JP2021134197A - Makeup cosmetic - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a makeup cosmetic that naturally conditions stain, dullness or unevenness of skin, and furthermore obtains a finish with lustered and stereoscopic effect and bare skin feeling.SOLUTION: A makeup cosmetic containing the following components (A) to (E): (A) barium sulfate by 30 to 90 mass%, (B) oil agent by 0.1 to 20 mass%, (C) pearlescent pigment by 0.1 to 30 mass%, (D) spherical powder (excluding (C) component) by 0.1 to 20 mass%, and (E) less than 10 mass% of titanium oxide having an average primary particle diameter of 0.1 to 1 μm.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

The present invention relates to make-up cosmetics.

Cosmetics such as powder foundation and liquid foundation are required to adjust skin color, correct color tone such as stains and dullness, correct unevenness such as pores and fine wrinkles, and further adjust glossiness.

Conventionally, in order to cover color unevenness such as skin stains and dullness, there is a technique of blending titanium oxide having a high refractive index, and depending on the formulation, a water-based component, an oil-based component, an extender pigment, etc. are blended to cover. The force (concealment force) has been adjusted, and a colorant such as iron oxide has been added to adjust the color. On the other hand, in order to correct unevenness such as pores and fine wrinkles, there has been a technique of blending spherical powder or the like and making the unevenness inconspicuous by utilizing the diffuse reflection effect of light. Further, in order to adjust the glossiness, there has been a technique of blending a plate-shaped large particle size layered powder, a pearl pigment, or the like to produce a glossy makeup finish.

However, powders with a high refractive index such as titanium oxide can cover color unevenness such as stains and dullness, but if they are used over a wide area of the face, a thick coating feeling will occur, resulting in an unnatural finish, and unevenness will be more noticeable. In addition, there is a problem that the spread becomes heavy, and it is difficult to obtain a finish with a bare skin feeling or a three-dimensional feeling.

Patent Document 1 describes a powder obtained by coating a plate-shaped powder with titanium oxide, a plate-shaped powder having a refractive index of 1.5 or more and less than 2.2, and a spherical powder having a refractive index of 1.3 or more and less than 1.5. A cosmetic for correcting unevenness of the skin containing the above is disclosed, and a technique for inconspicuously correcting minute irregularities on the skin such as pores and fine wrinkles to produce a natural glossy finish has been reported.

Japanese Patent No. 37747369

The present invention provides a make-up cosmetic that gives a natural skin color, has a bare skin feeling, and adjusts a glossy feeling to obtain a three-dimensional finish.

The present invention is a make-up cosmetic containing the following components (A) to (E).
(A) Barium sulfate 30-90% by mass
(B) Oil agent 0.1 to 20% by mass
(C) Pearl gloss pigment 0.1 to 30% by mass
(D) Spherical powder (excluding component (C)) 0.1 to 20% by mass
(E) Less than 10% by mass of titanium oxide having an average primary particle size of 0.1 to 1 μm

The (D) spherical powder is selected from the group consisting of silica, cellulose, calcium carbonate, polyurethane powder, poly (meth) acrylic acid ester powder, ethylene / (meth) acrylic acid ester copolymer powder, nylon powder and silicone powder. It is preferable that it is at least one kind.

The make-up cosmetic of the present invention has a feeling of bare skin while adjusting the skin color naturally, and also adjusts the glossiness to obtain a three-dimensional finish.
Barium sulfate blended in the make-up cosmetic of the present invention naturally smoothes stains, dullness, and unevenness of the skin, and the pearl gloss pigment and spherical powder used in combination make the skin more glossy and three-dimensional and have a bare skin feeling. You can get the finish.

The visual effect of cosmetic powders is mainly determined by the transmission, reflection and absorption of visible light. For example, when a pigment having a very high visible light reflectance is used, the pigment itself Since the transparency is low, the pigment has a high concealing property on the skin surface. While such pigments play an important role in cosmetics, it is difficult to obtain a highly transparent and natural finish. In addition, the unevenness of the skin may be conspicuous due to a difference in brightness. When the pigment-grade particles have a refractive index of more than 2.0 and a particle size of 0.1 μm or more, they tend to have such properties.

