JP2022501115A - 微小血管機能障害の査定のための装置 - Google Patents
微小血管機能障害の査定のための装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
微小血管機能障害(MVD)、および心臓を含む、多くの器官の微小血管系の他の疾患の査定。
本願は、参照することによってその全体として本明細書に組み込まれる、2018年9月21日に出願された、米国仮出願第62/734,364号の35 U.S.C.Section 119(e)(米国特許法第119条(e))下の利益を主張する。
心臓発作またはSTEMI(「STEMI」は、急性ECG STセグメント心筋梗塞として定義される)は、典型的には、関連付けられる塞栓プラークおよび残屑を伴う、フィブリンならびに多血小板血餅による、心膜外冠状動脈の突然の栓塞によって生じる。急性貫壁性心筋梗塞(心臓発作)の心電図上の兆候は、複数の解剖学的リード線におけるSTセグメントの上昇(STEMI)である。STセグメントの上昇は、虚血性心筋傷害および細胞死を引き起こす、重度の冠状動脈栓塞または狭小化の特質である。大きい脈管栓塞は、多くの場合、循環虚脱、塞栓残屑を伴う血餅、および血液供給の低下を引き起こす他の影響による、小さい脈管の狭窄栓塞(微小血管栓塞(すなわち、MVOと称される)と関連付けられる。MVOは、今日まで療法の成功を伴わない、死亡および心不全を含む、後期有害事象の独立予測因子である。
微小血管機能障害のリアルタイムまたは近リアルタイムの査定のための方法および装置。種々の実施形態では、微小血管機能障害は、STEMI/NSTEMI、微小血管閉塞(MVO)、ノーリフロー、心原性ショック、および微小血管系の他の機能障害性疾患等の臨床症候群を含む。本主題は、心臓を含む、多くの器官に適用可能である。より具体的には、非限定的実施形態は、正常に診断し、開存性を回復し、流動を開放および保持し、微小血管機能障害を患う器官ならびに症例における再灌流傷害を限定するための新規のデバイスおよび方法を含む。本願は、限定ではないが、心臓(急性心筋梗塞−一次経皮冠動脈インターベンション(PPCI))、脳卒中(CVA)、腸虚血/梗塞、肺塞栓/梗塞、重篤肢部虚血/梗塞、腎臓虚血/梗塞、肝臓、末梢血管、神経血管、およびその他を含む、器官系のための療法を含む。
本主題の以下の詳細な説明は、本主題が実施され得る、具体的な側面および実施形態を例証として示す、付随の図面の主題を指す。これらの実施形態は、当業者が本主題を実践することを可能にするように十分に詳細に説明される。本開示における、「ある(an)」、「一(one)」、または「種々の」実施形態への言及は、必ずしも同一の実施形態ではなく、そのような言及は、1つを上回る実施形態を想定する。以下の詳細な説明は、実証的なものであり、限定的意味で捉えられるべきではない。本主題の範囲は、そのような請求項が権利を与えられる法的均等物の全範囲に加えて、添付の請求項によって定義される。
脈管抵抗(VR)は、(血液粘度×脈管長)/R4に比例する。
VR=VRO/(0.54)=VRO/(0.0625)=16VRO
本願のいくつかの療法構成要素は、狭窄、閉塞、炎症、再灌流傷害、および慢性機能不全を含む、微小血管機能低下の生理学的かつ生物物理的軽減を含む。種々の実施形態では、全身的に冠状動脈カテーテルを通して局所的に注入される、化学療法剤の添加が、静脈内等での経路によってより長い時間周期にわたって辿られ得る。種々の実施形態では、冠状動脈直接薬物注入は、全身注入の状態になる。限定ではないが、抗血小板薬、急性および慢性トロンビン阻害剤(直接ならびに間接の両方)、および一酸化窒素供与体ならびに一酸化窒素合成酵素の刺激薬を含む、血管拡張剤を含む、いくつかの薬物クラスが、説明される。
本主題は、微小血管機能障害の査定のための種々の注入カテーテルを提供する。種々の実施形態では、カテーテルは、カテーテルの遠位先端をある部位に送達するため、およびカテーテルの近位端から管腔を介してカテーテルの遠位端に注入液を送達するための、圧力感知型能力を有し得る、ガイドワイヤを受容するように適合される。種々の実施形態では、注入液は、注入管腔によって送達される。種々の実施形態では、カテーテルは、圧力感知型または標準的なガイドワイヤを受容するためのガイドワイヤ管腔を含む。
急性、亜急性、および慢性心筋梗塞は、その全てが、血栓、細胞、タンパク質性物質による腔内塞栓化、ならびに、ひいては、毛細血管サイズを減少させ、正常な血流を妨げ、重度の虚血および壊死を生成する、相対的局所的心筋低血圧の両方を引き起こし得る、微小血管栓塞、微小血管閉塞、壊滅的な微小血管虚脱から結果として生じる。本主題の種々の実施形態では、療法は、注入プロトコルおよび注入される局所的薬品を伴う。
