective bacterial cells are VA mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria, each of which has been self-cultured on an agar medium or the like by an ordinary method. First, a fungus body liquid containing VA mycorrhizal fungi in the above rice husk compost is added at a volume ratio of 1 with the rice husk compost as 100, followed by stirring and mixing. Mixing is performed by a kneader-type mixing device, which is equipped with a liquid spraying device, a stirring and mixing device, and a temperature adjusting device. The heating temperature is 40 to 50 ° C, and the residence time in the heating zone is 50 to 60 minutes. The rice husk compost mixed with the VA mycorrhizal fungus is naturally cooled to 20 ° C. with purified air, and then the cell fluid containing the mycorrhizal fungus is added at a volume ratio of 1 to the rice hull compost 100,
Mix for a minute.

Next is a drying product production step. In the drying process, a rotary drier device is used in a dehumidified air drying system, and this device includes a dehumidified air production facility and a dehumidified air blowing facility. Drying is performed at a dehumidified air degree WH of 12 to 15% and a drying time of 120 to 130 minutes to remove a certain amount of moisture from the rice husk compost, packed in a bag, and commercialized. Rice husk compost products are coarse grains of 1-5 mm in shape, with a moisture content of 1
0 to 12%.

Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described. Here, the description of the same steps as those in the above-described embodiment is omitted. In the heat swelling and softening step of rice hulls, hot water is sprayed into the trough of the screw conveyor while moving to the next step by the screw type heat treatment type conveyor. Hot water is around 60 ° C,
The watering rate is 10 ml / min, and the warm watering time is 15 to 20 minutes. Then, the same softening treatment as in the above embodiment is performed. Then, in the step of the primary fermentation of rice hulls, rice bran is added and stirred to ferment. On the other hand, in the primary fermentation process of the miscellaneous material, nothing is added, and the mixture is put into a stirring-type stock bin device and naturally fermented.

Then, in the secondary fermentation step, a fungus group solution is prepared for each of the three degrading bacteria by action, and is sequentially added to the rice husk miscellaneous material mixture. First, a bacterial group solution of acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter), mold (Bacillus), and gram-negative bacteria (Flavobacterium), which are amino acid and proteolytic bacteria, is injected. The above three types of bacteria are in symbiotic relationship, and those obtained by culturing and growing in a conventional manner in a mixed culture are used. Thereafter, the mixture is mixed by an RM rotary mixing device, and the mixed rice husk mixture is placed in an FH fermentation substock bin to perform the first stage fermentation step. The FH fermentation substock bin has a volume of batch amount / day and is equipped with an air supply device, a water supply device, a heating device, and a stirring device. This first fermentation step first decomposes easily decomposable substances such as sugars, amino acids and proteins. During this process, due to the respiration of bacteria, the temperature of the mixture of rice husk mixture becomes 6
Increase to 0-80 ° C.

After the completion of the first fermentation step, the rice husk mixture was transferred again to the RM rotary mixing apparatus, and then actinomycetes (Streptomyces), which are cellulose and hemicellulose degrading bacteria, were used.
The second fermentation step is carried out by injecting a bacterial population of thermovulgaris), a fungus (Mucor pusillus), and a fungus (Humicola langunosa), followed by stirring. As the above three types of bacteria, those grown and cultured in the same medium by a usual method are used. In the second stage fermentation process, cellulose and hemicellulose are decomposed, and the decomposition action causes the temperature to rise rapidly, so that high-temperature microorganisms are activated due to heat. Some thermophilic microorganisms are aerobic fungi that degrade hemicellulose, and the degradation proceeds faster. Organic acids are produced when cellulose is degraded, and are used by aerobic fungi to prevent the organic acid from lowering the pH and thereby reducing degradation.

After completion of the second fermentation step, lignin and white rot fungi, which are decomposing fungi of keisan, are injected. White rot fungi
Use those collected from Pleurotus ostreatus, Enokitake mushroom, Tamagitake mushroom, Jellyfish, White mushroom mushroom, Maitake mushroom, Nameko, etc., and cultured and grown by a usual method. Thereafter, the mixture is again stirred by the RM rotary mixing device, returned to the FH fermentation substock bin, and the third fermentation step is performed. In the third fermentation step, lignin and Keisan are decomposed. After the decomposition of sugar, protein, cellulose, and hemicellulose contained in the rice husk miscellaneous material mixture has passed its heyday, the temperature of the compost decreases, and then the decomposition of lignin and Keisan begins. The chaff mixture mixture is further shredded by stirring with the RM rotary mixing device, and the remaining cellulose is also decomposed. As the organic matter is decomposed, various types of microorganisms repeatedly emerge and disappear, and the remains of the microorganisms are accumulated. Radioactive bacteria or the like that processes the remains of microorganisms can be active.

The rice husk mixture mixture that has been subjected to the secondary fermentation step is loaded into a deposition chamber. Then, the rice husk compost is commercialized in the same process as in the above-described embodiment.

[0043]

According to the method for producing rice husk compost of the present invention, a high quality rice husk compost can be produced in a short period of time. Is high.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a method for producing rice hulls according to one embodiment of the present invention.

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuation of the front page (56) References JP-A-6-191977 (JP, A) JP-A-52-47475 (JP, A) JP-A-53-27563 (JP, A) 6204 (JP, B2) (58) Field surveyed (Int. Cl. ⁶ , DB name) C05F 1/00-17/02

Claims (3)

(57) [Claims] Claims 1. A rice husk is crushed while being hydrated, heated and then subjected to swelling and softening treatment .
Primary fermentation by adding at least one, amino acids and
Less acetic acid bacteria, mold, and gram-negative bacteria that degrade proteins
And one that degrades cellulose and hemicellulose
And white rot fungi that decompose lignin and Keisan
Is mixed with the above rice hulls, stirred and secondary fermented to produce rice husk compost.
The above rice husk compost has an effective effect on plants in the soil.
A method for producing rice husk compost, comprising mixing and stirring a culture solution of VA mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria . 2. In the fermentation step, high-temperature fermentation bacteria are used.
A gram-negative bacterium (Flavobacterium),
Add at least one of lactic acid bacteria (Stremyces) and rice bran
Acetic acid to ferment primary fermentation and degrade amino acids and proteins
Bacteria (Acetobacter), mold (Bacill)
us), Gram-negative bacteria (Flavobacterium)
m) at least one of cellulose and hemicellulose
Streptomyces the
rmovulgaris), fungi (Mucor pu)
sillus, fungi (Humicola langu)
nosa), lignin and Keisan
The decomposing white rot fungi are mixed with the rice hulls and stirred.
And the rice husk compost is dried to produce
The method for producing rice husk compost to be produced according to claim 1, wherein the rice husk compost is produced. 3. The white rot fungus is an oyster mushroom, an enoki
Bamboo, Tamogitake, Jellyfish, Shirotakemotake, Mita
2. It is obtained by cultivation by collecting it from moss, nameko, etc.
Or the method for producing rice husk compost according to 2 .