On the other hand, a pigment having a low reflectance of visible light and a high transparency may not only have a low concealing property of color unevenness on the skin surface, but may not sufficiently obtain an ability to conceal unevenness of the skin.

By the way, the stratum corneum on the surface layer of bare skin plays an important role in retaining water in a living body in a tissue having a size of about 10 to 20 μm. There is a gradient that the water content in the deep part of the stratum corneum is high and low in the surface layer. Moisture in the surface layer of the stratum corneum is said to be about 20 to 30% by mass. It is known that the refractive index of keratin, which is the main component of the stratum corneum, is 1.54 and the refractive index of water is 1.33, and that the higher the water content of the stratum corneum, the lower the refractive index. Therefore, when the surface layer of the decorative film is formed of a substance having a refractive index of about 1.5, the refractive index of the surface layer of the bare skin is approximated, the makeup finish has a feeling of bare skin, and the unevenness correction effect can be obtained. However, it may not be enough to hide blemishes and dullness. On the other hand, if the surface layer of the decorative film is formed only with a pigment-grade powder having a refractive index of more than 2.0, stains and dullness can be concealed, but a thick and unnatural finish is obtained.

In order to naturally adjust skin blemishes, dullness, and unevenness, which is the object of the present invention, it is necessary to appropriately transmit and scatter visible light when it hits the skin to blur the skin blemishes, dullness, and unevenness. ..

In the make-up cosmetic of the present invention, 30 to 90% by mass of (A) barium sulfate is blended. Barium sulfate is said to have a refractive index of 1.64, and because it is a material that easily diffuses and reflects in multiple directions, it is excellent for naturally smoothing stains, dullness, and unevenness on the skin, making it suitable for makeup cosmetics. The effect can be obtained by blending 30 to 90% by mass. It is preferably 32 to 60% by mass, more preferably 35 to 50% by mass. If the blending amount is less than 30% by mass, the effect of naturally conditioning the skin, which is a characteristic of barium sulfate, is not exhibited, and if it exceeds 90% by mass, a three-dimensional effect is imparted to the finish when applied to the skin. It becomes difficult, and when it is made into a solid state, it becomes difficult to remove make-up cosmetics into props.

When the barium sulfate has a plate shape, it is preferable because the finish and the feeling of use when applied to the skin are good. A powder or the like obtained by coating barium sulfate with titanium oxide may be used. The average particle size of barium sulfate is preferably 3 to 30 μm, more preferably 5 to 25 μm. If the average particle size is less than 3 μm, the slipperiness at the time of application to the skin tends to deteriorate, and if it exceeds 30 μm, the transparency becomes high and it becomes difficult to correct the stains and dullness of the skin. Further, when it is made into a solid state, the moldability of the make-up cosmetic tends to deteriorate.
Here, the average particle size of the barium sulfate powder is the particle size of the particles obtained by averaging the maximum diameters of 20 particles on a straight line randomly drawn on a photograph of a scanning electron microscope.
The (A) barium sulfate used in the present invention does not correspond to the (C) pearl gloss pigment.

Further, in the make-up cosmetic of the present invention, (B) oil agent 0.1 to 20% by mass is blended. Examples of the oil agent include oils and fats, waxes, hydrogenated oils, hydrocarbons, ester oils, fatty acids, higher alcohols, silicone oils and the like, which are generally used in cosmetics, and one or two of these are used. More than a seed can be used.

The blending amount of the oil agent is 0.1 to 20% by mass. If the blending amount is less than 0.1% by mass, not only the adhesion to the skin is poor, but also the moldability of the make-up cosmetic is deteriorated when it is made into a solid state, and if it exceeds 20% by mass, the skin is poorly formed. Makeup persistence after application to the skin deteriorates, and if it is in a solid state, it becomes difficult to remove makeup cosmetics into props.

The make-up cosmetic of the present invention produces a more three-dimensional makeup finish by blending 0.1 to 30% by mass of (C) pearl gloss pigment in addition to the above-mentioned barium sulfate. The pearl luster pigment is a pigment having a brilliant property that produces strong reflection and pearl luster, and specific examples thereof include titanium oxide-coated mica, titanium oxide-coated talc, and titanium oxide-coated synthetic phlogopite. Species or two or more species can be used.