(1)線形性が、微小血管系内で証明されることができる。
(2)低粘度の流体が、非常に小さく、それらの微視的サイズおよび遠位場所によって変化する抵抗を受ける末端毛細血管を表す、例えば、心膜内の遠位微細脈管に、より容易にアクセスする。これらの脈管の遠位場所は、血圧カスケードの遠端において起こる、二次的課題を生成し、診断シーケンスの間に妨害されてない流動の問題を著しく悪化させる。
(3)誘発される制御された低酸素症:
(a.)記載されるような電解質溶液もまた、心筋内に虚血を誘発するため、非常に推奨される。血液または他の酸素含有流体の利用は、酸素が血管拡張を最大限にするため、診断効果を改変する。上記の晶質等の流体は、殆どまたは全く酸素を含有せず、したがって、流体力学的薬品としてだけではなく、酸素を欠いているため、低酸素性血管拡張を誘発するための最適な流体としても、別個の役割を満たす。
(b.)乳酸リンガー溶液等の製造された晶質液はまた、患者内または患者の母集団を横断して非常に一貫した製品比較を提供するが、注入液としての薬剤もしくは血液の利用は、診断流体が、微小血管系へのその影響によって診断システム内に好ましくない変化を生成するにつれて、診断の質に悪影響を及ぼすため、母集団値を判定することにおいて、または同一の患者における診断工程においても実質的な誤差を誘発する。工程および患者にわたって一貫である。血液、血液製剤、または他の生体流体を使用することは、他の診断のための恩恵を有し得るが、ヘモグロビン、タンパク質、微小血栓等の血液の性質を変化させることおよび他の生物学的改変は、微小血管抵抗の判定に不正確性を誘発するであろう。
(i)近位の圧力測定センサ
(ii)圧力測定ガイドワイヤまたは他のセンサをカテーテル先端から遠位に設置する能力
(iii)注入が、適切なパラメータによって生成されるとき、P−Q微分切片方法が、適用可能である。バルーンまたは他の方法による脈管閉塞は、本方法が機能するために要求されない。
(i)CMR技法を使用して近年取り入れられているレンディング強調によって可視化される、1)健康である、2)浮腫性であるが、生存している、3)生存しているが、機能していない、または4)CMR撮像における微小血管閉塞によって可視化されるような死滅した組織から成る、3つのコンパートメントモデル。
(ii)健康な、死に瀕した、または死細胞の本カスケードは、毛細血管の開存性もしくは進行性閉塞、検査されるべき筋肉の面積、および心臓壁厚の場合におけるような筋肉の厚さに起因する、組織伝導性を利用する、3つ以上のコンパートメントモデルによって特性評価される。
(iii)心膜外冠状動脈から心筋梗塞サイズまで測定される、微小血管抵抗を関連付ける、連立方程式系が、式R=ρL/Aを利用して記述され得る。
1.上記に説明されるように、注入カテーテルおよび圧力感知を介した遠位の制御された流動注入を用いて、近位バルーン栓塞を冠状動脈内に設置する。
2.増分圧力の変化を伴う増分流動注入を提供することは、遠位心筋抵抗をもたらす。
3.バルーンは、膨張されたままであり、ポンプ流は、停止されたままである。
4.バルーン栓塞を伴う残圧が、測定される。既知の冠状動脈残圧を遠位抵抗で除算したものが、絶対項(mmHg/流量(ml))において側副血行路に等しい。
本主題は、栓塞バルーン、すなわち、栓塞の程度を修正するための可変の膨張レベルを伴う、栓塞バルーンを使用して、または栓塞バルーン(もしくは収縮された栓塞バルーン)を用いずに実施されることができる。注入された流動および周囲圧力の重畳として感知される、結果として生じる遠位圧力が、以下のうちの1つ以上等の変数を調節するように適合される、制御アルゴリズムの一部として記録され、使用される。
送達されている、(等張性または別様の)晶質流体の注入率およびプロファイル、
送達されている血液または血液製剤の輸血率、
送達されている薬物の注入率およびプロファイル、ならびに/もしくは
栓塞デバイスによって提供される、栓塞の量。
R(t)=dP(t)/dQ(t)+R0
式中、R0は、ゼロ流動抵抗である。dMVRが、0〜40ml/分の広い流動範囲を横断して、15秒毎に5、10、20、30、および40ml/分のステップにおいて、評価された。基礎的緊張および周期的心筋内圧縮から導出される、各流動ステップにおける冠状動脈圧力波形が、緊張性および位相性微小血管抵抗の両方を示した(図10)。図10は、本主題の一実施形態に従って実施される、制御された流動注入に関する微小血管抵抗、遠位圧力、およびポンプ流量のプロットを示す。
R(t)=dP(t)/dQ(t)+R0