The blending amount of the pearl gloss pigment is 0.1 to 30% by mass, preferably 1 to 25% by mass, and more preferably 2 to 20% by mass. If the blending amount is less than 0.1% by mass, a glossy feeling cannot be obtained, and if it exceeds 30% by mass, the glossy feeling is strong and an unnatural finish is obtained.

The average particle size of the pearl gloss pigment is preferably 5 to 30 μm, more preferably 10 to 25 μm. If it is less than 5 μm, it may be difficult to produce a glossy finish, and if it is more than 30 μm, a glaring and unnatural finish may be obtained.

The shape of the pearl gloss pigment is preferably plate-like. The average particle size of the plate-shaped pearl bright pigment is the particle size of the particles obtained by averaging the maximum diameters of 20 particles on a straight line randomly drawn on a photograph of a scanning electron microscope.

The make-up cosmetic of the present invention imparts a diffuse reflection effect of visible light by blending 0.1 to 20% by mass of (D) spherical powder in addition to the above ingredients, resulting in a fluffy makeup finish. Furthermore, the feeling of use when applying cosmetics becomes smooth.
The blending amount of the spherical powder is preferably 1 to 15% by mass. If the blending amount is less than 0.1% by mass, a fluffy and bare-skinned finish cannot be obtained, and the spread and spread during application are not good. If it exceeds 20% by mass, the diffuse reflection effect is high, the gloss is less likely to be felt, and the drop strength of the make-up cosmetics is also lowered.

Examples of the material of the spherical powder include silica, cellulose, calcium carbonate, polyurethane powder, poly (meth) acrylic acid ester powder, ethylene / (meth) acrylic acid ester copolymer powder, nylon powder, silicone powder, and the like. One kind or two or more kinds can be used.

The polyurethane powder is a resin powder made of polyurethane, and the composition of the polyurethane resin constituting the resin powder is not particularly limited, and any one can be used. The poly (meth) acrylic acid ester powder includes one or more monomers selected from alkyl acrylate (C1-C4), alkyl methacrylate (C1-C4), acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, and necessary. A polymer composed mainly of a divinyl monomer used according to the above. The ethylene / (meth) acrylic acid ester copolymer powder is one or 2 selected from ethylene and alkyl acrylate (C1-C4), alkyl methacrylate (C1-C4), acrylic acid or methacrylic acid. A copolymer of more than one kind of monomer and a divinyl monomer used as needed.

The average particle size of the spherical powder is preferably 1 to 20 μm, more preferably 3 to 15 μm. When the average particle size is less than 1 μm, a soft and bare-skinned finish can be obtained due to diffuse reflection of visible light, but the feeling of use tends to be poor. If it exceeds 20 μm, the drop strength of the make-up cosmetic tends to decrease.
Here, the average particle size of the barium sulfate powder is the particle size of the particles obtained by averaging the maximum diameters of 20 particles on a straight line randomly drawn on a photograph of a scanning electron microscope.

Further, the make-up cosmetic of the present invention contains (E) less than 10% by mass of titanium oxide having an average primary particle size of 0.1 to 1 μm. It is preferably less than 8% by mass. If the blending amount is 10% by mass or more, the stains and dullness of the skin, which are the characteristics of the make-up cosmetic of the present invention, cannot be naturally adjusted, resulting in a finish with a strong concealment feeling.

Titanium oxide having an average primary particle size of 0.1 to 1 μm is generally referred to as pigment-grade titanium oxide and is used as a white pigment. On the other hand, fine particle titanium oxide having an average primary particle size of less than 0.1 μm generally has high transparency and has an ultraviolet protection effect, and may be separately blended. In particular, when fine particle titanium oxide having an average primary particle diameter of less than 0.1 μm is blended in the makeup cosmetic of the present invention, the adhesion of the makeup cosmetic to the skin is improved by the blending amount of barium sulfate in the above range, and the skin It has been confirmed that the UVB UV protection index (SPF) tends to increase because a uniform coating film is formed on the film. Here, the average primary particle size is the particle size of the particles obtained by measuring the long sides of 200 arbitrary particles with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and averaging them.

In addition, the above-mentioned barium sulfate, pearl bright pigment, spherical powder, and titanium oxide blended in the present invention have some or all of the powder components as silicones and fluorine compounds in order to improve the functional properties and the long-lasting makeup. , Metal soap, oil, acyl glutamate, etc. may be hydrophobized by a known method before use.

Further, in the make-up cosmetics of the present invention, powder components generally used in cosmetics can be blended. Specific examples thereof include powders of red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, black iron oxide, mica, talc, kaolin, sericite, titanium oxide, zinc oxide and the like. In order to improve the sensory properties and make-up durability, some or all of the powder components are hydrophobized with substances such as silicones, fluorine compounds, metal soaps, oils, and acylglutamic acid salts by a known method. It is preferable to use it.

In the makeup cosmetics of the present invention, other ingredients commonly used in cosmetics, such as aqueous ingredients such as polyhydric alcohols, surfactants, medicinal ingredients, flavoring agents, refreshing agents, UV absorbers, etc. It may contain an ultraviolet scattering agent, a suspending agent, a stabilizer, a wetting agent, an antioxidant, a pH adjusting agent, a viscosity adjusting agent, a coloring agent, a preservative and the like. The timing of addition of these components is not particularly limited.

The make-up cosmetic of the present invention may be in the form of solid or powder, and can be suitably used as foundation, white powder, blusher, eye shadow, eyebrow and the like. In particular, when made into a solid state, the make-up cosmetic of the present invention is also excellent in impact resistance.

The make-up cosmetic of the present invention may be produced by a general press molding or by a wet method.

As the wet method, a method of preparing a slurry-like composition containing the above (A) to (E) and water, filling the container with the slurry composition, and then removing the water is preferable. Since water is used as the volatile solvent used in the manufacturing process, it is not necessary to use a special device for removing the solvent. Further, since water is immiscible with the oil component in the cosmetic base, the removal of the solvent does not cause a concentration gradient of the oil component in the surface layer and the lower layer of the molded product. Therefore, it is preferable that the surface layer and the lower layer do not have different feelings of use and do not crack or shrink.

The ratio of water added to the cosmetic base in the manufacturing process is preferably 20 to 200 parts by mass, more preferably 30 to 150 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the cosmetic base. If the amount of water added is less than 20 parts by mass, the powder may not be sufficiently wetted with water, resulting in non-uniformity and poor moldability. If the amount of water added exceeds 200 parts by mass, the time required to sufficiently volatilize the water becomes long, and the production efficiency tends to decrease.

More specifically, the above method can be performed, for example, as follows, but the present invention is not limited to this. First, the cosmetic raw materials containing the above (A) to (E) are uniformly mixed by a conventional method to prepare a cosmetic base. The cosmetic base is then mixed with water to form a slurry composition. The container is then filled with this slurry-like composition. As the filling container, a normal solid powder cosmetic container such as a gold plate can be used. Furthermore, if the slurry-like composition does not spread well to the container or the like during filling, it can be uniformly filled by applying a light vibration so that the filling does not spill. After filling the container or the like in this way, water is removed from the slurry-like composition. Water is removed by a conventional method, for example, natural drying, warm drying, warm air drying, vacuum suction, or the like. Details of these manufacturing methods are described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 57-60004, Japanese Patent Publication No. 61-54766 and the like.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be further described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In addition, all the blending amounts without description of the unit represent mass%.

Prior to the examples, the test method and the evaluation method used in the present invention will be described.
(Evaluation method 1): Twenty cosmetics evaluation panels were asked to use the cosmetics of Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, and the smoothness of the spread during use and the conspicuous uneven skin color at the time of use were noticed. Each person evaluates the texture, three-dimensional effect, and soft skin feeling on a five-point scale according to the following evaluation criteria, assigns a score to each cosmetic product, and further determines the average score of all panels according to the following four-grade criteria. bottom.