式中、R(t)は、時間依存抵抗であり、P(t)は、冠状動脈圧力であり、Q(t)は、R0は、定数ゼロ流動抵抗である。各流動ステップにおける冠状動脈圧力波形が、基礎的緊張および周期的心筋内圧縮から導出される、緊張性および位相性微小血管抵抗の両方を示した(図11)。図11は、本主題の一実施形態に従って実施される、制御された流動注入に関する、冠状動脈圧力対ポンプ流量のプロットを示す。
本主題のいくつかの側面は、以下のうちの1つ以上を含む。
Claims (15)
- 脈管と、前記脈管に接続された微小血管系とを有する、器官または肢部内の微小血管機能障害を測定するための装置であって、前記装置は、
注入カテーテルであって、前記注入カテーテルは、前記カテーテルの1つ以上の管腔に接続された複数の膨張可能構造を備え、前記膨張可能構造の近位における前記カテーテルへの注入液の送達のために、前記膨張可能構造と少なくとも1つの注入管腔との膨張および収縮を遠隔で制御する、注入カテーテルと、
前記注入カテーテルの前記注入管腔と連通する注入ポンプと、
前記注入ポンプと連通する別個のリザーバ内における複数の別個の溶液と、
前記注入ポンプと連通し、前記注入ポンプの動作を制御して、前記カテーテルの前記注入管腔への前記複数の溶液のうちの少なくとも第1の溶液と、前記カテーテルの前記注入管腔への前記複数の溶液のうちの第2の溶液との制御された流動注入を実施するように構成されている、コンピュータ化されたコントローラと
を備え、
前記第1の溶液は、微小血管機能の査定と関連付けられ、前記第2の溶液は、微小血管機能への変化と関連付けられる、装置。 - 前記第1の溶液は、微小血管系の拡張と関連付けられる溶液である、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記第1の溶液は、流動の線形性を向上させ、微小血管パラメータをより良好に査定するために選定される、ニュートン流体である、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記第1の溶液は、低酸素症を制御するために酸素化を欠いている、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記第1の溶液は、前記微小血管系を血管拡張させるために酸素化を欠いている、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記第1の溶液は、晶質である、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記第2の溶液は、前記器官または肢部の組織の虚血および壊死を低減、回避、または排除するための溶液である、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記第2の溶液は、心臓内の微小血管血餅または残屑の溶解のための溶液である、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記コントローラは、前記ポンプに、
圧力または流量のうちの、定義され、かつ高い、少なくとも一方のものにおいて、前記第1の溶液のパルスを印加することと、
圧力または流量のうちの、定義され、かつ高い、少なくとも一方のものにおいて、前記第2の溶液の定義された流動を印加することと
をさせるようにプログラムされている、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。 - 前記コントローラは、リアルタイムで自動的に微小血管機能の査定を実施するように構成されている、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記脈管内の圧力を感知するように構成された圧力センサをさらに備え、前記コントローラは、前記感知された圧力を使用して前記微小血管機能の査定を実施するように構成されている、請求項10に記載の装置。
- 前記圧力センサは、前記注入カテーテルに取り付けられている、請求項11に記載の装置。
- 前記コントローラは、注入および生来流体の重畳から結果として生じる前記感知された圧力を使用して、微小血管機能の査定を実施するように構成されている、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記コントローラは、微小血管抵抗を判定し、前記判定された微小血管抵抗を使用して微小血管機能を査定するように構成されている、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記コントローラは、前記ポンプを制御し、制御された冠状動脈流動注入(CoFI)を実施するように構成されている、前記請求項のいずれかに記載の装置。
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