(Evaluation criteria)
Evaluation result: Very good score: 5 points Good: 4 points Normal: 3 points Slightly defective: 2 points defective: 1 point (judgment criteria)
Average score: Judgment 4.5 or higher: ◎
3.5 or more and less than 4.5: ○
1.5 or more and less than 3.5: △
Less than 1.5: ×

(Evaluation method 2: Impact resistance)
Five cosmetics of each of the examples and comparative examples were prepared, and in a state of being housed in a compact, they were freely dropped on an acrylic plate from a height of 40 cm in an upright direction five times repeatedly to check the surface condition of the contents after the fall. Visual evaluation was performed on a 4-point scale according to the following criteria. Then, a score was given for each cosmetic, and an average score of n = 5 was determined according to the following four-step criteria.

(Evaluation criteria)
Contents: No change in score: 4 points There are slight cracks, but there is no problem in usability: 3 points There are cracks and gaps: 2 points There are large cracks and gaps: 1 point (judgment criteria)
Average score of n = 5: Judgment 3.5 or higher: ◎
3.0 or more and less than 3.5: ○
2.0 or more and less than 3.0: △
Less than 2.0: ×

(Examples 1 to 6, Comparative Examples 1 to 5)
A make-up cosmetic was produced using each of the raw materials shown in Table 1 according to the production method shown below.

(Manufacturing method)
1. Oil components 17 to 21 are heated and dissolved at 75 ° C. and uniformly dispersed.
2. Disperse powder components 1 to 16 uniformly with a Henschel mixer.
3. 3. While stirring the powder component of 2 with a Henschel mixer, the oil component of 1 is added and uniformly dispersed to obtain a cosmetic base.
The cosmetic base of 4.3 was pressure-molded to obtain a powder foundation.

As is clear from Tables 1 and 2, the powder foundations of Examples 1 to 6 have smooth spread during use, inconspicuous uneven skin tone at the time of use, three-dimensional effect, fluffy bare skin, and resistance. It was excellent in impact resistance.

The following components were used as the components in Tables 1 and 2.
* 1 NAI-S-150 (manufactured by Miyoshi Kasei, Inc.)
* 2 SA-talc JA-46R (manufactured by Miyoshi Kasei, Inc.)
* 3 SA-Titanium CR-50 (80%) (manufactured by Miyoshi Kasei, Inc.) 0.25 μm
* 4 SI-2 Titanium MT-500SA (manufactured by Daito Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.) 35 nm
* 5 SIRS-4 ZnO-610 (manufactured by Daito Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.) 35 nm
* 6 Plate-shaped barium sulfate H (Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) 7 μm
* 7 Plate-shaped barium sulfate HM (Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) 10 μm
* 8 Ronaflair Balance Red (manufactured by Merck & Co., Ltd.) 8 μm
* 9 Ronaflair Balance Yellow (Merck & Co., Ltd.) 8 μm
* 10 Ronaflair Balance Blue (Merck & Co., Ltd.) 8 μm
* 11 Timiron Supersilk MP-1005 (manufactured by Merck & Co., Ltd.) 6.5 μm
* 12 Cosmetic silica CQ10 (manufactured by Fuji Silysia Chemical Ltd.) 10 μm
* 13 KSP-300 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 5 μm
* 14 Nomcoat HP-100 (manufactured by Nisshin Oillio Co., Ltd.)

Example 7: Powder foundation (1) Dimethicone 2.0% treated Bengala 0.66
(2) Dimethicone 2.0% treated iron oxide 2.40
(3) Dimethicone 2.0% treated black iron oxide 0.24
(4) Dimethicone 3.0% treated sericite (* 15) Remaining amount (5) Dimethicone 2.0% treated Titanium oxide (80%) and talc (20%) mixture (* 3) 5.0
(6) Titanium oxide treated with 2.0% methicone (* 4) 5.0
(7) Hydrogen dimethicone 4.0% treatment Fine particle zinc oxide (* 5) 3.0
(8) Barium sulfate (* 6) 40.0
(9) Titanium oxide coated mica (* 16) 3.0
(10) Spherical silica (* 12) 2.0
(11) Spherical cellulose (* 17) 3.0
(12) Vaseline 1.0
(13) Diisostearyl malate 3.0
(14) Isononyl isononanoate 3.0
(15) Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate 4.0
* 15 SA-S-150 (manufactured by Miyoshi Kasei, Inc.)
* 16 Timiron Superscheen MP-1001 (manufactured by Merck & Co., Ltd.) 11 μm
* 17 CELLOLOBEADS D-5 (manufactured by Daito Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.) 5 μm
(Manufacturing method) A powder foundation was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 above.

Example 8: Loose powder (1) Dimethicone 2.0% treated Bengala 0.1
(2) Dimethicone 2.0% treated iron oxide 0.2
(3) Dimethicone 2.0% treated black iron oxide 0.05
(4) Acylglutamic acid 3.5% treated ultramarine 0.05
(5) Acylglutamic acid 3.5% treated talc (* 18) Remaining amount (6) Dimethicone 2.0% treated Titanium oxide (80%) and talc (20%) mixture (* 3) 0.5
(7) Barium sulfate (* 6) 50.0
(8) Titanium oxide coated mica (* 19) 3.0
(9) Spherical silicone powder (* 13) 4.0
(10) Hydrogenated polydecene (* 14) 1.0
(11) Dimethicone (20cs) 1.0
(12) Isononyl isononanoate 2.0
* 18 NAI-Talc JA-46R (manufactured by Miyoshi Kasei, Inc.)
* 19 Flamenco Super Pearl 120C (manufactured by BASF) 25 μm
(Manufacturing method) Loose powder was obtained in the same manner as in steps 1 to 3 of Example 1 above.

Example 9: Powder foundation (1) Dimethicone 2.0% treated Bengala 0.66
(2) Dimethicone 2.0% treated iron oxide 2.40
(3) Dimethicone 2.0% treated black iron oxide 0.24
(4) Acylglutamic acid 3.5% treated talc (* 18) Remaining amount (5) Dimethicone 2.0% treated Titanium oxide (80%) and talc (20%) mixture (* 3) 5.0
(6) Titanium oxide treated with 2.0% methicone (* 4) 3.0
(7) Hydrogen dimethicone 4.0% treatment Fine particle zinc oxide (* 5) 3.0
(8) Barium sulfate (* 6) 32.0
(9) Titanium oxide coated mica (* 16) 3.0
(10) Spherical silica (* 12) 2.0
(11) Spherical silicone powder (* 13) 5.0
(12) Lauroyl lysine 2.0
(13) Chikkaboron 3.0
(14) Dimer dilinoleate di (isostearyl / phytosteryl) (* 20) 3.0
(15) Diisostearyl malate 2.0
(16) Isononyl isononanoate 3.0
(17) Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate 3.0
(18) Dipropylene glycol 2.0
(19) Sorbitan monoisostearate (* 21) 0.5
* 20 LUSPLAN PI-DA (Nippon Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.)
* 21 SI-10RV (Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd.)
(Manufacturing method)
1. 1. The oil component 14 to 19 is heated and dissolved at 75 ° C. and uniformly dispersed.
2. The powder components 1 to 13 are uniformly dispersed with a Henschel mixer.
While stirring the powder component of 3.2 with a Henschel mixer, the oil component of 1 is added and uniformly dispersed to obtain a cosmetic base.
To 100 parts by mass of the cosmetic base of 4.3, 110 parts by mass of purified water is added and uniformly mixed to form a slurry.
5.4 is filled in a resin dish and compression-molded via a water-absorbing sheet.
6.5 was left in a constant temperature bath at 70 ° C. overnight to completely remove purified water to obtain a powder foundation.

The makeup cosmetic of the present invention can be suitably used as a foundation, white powder, blusher, eye shadow, eyebrow and the like.

Claims (2)

A make-up cosmetic containing the following ingredients (A) to (E).
(A) Barium sulfate 30-90% by mass
(B) Oil agent 0.1 to 20% by mass
(C) Pearl gloss pigment 0.1 to 30% by mass
(D) Spherical powder (excluding component (C)) 0.1 to 20% by mass
(E) Less than 10% by mass of titanium oxide having an average primary particle size of 0.1 to 1 μm The (D) spherical powder is selected from the group consisting of silica, cellulose, calcium carbonate, polyurethane powder, poly (meth) acrylic acid ester powder, ethylene / (meth) acrylic acid ester copolymer powder, nylon powder and silicone powder. The make-up cosmetic according to claim 1, which is at least one kind.